曼哈顿SC知识点整理

1、名师精编 优秀资料SC句子改错的基础(不含题)Sentences Correction (简称SQ ”句子改错。我们经常称之为"语法”题，但是实际上SC考察的不仅仅是语法，或者说真正的语法考得很少。这里将全面讲解和介绍整个SG问题格式句子改错的格式比较简单，下面是例题：Although William Pereira first gained national recognition for his movie set designs, including those for the 1942 filmtheWeapWind, " future generationemem

2、ber him as the architectof the Transamerica Tower, the Malibu campus of Pepperdine University, and the city of Irvine.(A) including those for the 1942 film" Reap the WildgWradations " future(B) like that for the 1942 film " Reap the Wild Wind, generfutons will(C) like those for the 19

3、42 film“ Reap the Wild Wenerations1 future(D) including that for the 1942 film" Reap the WilcgWiedations willfuture(E) including those for the 1942 film " Reap the Wild Wind, " gfenherations will不要用自己的语言重写句子，我们需要从五个选项中找个相对较好的。题目由一个句子其中部分有下划线。如上例，划线部分只是整句话中很少的一部分。但是下划线部分也可能包含大部分甚至整句句子。

4、五个选项是可能替代下划线句子部分的答案(如果整句话都有下划线，那么所有答案选项都应该是完整的句子)。在GMAT考试S C部分选项(A)与问题中下划线句子一样，其他选项则给出不一样的句子。题目要你选择哪一项从 语法，意思和简洁角度出发，放在句中位子最合适。另外，(A)选项并没有什么特定的含义，和其他四个选项地位上是完全平等的。“最佳”不等于“理想”很经常你会觉得所有的选项包括正确的选项听起来都不是好答案(很多时候你的感觉是对 的)。正确的答案可以听起来非常正式或者拗口，所以要谨记你的任务是评估给出的选项，不是去创造完美的句子。完美的句子常常不是选项，而且正确的答案可能看起来像错误。为了增加题目难

5、度，不正确的答案选项常常听起来很正确。当然，GMAT就是利用了我们听到的英语常常充满语法错误的这个事实拆分和比较选项如果还没做过SC,没关系，现在尝试做一题吧：Although William Pereira first gained national recognition for his movie set designs, including those for the 1942 film"WeapWed, “ future generationemember him as the architectof the Transamerica Tower, the Malibu c

6、ampus of Pepperdine University, and the city of Irvine.（A） including those for the 1942 film" Reap the WildgWiedations " future（B） like that for the 1942 film“ Reap the Wild geindrations' wifuture（C） like those for the 1942 film“ Reap the Wild Wineation§ future（D） including that f

7、or the 1942 film" Reap the WildcW/iedations Willfuture（E） including those for the 1942 film" Reap the WildgWnedations Willfuture（通常情况下，最简单的拆分是在一开始或结束选择答案的时候。）现在，你是怎么解决这个问题呢？你看过完整的句子，然后重新读句子的答案选择比较每一个可能的答案？这是一个非常普遍的策略，但它却相当耗时，为了完成整个语文部分（其中阅读和逻辑都很耗时），你应该不超过 90秒平均回答一道 SG事实上，用一分钟来回答问 题是 比较符合考场

8、的Pace。在这段时间内选择答案的关键是选项的区别，你可以遵循以下步骤：写下您的纸张上的“ ABCDE的”读句子，并指出任何明显的错误。扫描选项，但不仅仅是读而是找出它们的区别。例如，你可以将答案分组，例如以including和以like打头。同样，在句末是否以 will结束。（更重要的是remember的时态，是将来 时来是现在时）。理想的分组是将选项划分成两组，一组2个另一组3个，这种分组是在 你可能确定能排除一些选项时使用。比较余下的答案选择重新分组。继续找到答案的差异，直到只剩下一个答案。分组和比选项是我们考GMAT做题的基础每道题每个选项都有自己的问题所在，我们要的是抓住主要矛盾，管

9、理者一定要有大局观，不要因为一些细枝末节而舍本逐末。再看一下例题：Although William Pereira first gained national recognition for his movie set designs, including those for the 1942 film“Wedp/Wnd, " future generatiomsmember him as the architectof the Transamerica Tower, the Malibu campus of Pepperdine University, and the city o

10、f Irvine.(A) including those for the 1942 film(B) like that for the 1942 film(C) like those for the 1942 film(D) including that for the 1942 film(E) including those for the 1942 film"Reap thetWecgWiechtions " fu Reap the Wild Windrations' wifuture “Reap the Wild Wenerationg future“Reap

11、 the WildcWiedations Willfuture “Reap the Wild Vyiederatiorns wfillture看完选项首先先找到不同点来进行分组，一处是尾部的will remember和remember。我们之所以这样分组是因为动词的发起者是future generation ,任何分配给 generation包括remember,必须在将来时。因此， （A）和（C）可以被淘汰。下一步，我们比较（B） , （D） （E）,我们发现之间可以用those和that来进行分组比较。由于这个词those or that,指代 movie set designs 一个复数

