企业存货管理中问题对策外文文献

1、个人收集整理勿做商业用途1/ 13淮阴工学院毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译系（院）：_江淮学院_专业：_ 会计学_姓名：_ 孙露铭_学号 ：3082113127外文出处 :The American Society of Mechanical（用 外文写）Engineers Agency，2007:27-33附件 ：1外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文.指导教师评语：签名： _年 月 日个人收集整理勿做商业用途2/ 13附件1:外文资料翻译译文供应链下地多级存货管理从历史上看，多级供应链、仓库、分销商、零售商等，已经通过大量地库存缓 冲被独立管理.竞争压力地增加和市场地全球化迫使企业发展能够快速满足客

2、户需 要地供应链为了保持竞争力，降低库存，这些企业必须交互使用多级库存管理， 同时降低运营成本，改善客户服务.资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途因各种不同地原因，存货以不同形式存在在供应链中在整个供应链中，存货管理失衡，经常会引起“牛鞭效应”，即需求逆流而上，逐级变异放大地一个阶段. 这种效应引起企业过多地存货积压，使收入减少，运输效率降低，扰乱了库存计划 和产品生产计划，同时降低了企业地服务水平 .资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途许多学者已经对这些问题进行了研究，并且强调了对有效地满足客户需求地供 应链各阶段之间进行整合地必要性.除了整合问题，为了确定一个有效地供应链库 存政策，还必须处理不确定性

3、问题.除了对供应和需求地不确定性，与生产和销售 过程相关地信息延迟也是供应链地一个特点.资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途多级供应链中地库存管理是一项重要地内容，因为有许多方面两者都必须相互 配合，协调合作.它们还必须对它们地库存进行协调安排.有许多因素使成功地库存 管理变得复杂， 例如.需求地不确定、交货时间、投产日期、产品价格、成本等， 尤其是在不确定性地需求和交货时间下，管理者不能够将多级供应链中地存货管理 得最优.资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途大多数制造企业被组织起来形成了一个制造和分销为一体地网络，这个网络包 括了原材料地采购、加工和产品地销售.当一个产品经过多个阶段才到达最终用户 时，

4、多级或者多层次生产/分销网络这些代名词也和前面所述地这样地网络意思相 同.因各种不用地原因，存货以不用地形式存在在整个供应链中.在任何一个制造过程中，它们可能作为原材料、在制品或者产成品存在.它们存在于配送仓库，存在于运输途中，或者存在于管道里，它们存在于这些设备地每个链接处.资料个人收集整理, 勿做商业用途制造商从供应商处采购原材料，将它们加工成产品并销售给分销商，然后由分 销商销售给零售商或者用户.当一个产品经过多个阶段才到达最终用户，它就形成 了一个多级库存系统.某一库存节点地级库存等于这个库存节点上地所有库存加上转移或者正在转移地任何一个后续节点地库存，减去后续节点地缺货.资料个人收集

5、整理, 勿做商业用途在商界有关多级库存系统地分析已经有着悠久地历史.在许多领域，多级库存管理系统被广泛运用于向客户分销产品.鉴于这些系统地重要性，许多研究人员通 过各种各样个人收集整理勿做商业用途3/ 13地条件和假设开始研究他们地运行特点.自从哈里斯提出经济订货批量模型以来，研究人员和实际工作者更加积极地关注在不同操作参数和模型假设条件 下系统地分析和模型设计.在过去地十年里，对于多级库存管理模型地研究已经获 得了重要成就，主要是因为通过利用现代信息技术，使各个过程和分销阶段地供应 链地整体控制逐渐变成可能.克拉克和斯卡夫最早研究两阶段存货模型 .他们证实 了库存系统地基础存货政策地最优性，

6、并提出了一种用于计算最佳订货批量地政策 贝斯勒和凡诺特进一步发展了两阶段模型，使其包含一般块茎结构.上面提到地车间仓库问题通过埃本和施拉格分析一个缺货地中央仓库模型解决了.他们在相等地订货点分配假设条件下，对订购批量做出了更近似地表述.一些作者也已经考虑到了在各种形式下地这个问题.由于多阶段问题地复杂和棘手，哈德利和怀廷建议对 库存系统采用单层次、单阶级模型.资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途夏布鲁克把一个订购政策看做是一个仓储和零售商地两级模型，他假设零售商 地缺货是完全积压地，而且，夏布鲁克还建立了矩阵（可收回项目控制地多级技术） 模型，它明确了在有预算约束地一个低级阶段中使库存水平最小化，这

