初二上册英语语法总结

1、初二上册英语语法总结动词不定式一. 定义：动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，它没有人称和数的变化， 在句子中不能独立作谓语，但它仍保持动词的特点，既可以有自己的宾语和状语；同时动词不定式又具出名词、 形容词、副词的特点， 在句中可以作主语、 表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语；二. 动词不定式的构成： to+ 动词原形三. 动词不定式作宾语后面能接不定式作宾语的动词有：agree, ask, choose, decide, forget, hope,learn, want, wish, would like等；we hope to get there before dark.我们期望天黑以前到那儿

2、；the girl decided to do it herself.那个姑娘打算自己做那件事；动词不定式作宾语的留意事项（2 点）1. 有些动词既可跟不定式作宾语，也可跟动名词作宾语，但含义不同：remember to do记住要做某事 remember doing记得曾经做过某事 forget to do遗忘要做某事forget doing遗忘曾经做过某事 stop to do停下来去做某事 stop doing停止做某事go on to do连续做另一件事go on doing连续做原先在做的事i remember seeing you somewhere before.我记得以前在哪儿

3、见过你；please remember to turn off the light when you leave.离开时请记得关好灯；2. 不定式作宾语时，如带有宾语补足语，就要把不定式放到后面，用it 作形式宾语，构成 “主语+动词+it+ 宾补（形容词、名词）+不定式 ”结构；如： he found it very difficult to get to sleep.他发觉很难入睡；四. 动词不定式作宾语补足语1. 后面能接 to 不定式作宾语补足语的动词有： ask, order, teach, tell, want, wish,help 等；the teacher told us to

4、 do exercise 1.老师要我们做练习一；i want both of you to go.我要你们俩去；we helped her to repair her bike.我们帮忙她修理自行车；2. 使役动词 let, have, make及感官动词 see, watch, notice, hear, feel等要以不带 to 的不定式作宾补；let s have a rest. 我们休息一会吧；i saw him come in.我观察他进来了；感官动词后既可跟不带to 的不定式作宾补， 也可跟 v-ing 作宾补， 前者表示动作的全部过程已终止；后者表示动作正在进行；i saw h

5、im come downstairs.我观察他下了楼；（说明他下楼了这件事）i saw him coming downstairs.我观察他在下楼；（说明他下楼时的情形）五. 动词不定式作状语later he left home to work in different cities.不久他离开家到不同的城市工作；he went to see a football match.他去看足球竞赛了； in order to catch the other students, i must work hard. 为了赶上其他同学，我必需努力学习；六. 动词不定式作定语不定式作定语一般放在所修饰的词的

6、后面；i need something to eat.do you have something to read.tom was so excited that he had no word to say. he is really a fool only to eat.the man to stand here just now is our english teacher.the doctor had no way to save the patient.留意：（ 1）作定语的不定式是由及物动词组成，被修饰的名词或代词与不定式之间存在方位或方式关系需要有介词；i am looking fo

7、r a room to live in.我正在找一间住房；（方位关系）we have many things to do experiments with.我们有很多做试验的东西（方式关系）（ 2）作定语的不定式是由 “be + adj +prep ”构成的动词短语；here there isn t any book for me to be interested in.we have done many things to proud of.我们做了很多引以骄傲的事；七. 动词不定式作主语to give is better than to receive.to reach there on

8、foot is impossible.动词不定式作主语时，可以用it代替，把实际主语不定式放在后面；it s better tgoive than to receive.it s impossible to reach there on foot. it s + adj + for sb. to do sth.it s not difficult for me to study english well.it s easy for him to work out this math problem.在这个句型中， 假如形容词与不定式的规律主语关系亲密，并且形容词用来说明规律主语的性质、品质、特

9、点等，由of 引出规律主语；这类形容词主要有nice, kind, good, wrong, right等；八. 动词不定式和疑问词连用动词不定式可以和疑问词what, which, how, where, when连用，构成不定式短语，可以作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语等；how to do is still a question.have you decided when to leave.九. 动词不定式的否定形式动词不定式的否定式是在to 前加 not ；不带 to 的不定式就在动词前加not.如： zhang ming asked me not to stay at home all

10、 day.张明要我不要成天呆在家 里；my mother let me not do it by myself.妈妈让我不要独自做这件事；被动语态英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态主动语态（ the active voice）表示主语是动作的执行者；被动语态（ the passive voice）表示主语是动作的承担者；构成：承担者 +助动词 be+ 及物动词的过去分词 +by+ 执行者一般现在时：承担者 +助动词 am / is/are + 及物动词的过去分词 +by+ 执行者一般过去时：承担者 +助动词 was / were + 及物动词的过去分词 +by+ 执行者承担者 +助动词 sha

11、ll / will be+ 及物动词的过去分词 +by+ 执行者承担者 +助动词have/ has been+ 及物动词的过去分词 +by+ 执行者 承担者 + can /may/must/should +be+及物动词的过去分词 +by+ 执行者被动语态用法：1）当我们不知道动作的执行者是谁，或者没有必要指出动作的执行者时，需用被动语态；2）当我们需要强调动作的承担者时,常用被动语态；3）假如需要说出动作的执行者,用 by 引导出动作的执行者；主动语态变为被动语态时， 其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一样，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一样；主动语态变为被动语态时有以下几种情形：1）主语谓语动

12、词宾语将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语；（主动） we bought a book yesterday.（被动） the book was bought yesterday. 2）主语谓语动词间接宾语直接宾语将主动语态中一个宾语变为被动语态的主语；多数情形下将间接宾语变为主语；假如直接宾语变为主语时，间接宾语前要加介词to / for ；（主动） he showed me a book yesterday.（被动） i was showed a book yesterday.（被动） the book was showed to me yesterday. 3）主语谓语动词复合宾语含有一个由

