初中英语中考前必备知识总结[整理版]

1、基本语法表格1.人称代词和物主代词第一人称第二人称第三人称单数复数单数复数单数 (现在时 , 动词复数+s/es)人称主Iweyouyousheheittheythese代词格宾meusyouyouherhimitthemthose格物主代词 (物myouryouryourherhisitstheirthese的 )主性名mineoursyoursyourshershisitstheirsthose词性反身代词自myselfourselvesyourselfyourselvehersehimselfitselfthemselvthemselv己slfeses2.可数名词的复数构成举例1在名词后

2、面加 sAmericans, Germans, apples, bananas2以 s, x, sh, ch, 结尾的，加 esboxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, foxes buses3以辅音字母加y 结尾的变 y 为 i 再加 esbaby-babies, family-families, duty-duties, comedy-comedies,4以元音字母加y 结尾的直接加 sday-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, way-ways5以 o 结尾加 s（外来词）；radios, photos zoo

3、s但如是辅音加o 的加 estomatoes, potatoes heroes6以 f 或 fe 结尾的变 f 为 v 再加 esthief,wife,shelf,knife, loaf,leaf,wolf,half,7一般只有复数，没有单数的有clothes;p0lice, people, crew, staff, police; pants, shorts, shoes,glasses, gloves, socks, trouses; scissors;（由两部分组成的东西）8特殊形式的有child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese

4、, mouse-mice,sheep-sheep; man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen,Englishman-Englishmen10如果是由 man 或 woman 所组成的合成man doctor-men doctors,词的复数，则前后两个词都要变为复数woman teacher-women teachers11 既可以是单数也可以是复数的一些集class 班，同学； family 家，家庭成员； organization 机构； army合名词军队； audience 观众； enemy 敌人； navy 海军； committee 委员

5、会； group, team.12单复数相同fish, sheep, deer鹿子 , Chinese, Japanese13单复数意思不同fish 鱼fishes 鱼的种paper 纸papers 报纸，卷子，类 ,论文work 工作works 作品，glass 玻璃glasses玻璃杯，眼工厂镜orange 桔子水oranges 橙子light 光线lights 灯cloth 布clothes衣服people 人peoples民族time 时间times 时代 ,chicken 鸡肉chickens 小鸡次数water 水waters 水域；wood 木板；woods树林公海14常用的不可

6、数名词water, milk, fruit, meat, food, paper, air, weather, rice, ice, furniture家具sheep羊肉 , fish 鱼肉 （动物表示肉类）3.名词所有格（某人 /物“的”东西）构成举例1单数：在后面加 sbrother s, Mike s, teachers2复数：以 s 结尾的直接在s 后加 ，Teachers Day教师节classmates books 同学们的书籍不以 s 结尾的，加 sChildren六一节三八节s DayWomen s Day动词 +ed 的构成方式构成1直接在词尾加 ed2以不发音的 e 字母结

7、尾的动词，直接加 d3以辅音字母 + y 结尾的，把 y 变为 i 再加 ed4 以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，要双写这一辅音字母，再加ed举例work-worked; play-played; want-wanted; act-actedlive-lived; move-moved; taste-tasted; hope-hoped,study-studied; copy-copied; cry-cried; carry-carriedstop plan fit refer prefer cancel travel quarreldrop4.动词 +ing 的构成方式构成举例

8、2以不发音的 e 字母结尾的动词，要去掉emake-making,write-writing,skate-skating,closeclosing,再加 ingcome-coming, take-taking ， have-having, dance-dancing, liveliving;hope-hoping3若结尾的 e 发音 , 就不能去掉see-seeing4以重读闭音节结尾， 末尾只有一个辅音字run-running, swim-swimming, get-getting, sitsitting, putputting,母的动词，要双写这一辅音字母， 再加 ingbeginbegi

9、nning, hit-hitting, stop-stopping, forget forgetting5在少数几个以 ie 结尾的动词后：须将iediedying; tie tying, lie lying 躺 /位于lie- lied - lied - lying变作 y，再加 ing。撒谎lie - lay - lain - lying 躺 /位于lay - laid - laid - laying 下蛋 /放5.时态语态公式时态主动被动 be + done （过去分词）1一般现在时do / doesam/is/are done2一般过去时 didused to dowas/were d

10、one3一般将来时 will/shall do am/is/are going to dowill/shall be done4现在进行时am/is/are doingam/is/are being done5过去进行时was/were doingwas/were being done6将来进行时will be doingwill be done7现在完成时have/has donehave/has been done8过去完成时had donehad been done9将来完成时will have donewill have been done10现在完成进行时have/has been

11、doinghave/has been done11过去将来时would dowould be done6.主动 /被动主动被动：be+done(be-am/is/are-was/were-being-been)1一般现在时I do my homework every dayMy homework is done (by me) every day.2一般过去时I did my homework yesterday.My homework was done (by me) yesterday.3一般将来时I will do my homework tomorow.My homework will