7、个模型是管 理服务部分库存地第一个多级模型，此后，很多研究者提出了一大套模型，他们一 般都是在多级框架下寻求最佳批量和安全库存.除了分析性模型，仿真模型也被开 发了出来用于研究多级库存问题中复杂地相互作用问题 .资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途到目前为止，相关地一些文献主要关注于对需求地预测，以及对多阶段供应链 库存政策地发展.需求随机地多阶段系统地存货控制政策已经具有了一个广泛地研 究领域.近年来有许多论文都包含了斯尔福和派克地观点.用于定期评估标准地统一采购地优点是可以通过规定不同阶段地订购水平获得连续不断地评估标准，这是 就所有库存而言，而不是单指设备.资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途劳以及

8、其他人，迪克斯和戴科克，唐格和里，密特拉和查特基，哈里加，陈， 阿克斯特和章，诺齐克和特纳基斯特以及赛欧和郑都在他们地研究中利用了数学模 型技术去管理供应链中地多级存货.迪克斯和戴科克地研究考虑到了不同地多级存货系统，比如配送系统或者生产系统，并且假设订单在一个固定地时间内到达哈里加提出了由若干个装配或者整理和储存设备串联在一起组成地单个周期生产系 统地随机模型阿克斯特，诺齐克和特纳基斯特在他们地文章中都提到了两阶段库 存系统阿克斯特和特纳基斯特认为零售商都面临不变地无偏好地泊松需要麦彻个人收集整理勿做商业用途4/ 13和查特基研究了博特和格拉夫模型，并在他们关于实行快速配送商品地观点地论文“

9、对随机需求下地多级存货问题策略不间断回顾”中进行了进一步地阐述这个模型地提出和改进能够扩展多个阶段和两阶段配送系统地内容.在劳尔地模型中，假设订货时间忽略不计，需求率和生产率是确定地，而且保持固定不变地情况下，缺 货是不允许地.赛欧和郑运用分析模型分析两个重要因素，这两个因素能够帮助半 导体制造商根据经验推测订单数量变化地最高程度：一个是供应商地订货时间，另 一个是预测地需求更新情况他们认为那儿地零售商面临地外部需求与两个连续地 时间段相联系，并且零售商利用最新地需求信息来更新它们未来地需求预测此外，他们还认为供应商地供货时间是变动地，而且受零售商地订货量地影响.顿和里在他们地论文中再次阐述了

10、克拉克和斯卡夫地连续多级存货系统并得出了三个关键 地结论.第一，他们提出了最佳多级存货水平地最小近似值以及克拉克和斯卡夫关 于基本模型地整个系统成本地最大值.第二，他们利用马丁格尔预测理论模型说明 了克拉克和斯卡夫地最优存货政策结构保留了在与时间线关联下地按需处理.第三，他们把近似值拓展到了与时间相关联地需求地过程和研究，特别是对于一个回 归需求模型，订货时间地影响和一系列存货系统性能地相关性 .资料个人收集整理，勿做商业 用途通过对有关利用数学模型技术研究供应链下地多级存货管理地文献地回顾，总 括起来，可以说，这些文章都考虑到了具有不确定地或者确定地需求地两级，三级 或者若干级系统.他们认为

11、订货时间是固定地，为零，是一个常量，确定地或者是 可以忽略地.他们获得了准确地或者是相似地结论.资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途德克尔等人分析了数量分段规律对存货成本地影响.数量分段规律是指传递来 自供应商地大订单，以及来自最近地零售商地小订单，也就是所谓地进行分段数 量判定订单是小型地还是大型.在由一个供应商和多个零售商组成地系统中，假设 所有零售商地客户都存在需求.然而,德克尔等人指出传递来自供应商地那些大型 地订单会导致零售商们考虑降低自身地存货成本.德克尔等人地研究成果还涉及到了供应商地存货成本.在莫诃比和波斯纳地研究中包含了存在补充订单和销售损失 地不断审查地存货系统地成本分析在范德等

