语言学3 lexicon2

1、 chapter 3 (2) lexicon teaching program: 1. the formation of word 2. lexical change key word: morpheme 词素词素 the tree diagram of morpheme free root root bound root morpheme prefix affix derivation suffix inflectional iii. the formation of word morphology: studies the internal structure of words and r

2、ules that the words are formed. morpheme: is the smallest meaningful unit of language, which can not be further divided. chairman chairwoman classify amplify simplify electrify 1. types of morphemes: 1) free morpheme bound morpheme free morpheme: may constitute words by themselves, which is independ

3、ent to other morphemes and has complete meaning. e.g. man, egg, earth, sun etc. bound morpheme: must appear with at least another morpheme, which can not occur as separate word. e.g. idealistic (idea+ ist+ ic) idea: free morpheme; ist, ic bound morpheme 2 root, affix ) root 词根词根:is the basic form of

4、 a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity (crystal , 1983) e.g. internationalists morphemes 2) affixes: are forms that are attached to words or word elements. derivational affixes（派生词缀）（派生词缀）: affixes inflectional affixes(屈折词缀屈折词缀): a) derivational affixes（派生词缀）（派生词缀）:

5、are added to other morphemes to create new words. port/import press/impress use/useless b）inflectional affixes(屈折词缀屈折词缀): are attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships. number : table/ tables person人称人称 : finiteness and aspect talk/ talks/ talking/ talked case : boy/ boys jo

6、hn/ johns college / colleges 4. allomorphs: (词素变体词素变体)：the morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetics. morpheme of plurality /s/, /z/; ox - oxen tooth teeth sheep - sheep question discussion: distinguish the common features of chinese character elements with english morphemes? v. lexical change

7、 ： question discussion: how could the new words be invented? in form in sound changes in syntax in semantics 1. change in form （1）invention新创词新创词: kodak, coke, nylon, etc. （2）blending混成法混成法 motel , boatel , smog, brunch, etc. （3）abbreviationclipping缩写词缩写词: ad , flu, bike, plane, phone, tec (detectiv

8、e) （4）acronym缩略语缩略语: cia unesco wto wb aids, radar vat : value added tax （5）back-formation逆成法：逆成法：televise， edit , free association: free associate自由自由联想联想 （6）analogical creation类推构词类推构词 regular and irregular forms: old new work wrought worked （ 7） borrowing 借词借词: a) loanwords encore ; au pair （法）平等

9、互惠，（法）平等互惠， tea b) loanblend 混合借词混合借词: chinatown c) loanshift 转移借词转移借词: artificial satellite d) loan translation 翻译借词翻译借词: humour noir: black humour almighty: omnipotent vphonological change 1. the changes in sound lead to changes in form. u: au mus / mu:s / mouse /maus/ hus /hu:s/ house /haus/ sup

10、/su: / south /sau / 2. loss : the loss of sound 语音脱落语音脱落: the disappearance of the very sound as a phoneme in the phonological system. o.e. holh /holx/ hollow /hlu/ sorh /sorx/ sorrow / sru / night /nixt/ night /nait 3. addition：添加：添加 rascal rapscallion 3metathesis ：换位：换位 oe brid bird aks ask 4. ass

11、imilation: 同化同化 im-, il-, ir-在语源上都是在语源上都是in-; /s / /vi. morpho-syntactical change 形态形态. 句法变句法变化化 morphological change: the inflectional affixes : 1. -eth do(e)th, goeth, hath, hopeth 2. doest， playest, hearest, speakest 3. seeds seedes seeds wayesways thou, ye, yee you thy your 4. syntactical change

12、 : more gladder; more lower, moost royallest ； moost shamefullest 5. he saw you not. i love thee not. therefore pursue me not. 6. part of your job, as a teacher, is to really understand your pupils personal problems. 7. that person is impossible to work with. 8. the girl whom he talked about is a vi

13、olinist. 9. rarely + hardly rarely ever ever and anon + now and then every now and then vii. semantic change 1broadening (extension) bird: young bird any bird companion: person to share bread to companies to you pile: heap of stone quantity of objects subsist: cause to stand exist task : tax imposed

14、 a piece of work 2. narrowing camp: open field lodged in tents cattle: person property domestic animal girl: young person young woman deer: beast a kind of animal knight : youth medieval gentleman- soldier 3. meaning shift bead: prayer prayer bead 4. class shift n. v. stump: tree trunk left challeng

15、e hog: pig keep for oneself 5. folk etymology 俗词源俗词源 hes a wiz at math. wiz: wizard orthographic change: 1. the same day went iesus out of the house, and sate by the seaside. iesus: jusus sate: sat 2. and when the sunne was vp, they were scorched. sunne: sun vp: up exercises to lexicon i. complete t

16、he words with suitable negative prefixes: 1. removable 2. regular 3. logical 4. normal 5. proportionate 6. syllable 7. sensible 8. elastic 9. workable 10. thinkable ii. list all the function words and give the percentage of function words in it: she was a small woman, old and wrinkled. when she star

17、ted washing for us, she was already past seventy. most jewish women of her age were sickly, weak, broken in body. but this washwoman, small and thin as she was, possessed a strength that came from generations of peasant ancestors. mother would count out to her a bag of laundry that had accumulated o

18、ver several weeks. she would lift the heavy bag, load it on her narrow shoulders, and carry it the long way home. iii. find the sources of the following blends: 1. flare 2. transistor 3. telethon 4. aerobicise 5. bit 6. guesstimate 7. threepeat 8. modem 1. flame + glimmer 2. aerobics + exercise 3. b

19、inary + digit 4. guess + estimate 5. three + repeat 6. modulator + demodulator iv. find the original term from the back- formed words: 1. diagnose: _ 2. tuit: _ 3. amusing: _ 4. greed: _ 5. escalate: _ 6. homesick: _ 7. peddle: _ 8. frivol: _ 3. what is the meaning relationship between the two words

20、 “flower/ tulip”? a. polysemy b. homonymy c. hyponymy d. antonymy 4. the words “dog” and “read” are called _because they can occur unattached. a. derivational morphemes b. bound morphemes c. inflectional morphemes d. free morphemes 5. the words “railway ” and “railroad” are _. a. dialectal synonyms

21、b. synonyms differing in emotive meaning c. collocationally-restricted synonyms d. synonyms differing in styles 6. a word with several meanings is called _. a. an abnormal word b. a polysemous word c. a synomymous word d. none of the above 7. the pair of words “wide /narrow” are called_. a. gradable

22、 opposites b. complementary antonyms c. co-hyponyms d. relational opposites 8. which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementarity? a. old/ young b. lend/ borrow c. hot/ cold d. single/ married 9. some morphemes have more than one invariable form , such as “dogdogs”, “catcats”

23、“mousemice” ,which are called_. a. bound morpheme b. allomorph c. free morpheme d. minimal morpheme 10. in english n. v. a. and adv. make up the largest part of the vocabulary. they are also called _. a. closed class words b. conventional words c. open class words d. compounds 11. _ can be used inde

24、pendently without being combined with other morphemes. a. free morphemes b. bound morphemes c. affixes d. roots 12. the word “bookish” contains two _. a. phonemes b. morphs c. morphemes d. allomorphs 13. _ morpheme are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. a. free b. bound c. root d. affix 14. _ modify the mean