12、名词，我们必须使用复数代词 those o因此答案（B）和（D）可以杀掉，留下了我们正确的答案（E）。事实上，我们也可以使用另一处区别including和like。Like在GMAT中是不能引出例子，但是such as可以。由于强调段由一个例子开始，（B）和（C）可以删除。使用 like改变了句子的意思，暗示 William Pereira s designs,只是外观设计类似于"Reap the Wind。"用上面的例子我们可以发现，在GMAT考试中出题者往往用一道题目测试几个不同的方法。因此，大多数的选项可以因为多种原因而被排除。在你的复习过程中，你应该掌握所有的规则来

13、测试一个特定的问题，但考试当天，你只需要用你平时所掌握的方法找到一个正确的答 案。此外，GMAT的测试只有数量有限的语法原则，其他内容我们将在下面的章节中进行讨 论。阅读整个句子使用分组和比较选项 将让你的注意力放在比较选项上，这样将让我们避免重复同时也是低效率的重读选项。但是，当我们做题时首先应该阅读整个句子。例如这是一个句子中划线部分：and so was unable to go to recess你不能决定这个版本是否是正确的，直到看到整个的句子：The students came to school without their mittens and so was unable to

14、 go to recess.(确保你选择的答案在句子作为一个整体部分。)如果你忽略了非强调的部分，你就无法知道was的使用的是不正确的。因为was的发起者是students , 一个复数名词，所以动词应用were。上面的例子是最基本的，但是当你遇到更多的句子改错的问题，你会看到划线和未划线部分的关系一一句子的强调和非强调部分一一是既复杂又至关重要的。不理解这种关系，也许你就会选择了错误的答案。所以，请务必阅读整句话！GMAT考试经常把重要的内容，远离划线的部分。选择合适的词正确的选项其句意一定是明确的，不存在歧义。所在在GMAT考试中，你的任务之一是选择最简洁明确的选项来传达作者的意图。(正确

15、的答案将永远清楚地反映作者的意思。)一个英语单词往往不只一个意思，我们使用单词时是否是要表述其精确的意思？GMAT考试很少测试纯单词的知识，但通常考查的是在特定环境下单词的准确使用。My decision to drive a hybrid car was motivated by ECONOMIC considerations.ECONOMICAL considerations motivated my decision to drive a hybrid car.第二个句子，这是短更简洁但其意思表达准确吗？Economical意思是thrifty、efficient o作者的原意是想表达希

16、望有一个高效的汽车。正确的词组应该economic considerations o思考下面对字和词句及其独特含义：aggravate (worsen) vs. aggravating (irritating)known as (named) vs. known to be (acknowledged as)loss of (no longer in possession of) vs. loss in (decline in value)mandate (command) vs. have a mandate (have authority from voters)native of (pe

17、rson from) vs. native to (species that originated in) range of (variety of) vs. ranging (varying)rate of (speed or frequency of) vs. rates for (prices for)rise (general increase) vs. raise (a bet or a salary increase)such as (for instance) vs. like (similar to)try to do (seek to accomplish) vs. try

18、doing (experiment with)一些单词的改变就能造成句子整体上意思的变化。所以要注意每个单词在句子中的的准确含义。特别是一些助动词，像 may, will, must, should,等，也会改变句子的整体意思。Example 1Certain - The drop in interest rates WILL create better investment opportunities.Uncertain The drop in interest rates MAY create better investment opportunities.Either of these

19、sentences could be correct. However, do not jump from one to the other! Stay with the intent of the original sentence, whether it uses will or may.Example 2Absolutely Necessary - The court ruled that the plaintiff MUST pay full damages.Morally Obliged The court ruled that the plaintiff SHOULD pay fu

20、ll damages.请注意，第二句是不正确的should应该是指“道义上的责任”的东西，而法院不能强加。另一方面，第一个句子中的must指的是原告实施的一项具有法律约束力的义务。因此，我们要用must。还应当注意，GMAT中must是指“道义责任”，而不是“可能性。”Example 3Actual If Chris and Jad met, they DISCUSSED mathematics.Hypothetical If Chris and Jad met, they WOULD DISCUSS mathematics.第一句可能是由不确定 Chris and Jad是否见面的人说的。

21、"If this did indeed happen, then that is the consequence."第二句则预测了这两个人见面后的结果“ If this were to happen, then that would be the consequence. ”合适的词放在合理位置一个单词位置的改变成以影响到句子的核心句意。我们来看个例子：ALL the children are covered in mud.The children are ALL covered in mud.上面的句子改变了all位置将句意从数量上的全部儿童变成了儿童整个人。我们再看另外

22、一个例子：ONLY the council votes on Thursdays.The council votes ONLY on Thursdays.第一句的意思表示只有 council在周四的时候会投票，（也许像董事会会在周一和周五投票）第二个句子表示 council只有周四时会投票其他时间不会考虑。所以我们在比较选项的时候特别要关注这种改变位置的词，特别是短的词，像only、all这种，对数量及其他方面限制 的词。有的时候你还需要注意整体语序。虽然单词都认得但整体句意却很含糊、罗嗦。The council granted the right to make legal petition