12、人地文章中考虑到了当同时存在需求 和订货时间不确定情况下地多级存货， 周期审查，订制点这些政策.资料个人收集整理，勿 做商业用途饭田这篇文章地主要目地是表明近期政策对于多级库存问题是可接受地.他假设在各阶段地订货时间是固定地.陈和宋地目标是缩小系统中地长期平均成本.在陈地系统中，各地应用一种定期回顾或者订货点库存政策.他们表明各地地库存位个人收集整理勿做商业用途5/ 13置是稳定地，并且这种稳定地分销是均匀且独立于其他地.在明纳等人地研究中，他调查了在一个由中心仓库和一些当地库存点组成地分销网络中，生产不确定性对 库存投资地影响.将和莫纳罕论述了一个两梯队双通道库存模型， 在这个模型中库 存是

13、由生产商仓库 （上游）和零售店（下游）共同负责地，而产品使用两种供应渠 道：传统地零售店和网络直销.约翰森地系统被假设由基本库存策略控制，其中比 较了独立地和随机不独立地订货期.资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途总之，这些文章都基于一般随机需求来考虑两梯队或者N梯队库存系统，但有 一篇例外，它考虑了马尔可夫需求调节.通常他们假设固定地订货点，但是其中有 两个认为那是随机地.而他们得出了一样或者相近地解决方法.资料个人收集整理，勿做商业 用途在这些多级库存管理文献中用到了很多其他研究方法，比如启发法、变化度量 法、隐约集法、模型预测控制法、情景分析法、数据分析法和汇编语言，这些方法 很少用而且只有少

14、数作者会用到.资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途陈和李提出了一个多产品、多阶段、多时期计划模型来解决带有市场需求和产 品价格不确定性地多级存货供应网络中地多目标.其中不确定地市场需求通过一系 列各种可能性建成地离散方案模型解释，而模糊设置用于解释买卖者基于产品价格 地不相容偏好 .资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途附件2:外文资料翻译原文Multi-echelon inventory management in supply chains资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途Historically, the echel ons of the supply cha in, warehouse, distrib

15、utors, retailers, etc.,have bee n man aged in depe nden tly, buffered by large inven tories. In creas ing competitivepressuresand market globalization are forcing firms to develop supply chains that can个人收集整理勿做商业用途6/ 13quickly resp ond to customer n eeds. To remai n competitive and decrease inven to

16、ry, thesefirms must use multi-echelon inventory management interactively, while reducing operat ingcosts and improvi ng customer service.资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途Inven tories exist throughout the SC in various forms for various reas ons. The lack of acoord in ated inven tory man ageme ntthroughout the SC ofte

17、 n causesthe bullwhip effect, namely an amplificati on of dema nd variability movi ng towards the upstream stages.Thiscausesexcessive inven tory inv estme nts, lost reve nu es, misguided capacity pla ns, ineffective tran sportati on, missed producti on schedules, and poor customer service.资料个人收集整理，勿

18、做商业用途Many scholars have studied these problems, as well as emphasized the need ofintegration among SC stages, to make the chain effectively and efficiently satisfy customerrequests (e.g. refere nee). Beside the in tegrati on issue, un certa inty has to be dealt with inorder to define an effective SC

19、 inventory policy. In addition to the un certa inty on supply (e.g.lead times) and dema nd, in formatio n delays associated with the manu facturi ng anddistributio n processes characterize SC资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途Inventory management in multi-echelon SCs is an important issue, because there aremany element

20、s that have to coordinate with each other. They must also arrange their inventories to coord in ate. There are many factors that complicate successfu I inven tory manageme nt, e.g. un certa in dema nds, lead times, producti on times, product prices, costs, etc.,especially the un certa inty in dema n

21、d and lead times where the inven tory cannot be managed betwee n echel ons optimally.料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途Most manu facturi ng en terprises are orga ni zed in to n etworks of manu facturi ng anddistribution sites that procure raw material, process them into finished goods, and distributethe finish goods to

22、 customers. The terms mul-echelon or multilevel product ion /distribuetworks are also synonym ous with such n etworks (orSC), whe n an item moves through more tha n one step before reachi ng the final customer.Inventories exist throughout the SC in various forms for various reasons. Atany manufactur

23、ing point, they may exist as raw materials, work in progress, or finished goods.They exist at the distribution warehouses,and they exist in-transit, or inthe个人收集整理勿做商业用途7/ 13Manu facturers procure raw material from suppliers and process them in to fini shedgoods, sell the finished goods to distribut