12、 be done (by me) tomorrow.4现在进行时I am doing my homework now.My homework is being done now.5过去进行时I was doing my homework at 3:00 yesterdayMy homework was being done at 3:00afternoon.yesterday afternoon6将来进行时I will be doing my homework tomorrow.7现在完成时I have already done my homework.8过去完成时I had done my

13、homework before yesterday afternoon.My homework will be done tomorrow.My homework has already been done.My homework had been done before yesterday afternoon9将来完成时I will have done my homework tomorrow.My homework will have been done tomorrow.10现在完成进行I have been doing a half of my homework.My homework

14、 has been done a half.时11过去将来时I said that I would do my homework nextI said that my homework would be done nextweek.week.7.不规则动词巧记表AAA 型 过去式、过去分词与原形一致原形过去式过去分词词义原形过去式过去分词词义cutcutcut切、割、剪shutshutshut关、闭（门窗）putputput放置hurthurthurt受伤；疼痛letletlet让costcostcost值 钱；花费setsetset设置readreadread朗读；阅读hithithit撞击

15、；打spreadspreadspread展开；铺开AAB 型过去式与原形一致原形过去式过去分词词义原形过去式过去分词词义beatbeatbeaten击败；打败ABA 型过去分词与原形一致原形过去式过去分词词义原形过去式过去分词词义runranrun跑步；逃跑comecamecome来becomebecamebecomeABB原形过去式过去分词buyboughtboughtbringbroughtbroughtfightfoughtfoughtthinkthoughtthoughtseeksoughtsoughtcatchcaughtcaughtteachtaughttaughtlendlent

16、lentsendsentsentspendspentspentbuildbuiltbuiltfeelfeltfeltleaveleftleftkeepkeptkeptsleepsleptsleptoversleepoversleptoversleptsweepsweptsweptmeanmeantmeantlearnlearnt/ learnt/learnedlearnedburnburnt / burnedburnt/burned变得；成为型 过去式与过去分词一致词义原形过去式过去分词词义买leadledled领导；致使带来misleadmisledmisled误导打架；打仗feedfedf

17、ed喂养；喂食想；认为fleefledfled逃跑寻找；探究meetmetmet遇见；碰到抓住；接住shootshotshot射击；投篮教；教书lightlit / lightedlit / lighted点燃借出getgotgot获得；得到送；派遣winwonwon获胜；赢得花（时间、sitsatsat坐下钱）建设；建立digdugdug挖掘感觉；摸起stickstuckstuck刺；戳来离开hanghunghung悬挂保持；保留hanghangedhanged绞死睡觉sellsoldsold出售；卖睡过头telltoldtold告诉打扫smellsmeltsmelt闻；嗅意思是spells

18、peltspelt拼写学；学会holdheldheld拿着；举办燃烧； 烧伤findfoundfound找到；发现hearheardheard听见standstoodstood站立have/hashadhad有understandunderstoodunderstood理解makemademade制作paypaidpaid付款shineshone / shinedshone/ 照耀saysaidsaid说shinedloselostlost丢失；失去laylaidlaid下蛋 layingdealdealtdealt处理lieliedlied撒谎 lyinglielaylain躺 /放 lyi

19、ngABC 型原形、过去式、过去分词不一致原形过去式过去分词词义原形过去式过去分词词义beginbeganbegun开始taketooktaken拿走drinkdrankdrunk喝；饮mistakemistookmistaken错拿ringrangrung铃响；打电shakeshookshaken摇动；握话（手）singsangsung唱歌eatateeaten吃sinksanksunk下沉fallfellfallen落下；摔倒swimswamswum游泳riserose（玫瑰）risen上升；上涨blowblewblown吹；刮风drivedrovedriven驾驶flyflewflown

20、飞；放（风givegavegiven给筝）knowknewknown知道；懂得forgiveforgaveforgiven原谅growgrewgrown种植；生长seesawseen看见throwthrewthrown扔；投rideroderidden骑（车、马）drawdrewdrawn绘画hidehidhidden躲藏showshowedshown出示；给bitebitbitten咬看breakbrokebroken打破；不服forbidforbade/forforbidden禁止；不许从badspeakspokespoken说话writewrotewritten书写stealstoles

21、tolen偷bear （熊）boreborn忍受choosechosechosen选择tear （眼泪）toretorn撕破freezefrozefrozen冻结wearworeworn穿、戴wakewokewoke/醒来；唤醒am / iswasbeen是wokenstrikestruckstruck/stric打击；撞击arewerebeen是kenforgetforgotforgotten忘记do / doesdiddone做gowentgone去lielaylain躺；卧8. 介词 at; in; on 的用法表时间构成 具体时间， “几点几分 ”用 at “在早上，在下午，在晚上 ”