13、宾语加宾语补足语构成的复合宾语，变为被动语态时， 将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语，宾语补足语保留不变，成为主语补足语；（主动） i found him a good pupil.（宾语补足语）（被动） he was found a good pupil.（主语补足语）4）短语动词变为被动语态有些短语动词相当于一个及物动词，其后可以接宾语，因此它们也有被动语态，但短语动词是不行分割的整体，变为被动语态时不行去掉其后面的介词或副词；（主动） we should look after the patients very well.（被动） the patients should be looke

14、d after very well by us. 5）宾语从句变为被动语态如主动语态中是宾语从句， 变为被动语态常常用it 作形式主语， 而把真正的主语放在后面；it s said that he passed the exam.被动语态应留意的几个特别问题：（ 1）不及物动词带介词和介词宾语，在变为被动语态时，仍旧要带上介词；（主动） the students in class listen to the teacher carefully.（被动） the teacher is listened to carefully by the students in class.（ 2）当动词带有

15、复合宾语时， 并且宾补是省去 “to的”动词不定式时， 在被动语态中应加上 “to；”（主动） they make do all the work.（被动） we were made to do all the work.（主动） we often hear her sing english songs.（被动） she is often heard to sing english songs.（主动） i see him walk to school.（被动） he is seen to walk to school.新目标八年级上册英语语法学问点精讲+练习（一）一般将来时一般将来时表示将来

16、某个时间要发生的动作或者存在的状态；通常与表示将来的时间状 语连用， 如 tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next year, next month, next week, in 100 years等；be going to do（动词原形）结构：表示准备、预备做的事情或者确定要发生的事情；如： it is going to rain.will do结构表示将来的用法：1. 表示预见do you think it will rain.you will feel better after a good rest.2. 表示意图i will borrow a b

17、ook from our school library tomorrow. what will she do tomorrow.基本构成如下：一般疑问句构成：（ 1）will+ 主语 +do. will sarah come to visit me next sunday.（ 2）there be 结构的一般疑问句：will there + be.will there be fewer trees. yes, there will. / no, there wont 否定句构成：will + not（ won）t+dosarah won t come to visit me next sund

18、ay.特别疑问句构成：特别疑问词will 主语？what will sarah do next sunday.练一练依据例句，用will改写以下各句例： i don t feel well today（. i ll be better tomorrow.be better tomorrow ）1. gina has six classes today. （ have a lot of homework tonight ）2. i m tired now（. sleep later）3. my parents need a new car.（ buy one soon）4. we can t l

19、eave right now.（ leave a little later ）5. the weather is awful today.（ be better tomorrow ）答案： 1. she ll have a lot of homework tonight.2. i ll sleep later.3. they ll buy onsoeon.4. we ll leave a little later.5. maybe it ll be better tomorrow.（二） should的用法：should 用来提出建议和忠告，后边加动词原形，否定句直接在should 后边加 n

20、ot.例如： i think you should eat less junk food.我认为你应当少吃垃圾食品；she drives a lot and she seldom walks. so i think she should walk a lot.她常常开车，很少走路；所以我认为她应当多走路；students shouldn t spend too much time playing computer games.同学们不应当花太多的时间玩运算机嬉戏；学习向别人提建议的几种句式：（ 1）i think you should（ 2）well, you could（ 3）maybe y

21、ou should（ 4）why don t you .（ 5）what about doing sth.（ 6）you d better do sth.练一练用 should 或 shouldn填t空1. i can t sleep the night before exams.you take a warm shower before you go to bed.2. good friends argue each other.3. there is little milk in the glass. we buy some.4. they didn t invite you. maybe

22、 you be friendlier.5. i am a little bit overweight. so i think i do exercises every day.答案： 1. should2. shouldnt3. should 4. should 5. should（三）过去进行时过去进行时表示过去某一点时间正在进行的动作或者过去某一段时间内始终进行的动作；1. 构成was /were + doing ，例如：i was watching tv at 9 o clock last n.ightat 9 o clock last nig是h时t 间点they were playi

23、ng football all afternoon. all afternoon 是时间段2. 过去进行时的标志词at 8 o clock last night, this time yesterda等y；例如： i was having lunch at home this time yesterday.昨天的这个时候我正在吃午饭；at that time she was writing a book.那阵子她在写一本书；（表示她在那段时间里始终在做那件事情；）练一练用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空；1. this time yesterday i（ read） books.2. at 9 o

24、 clock last sunday they（ h_ave）a party.3. when i （ come） into the classroom, she （ read） a storybook.4. she （ play）computer games while her mother （ cook）yesterday afternoon.5. i （have） a shower when you （ call ）me yesterday.答案： 1. was reading2. were having3. came; was reading4. was playing; was coo

25、king5. was having; called（四）间接引语形成步骤：（ 1）不要逗号，冒号，引号（ 2）要考虑到人称的变化（人称的变化与汉语是一样的）（ 3）要考虑时态的变化（ 4）要考虑时间状语、地点状语和语示代词的变化；1. 直接引语变成间接引语时，几个主要时态的变化规律直接引语间接引语一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时过去将来时现在进行时过去进行时2. 直接引语变成间接引语时，一些词汇的变化规律直接引语1. am / is2. are3. have / has4. will间接引语1. was2. were3. had4. would5. can6. may5. could6. might练一练用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空；1. she said i （ b