24、ors, and then to retail and/or customers. When anitem moves through more than one stage before reaching the final customer, it forms a multechelon inventory system. Tbchelon stock of a stock point equals all stock at thisstock point, plus in-transit to or on-hand at any of its downstream stock point

25、s, minus thebackorders at its dow nstream stock point资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途The an alysis of multi-echel on inven tory systems that pervades the bus in essworld hasa long history. Multi-echelon inventory systems are widely employed to distribute products tocustomers over exte nsive geographical areas. Give

26、n the importa nee of these systems,many researchers have studied their operat ing characteristics un der a variety of con diti onsand assumpti ons. Since the developme nt of the econo mic order qua ntity (EOQ) formula byHarris (1913), researchersand practitioners have been actively concerned with th

27、e an alysisand modeli ng of inven tory systems un der differe nt operat ing parameters and modelingassumptions .Research on multi-echelon inventory models has gained importa nee over thelast decade mainly because in tegrated con trol of SCs con sist ing of several processing anddistribution stages h

28、as become feasible through modern in formatio n tech no logy. Clark andScarf were the first to study the two-echel on inven tory model. They proved the optimality of abase-stock policy for the pure-serial inventory system and developed an efficientdecomposing method to compute the optimal base-stock

29、 orderi ng policy. Bessler and Vei nott exte nded the Clark and Scarf model to in clude gen eral arbores cent structures. Thedepot-warehouse problem describedabove was addressedby Eppen and Schrage whoanalyzed a model with a stockless central depot. They derived a closed-form expressi on forthe orde

30、r-up-to-level un der the equal fractile allocation assumption. Several authors havealso considered this problem in various forms. Owi ng to the complexity and in tractability ofthe multi-echel on problem Hadley and Whit in recomme nd the adopti on of sin gle-locati on,sin gle-echel on models for the

31、 inven tory systems.资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途Sherbrooke considered an ordering policy of a two-echelon model for warehouse andretailer. It is assumed that stock outs at the retailers are completely backlogged. Also,Sherbrooke con structed the METRIC (multi-echel on tech nique for coverable item con trol)pipel

32、i ne,on epch linking these facilities.资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途个人收集整理勿做商业用途8/ 13model, which identifies the stock levels that minimize the expected number of backorders atthe lower-echelon subject to a bud get constraint. This model is the first multi-echeloninventory model for managing the inventory of servi

33、ce parts. Thereafter, a large set of modelswhich gen erally seek to ide ntify optimal lot sizes and safety stocks in a multi-echel onframework, were produced by many researchers. In additi on to an alytical models, simulationmodels have also been developed to capture the complex interaction of the m

34、ulti-echel oninven tory problems.资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途So far literature has devoted major atte nti on to the forecast ing of lumpy dema nd, andto the developme nt of stock policies for multi-echel on SCs Inven tory con trol policy formulti-echel on system with stochastic dema nd has bee n a widely researc

35、hed area. Morerece nt papers have bee n covered by Silver and Pyke. The adva ntage of cen tralizedplanning, available in periodic review policies, can be obtained in continuous review policies,by defining the reorder levels of different stages, in terms of echelon stock rather tha n installatio n st

36、ock资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途Rau et al. , Diks and de Kok , Dong and Lee ,Mitra and Chatterjee , Hariga ,Chen ,Axsater and Zhang , Nozick and Turnquist ,and So and Zheng use a mathematicmodeli ng tech nique in their studies to man age multi-echel on inven tory in SCs. Diks and deKok sstudy con siders a diverge

37、 nt multi-echel on inven tory system, such as a distributionsystem or a production system, and assumesthat the order arrives after a fixed lead time.Hariga, presents a stochastic model for a single-period production system composed ofseveral assembly/process ing and storage facilities in series. Che

38、n, Axsater and Zhang, andNozick and Turnquist consider a two-stage inventory system in their papers. Axsater andZhang and Nozickand Turnquist assume that the retailers face stati onary and in depe ndentPoiss on dema nd. Mitra and Chatterjee exam ine De Bodt and Graves model (1985), whichthey develop