22、用 in，且 the 不能省略； “在某年、 某月 ” 用 in，不加冠词 ; “在中午，在夜里 ”用 at，不加冠词 表示 “在星期几 ”、 “在星期几的上午、下午、晚上 ”举例She goes to bed at eleven oclock.in the morning; in the afternoon; in the eveningin 2000; in Juneat noon; at nighton June 13; on Monday/Tuesday/Sundayon Monday morning/afternoon/evening/nigjt“在某天 ”、 “在某月某日 ”、用

23、on 在 this, last, next, every 等词前面既不加介词，也What are you doing this afternoon?I do it every不用冠词Friday. 在小地点用atat school; at home; at railway station; at the corner表地点 在大地方用inin Beijing; in China; in Amarica; in Asia 在 上面用 onon the desk; on the top of the montain常用介词before(时间 )在 前；截至（到） in front of(地点)在前

24、面in the front of在前部after(时间 )在 之后behind(地点 )在 后面until （ till）直到 为止 (动词如果是点动词，则必about在 各处；到处；在附近 ; 关于;须用否定句 )大约by直到 为止；以 计，后跟度量away离开； 离多远单位beyond超出范围（或能力）“靠 手段 ”， “用 方法 ”，“凭借动作”for为 ；表示一段时间；用 交around在 周围，围绕换during在 (时间 )内into进入through一直 （从开始到结束）；穿过along沿着from表示 “是哪里人 ”，以及 “时间或地点的起始to到 （目的地）去，向点since

25、自从 以来across横穿in过 后（未来时间）；在 里面in“ 用语言”常与（地点）write, speak, talk, answer 等连用within不超过 的范围be made of表示从成品仍可看出原料outside在外面be made fro表示从成品已看不出原料mbetween在 之间（指二者）with表示用什么工具， 所用的东西都是具体的物among在 之间（指三者以上）without =but没有foron在 上面，表面相互接触like像 一样above只表示 “在 上方或位置高出 ”，与as作为below 相对below在 下方，低于 near在 附近，与 far 相对o

26、ver“在 正上方 ”，与 under 相对under在 正下方against紧靠、倚靠 反对（反义词是for ）beneath在 下方beside =by(地点 ) 靠近，在 旁边，比near 距离except for除 之外（主要用来谈论不同类的东更近西）besides除之外 还有except除之外 没有了（主要用来谈论同类的东西）9.形容词的比较级和最高级构成举例1一般在形容词后加 er/estgreat-greater-greatest, short-shortershortest, tall-taller tallest,如果是以 e 结尾则直接加 r 或 stlong-longer

27、longest, nice-nicer- nicest, large-larger -largest2以重读闭音节结尾且 1 个元音字母1 个big-bigger-biggest thin(字母组合除外，如辅音字母结尾的，双写结尾的辅音字母，few-fewer-fewest)再加 er /est （与动词 +ed 和 +ing 一样）red-redder-reddesthot-hotter-hottest3以辅音字母 y 结尾的，变 y 为 i ，再加happy-happier-happiest,sorry-sorrier-sorriest,er/estfriendly-friendlier-

28、friendliest (more friendly-most friendly),（与动词 +ed；名词 +es 一样）busy-busier-busiest, easy-easier-easiest4多音节形容词（比较长的形容词），comfortable-more comfortable-the most comfortable比较级在词前面 +more;difficult-more difficult-the most difficult最高级在词前面 +the mostexpensive- more expensive the most expensiveimportantbeauti

29、ful-more beautiful-the most beautifulwonderfulconvenient-more convenient-the most convenient方便interesting5特殊情况： (两好多坏，一少老远 )good/wellbetterbestmany/much moremostbad/ill worseworstlittle lessleastoldolder/elder oldest/eldestfar farther/further farthest/furthest10.不定冠词 a(an)的用法构成举例1a 用于发辅音开始的可数名词单数前a

30、girl; a university; a useful book(这里的 u 为元音字母 , 但发辅音 )2an 用于发元音开始的词前an English book; an hour, an honor, an honest boy (h 不发音 ,从元音 o 算起 )11.定冠词 the 的用法构成举例4用来表示世界上独一无二的事物the sun, the moon, the sky, the earth, the world5用于表示阶级、党派的名词前the Chinese Communist Party; the working class6用于江河、湖海，山脉，群岛等名词前the Y

31、ellow River ；the East Sea；the Himalayas ；the Pacific Ocean7用于由普通名词构成的国名The People's Republic of China ； the United States8用于机关、团体、朝代、时代、报刊杂志the United Nations； the State Council； the Tang dynasty； the等名词前People's Daily；the Summer Palace ；the Peace Hotel； the BritishMuseum9用于表示方位的名词前the east;