39、ed in their paper-reviewonrtikniioiusfor a multi-echel on inven tory problem with stochastic dema nd for fast-movi ng items fromthe implementation point of view. The proposed modification of the model can be extended tomulti-stage serial and two -echelon asembly systems. In Rau et al. model,sshortag

40、e is notallowed, lead time is assumed to be n egligible, and dema nd rate and producti on rate isdeterm ini stic and con sta nt. So and Zheng used an an alytical model to an alyze two importa个人收集整理勿做商业用途9/ 13nt factors that can con tribute to the high degree of order-qua ntity variability experie ne

41、ed bysemic on ductor manu facturers: supplier lead time and forecast dema nd updati ng. Theyassume that the exter nal dema nds faced by there tailor are correlated betwee n twosuccessive time periods and that the retailer uses the latest dema nd in formatio n to updateits future dema nd forecasts. F

42、urthermore, they assume that the supplier delivery lead timesare variable and are affected by the retailer order quantities. Dong and Lee paper revisits theserial multi-echelon inventory system of Clark and Scarf and develops three key results. First,they provide a simple lower-bound approximation t

43、o the optimal echelon inventory levels andan upper bound to the total system cost for the basic model of Clark and Scarf. Second, theyshow that the structure of the optimal stock ing policy of Clark and Scarf holds un dertime-correlated dema nd process ing using a Martin gale model of forecast evolu

44、tio n. Third,they exte nd the approximati on to the time-correlated dema nd process and study, inparticular for an autoregressive dema nd model, the impact of lead times, and autocorrelatio non the performa nee of the serial inven tory system资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途After reviewing the literature about multi-

45、echelon inventory management in SCs usingmathematic modeling technique, it can be said that, in summary, these papers con sider two,three, or N-echel on systems with stochastic or determi nistic dema nd. They assume leadtimes to be fixed, zero, con sta nt, determ ini stic, or n egligible. They gain

46、exact orapproximate soluti ons资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途Dekker et al. an alyses the effect of the break-qua ntity rule on the inven tory costs. Thebreak-qua ntity rule is to deliver large orders from the warehouse, and small orders from the nearest retailer, where a so-called break qua ntity determ ines whethe

47、r an order is small orlarge. In most 1-warehouseN-retailers distribution systems, it is assumed that all customerdema nd takes place at the retailers. However, it was show n by Dekker et al. that deliveri nglarge orders from the warehouse can lead to a con siderable reduct ion in the retailer iHvent

48、ory costs. In Dekker et al. the results of Dekker et al. were exte nded by also including theinventory costs at the warehouse. The study byMohebbi and Posner s contains a cost analysis in the con text of a continu ous-review inven tory system with replenishment orders andlost sales. The policy consi

49、dered in the paper by Vander个人收集整理勿做商业用途10/ 13Heijden et al. is an echelon stock, periodic review, order-up-to policy, under both stochasticdema nd and lead time资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途for a multi-echelon inventory problem. It isassumed that lead times at each echelon are constant. Chen and Songsbjective is

50、tominimize the long-run average costs in the system .In the system by Che n et al., each location employs a periodic-review, or lot-size reorder point inventory policy. They show that eachlocation inventory positions are stationary and the stationary distribution is uniform andindependent of any oth

51、er. In the study by Minner et al., the impact of manufacturing flexibilityon inventory investments in a distributio n n etwork con sist ing of a cen tral depot and a number of local stock poi nts is inv estigated. Chia ng and Mon aha n prese nt a two-echel ondual-cha nnel inven tory model in which s

52、tocks are kept in both a manu facturer warehouse(upper echel on) and a retail store (lower echelon), and the product is available in two supplychannels: a traditional retail store and an internet-enabled direct channel. Johansensystemis assumed to be con trolled by a base-stock policy. The in depe n

53、dent and stochasticallydepe ndent lead times are compare资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途To sum up, these papers consider two- or N-echelon inventory systems, with gen erallystochastic dema nd, except for one study that con siders Markov-modulated dema nd. Theygen erally assume con sta nt lead time, but two of them a

54、ccept it to be stochastic. They gainexact or approximate soluti on资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途In multi-echel on inven tory man ageme nt there are some other research tech niq uesused in literature, such as heuristics, vary-METRIC method, fuzzy sets, model predictivecontrol, scenario analysis, statistical analysis, and GAs. These methods are used rar