32、 the southwest; the middle; the Far East; on the left10用于西洋乐器名词前，play the piano; play the violin;但汉语拼音的乐器前不用冠词play erhu; play guzheng11用于复数的姓氏前，表示两夫妇或全家，When we got there, the Lius were waiting for us.在此情况下，这类名词作复数对待12 用于某些形容词或过去分词前，人或事物2 三餐饭的名词前3 节假日等名词前4 球类和棋类运动的名词前9 季节、月份、星期等名词前12 在某些固定词组里范围特点The

33、 Smiths watch TV every day.表示一类the poor; the rich; the living; the young; the wounded; the beautiful12.不用冠词的情况breakfastlunchsupperon National Day; on Christmas Day; on Teachers Dayplay pingpang, play basketball; play chess1.Monday2.Tuesday3.Wednesday6.Saturday 7.Sunday1.January2.February3.March4.Apr

34、il5.May6.June 7.July1.spring 2.summer 3.autumn 4.winteron foot; by train/ boat / plane /bus / bike; in fact; as a matter of fact; in classin church; in danger; in hospital; in town; in bed; at home; at schoolat daybreak; at sunrise; at dusk; at sunset; at night; at noon; go to school; go to class; g

35、o to bed;from morning till night; ; from door to door13.（一）基数词实例112无规律one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve1319以 teen 结尾thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen2090以 ty 结尾twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety hundr

36、ed, thousand, million, billion ) 具体的数字两无， 无 s 无 of,如：5 hundred students 500 个学生。模糊的数字两有，有s 有 of.of。如： ; hundreds of students成百上千的学生14.（二）序数词范围特点实例其中七个例外：first, second, third,fifth, eighth, ninth,119各基数词尾加thtwelfth其余，如：four forth, six sixth, nineteen nineteenth2090把 y 变i 后加ethtwentieth, fortieth, nin

37、etieth21 以后多位数最后一个数用序数词，其余用基数词21st twenty-first, 110thone hundred and tenthfirst, second, third 通常可缩写为1st, 2nd, 3rd 。凡是以 th 结尾的序数词可缩写为“基数词 +th”： 4th, 5th, 9th, 11th, 60th, 128th 等。说明 . hundred, thousand, million等序数词形式为hundredth, thousandth, millionth等；这类词前用数字 “1”时，这个 “1”只用one，不用a：one hundredth 第 100

38、 (不说 a hundredth)ten thousandth (10, 000th) 第 1000015.不定数量词 “多 ”的表示法dozens of几十、许多scores of许多many, a good(great) many, many a （修饰单数可数名许多、大量词）修饰可数名词hundreds of数以百计thousands of, thousands upon thousands of成千上万millions of数百万billions of亿万a large (great, big, small) number (majority) of许多、大量much, a great

39、 (good)deal of, a large amount of,修饰不可数名词large amounts of, a large (great, big)sum of （ sum 特指许多、大量钱）二者都可a lot of /lots of, plenty of, a (large) quantity of , large许多、大量quantities of16.主谓一致分类构成与举例1谓语动词 不定式、动名词、名词性从句作主语时单数To learn a foreign language is not easy. =Itsnot easy to learn a foreign langua

40、ge.Working with you is pleasant. = Itspleasant working with you.2谓语动词复数 事件、国名、书名、作品名称作主语时China is a big country. 表示时间、金钱、距离、体积、数字等的名词词组作主语表示总量时Two hours is enough for us to finish the experiment 由 every，each， no，many a ， a great deal of， more than one.等 +单数名词作主语时Every man and woman attends the meeti

41、ngMany a student and teacher is watching the footballmatch the number of + 复数名词作主语时（如是 a number of ，谓语动词则用复数）As you can see, the number of cars on our roads is rising these days.As you can see, a number of cars on our roads are rising these days. 由 each，either ， neither 或由 some， any， no， every 构成的合成

42、代词作主语时Neither of them is interested in English.Somebody is waiting for you. 谓语动词只用单数的集合名词：mankind人 类 ;furniture家 具 ;foliage 植 物 ;clothing 衣 服 ;machinery机械 ;merchandise 货物Then the furniture was moved in.Our clothing protects us from cold. 由 and 或 both. and. 连接两个不同的概念作主语时（如连接同一概念，则单数）A poet and an art

43、ist are coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting.A poet and artist is coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting.3谓语动词与前面一致 clothes, trousers, shoes, glasses等由两部分组成的名词作主语时 a number of + 复数名词作主语时Nowadays, a large number of women, especially those from the countryside,work in the clothingindustry. 谓语动词只用复数的集合名词：police 警察 ; militia 民兵 ; people 人们 ; vermin 害虫 ; cattle 牲畜 ;poultry 家禽The police are questioning everyone in the house. “the+ 形容词 -ed 分词 ”表示一类人 , 作主语时The injured have been taken to hospital 由 as well as, with, together with, al