23、s TO CITY OFFICIALSTO CITY OFFICIALS什么？市政官员有权进行法律的请愿吗？或其他人有权提出法律请求？无论哪种方式，正确的选项一定要解决这种歧义：The council granted CITY OFFICIALS the right to make legal petitions.The right to make legal petitions TO CITY OFFICIALS was granted by the council.如果句子的意思仍然混乱，那就检查整体词序。英语通常把主语放在动词的前面，所以就尽量保持这个顺序。Awkward: A refe

24、rendum is a general public vote through which IS PASSED A LAW OR OTHER PROPOSAL.Better: A referendum is a general public vote through which A LAW OR OTHER PROPOSAL ISPASSED.简洁-避免冗余SC很多问题都将涉及简洁。有的选项往往不仅包含语法问题同时也不够简洁。如果两个选项语法正确，意思很清楚的，但一个更简洁，则就选择这个答案（使用简洁这一原则前提是句意和语法等都正确，换句话说简洁是最后使用的方法 。不要简单地挑最短的选项。有时

25、GMAT考试将迫使你选择一个较长的选择而语法正确，意思很清楚的）。例如：Wordy: They HAVE DIFFERENCESver THE WAY IN WHICH the company should MAKE INVESTMENTS in new technologies.Better: They DIFFER over HOW the company should INVEST in new technologies.第一句是很容易理解， 但还是写得不好。"而且短语有分歧，have differences, the way in which, make investment

26、s可以更换为更简洁的表达，比如第二个句子。GMAT 考试使用单词优于词组。例如，have differences means the same as the word differ 。但相同情况下我们喜欢 differ o简洁的另一个方面是冗余。每个单词在句子中必须有必要的含义。如果一个字可以删除而不改变句子的意思，则我们就希望有个更简洁的选项进行替代。关于GMAT考试常见的冗余陷阱是与使用的词有相同的含义：Wordy: The value of the stock ROSE by a 10% INCREASE.Better: The value of the stock INCREASED

27、by 10%.Or: The value of the stock ROSE by 10%.（如果在GMAT句子两个词意思是相同的，则我们应该有意识的检测下句子是否有冗余，也许只有一个词是必要的。）因为rose和increase两者都意味着增长，只需要一个Wordy: The three prices SUM to a TOTAL of $11.56.Better: The three prices SUM to $11.56.Or: The three prices TOTAL $11.56.由于sum和total达的涵义相同，只需要一个Wordy: BEING EXCITEDabout h

28、er upcoming graduation, Kelsey could barely focus on her final exams.Better: EXCITEDabout her upcoming graduation, Kelsey could barely focus on her final exams.这时，being不会增加句子的意思，所以应该删除。事实上，这个词常常是冗余的标志，但 在现在的考试中，出题者有时会故意用这点来迷惑我们，从而将正确选项误删除！我们在考试的时候还要注意时间的表达。有时一个句子会出现两个表示时间的词（特别是如果一个表达式是在非划线部分，或者两表达并不

29、像）。我们例举了些表示时间的词：PAST: Previously Formerly In the past Before now PRESENT: Now Currently Presently At presentYEARLY: Annual Each year A year (e.g., three launches a year)一般来说，一个句子应该包括只有一个这样的表达，但这并不意味着你无法重复一个句子中的时间表达。主谓必须都存在如果一个句子缺少主语或动词，则句子只是片段，换句话说，不是一个完整的句子！GMAT考试常见的错误之一是无谓语：Wrong : The electron na

30、med in 1894.此句named看起来像一个动词。但是，named肯定不是The electron自己主动发起的Right: Stoney NAMED the electron in 1894.在这句话named是谓语动词。或者我们可以用另一种表达：Right: The electron WAS NAMED in 1894.在这句t中， WAS NAMED成为了谓语动词。而 WAS NAMED中named是一个过去分词。过 去分词本身不是一个谓语动词，所以 The electron named in 1894不是一个句子，而在 SC部 分我们要让所选出的答案和原名合成一个完整的句子。GM

31、AT考试中常见的另一种错误是用连词打头而没有主句，这种从句也都有其主语和动词：Wrong: BECAUSE the dog was never mine.Wrong: WHICH will be approved tomorrow.Because和which是连词。而上面的结构也被称为从句，这些由连词打头的部分其本身无法 成为一独立的句子。为了不被迷惑我们需要将它有意识的关注主句或删除连接，比如第二句：The plan will be approved tomorrow 。主谓必须逻辑上匹配主语和谓语的一致性其中一点表现在逻辑意义上也必须有意义。我们看看下面这个错误的句子： The devel

32、opment of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling.乍看， 这句话彳以乎还好。但请注意句意：The development of a hydrogen car. will be able totravel？这不是development ,将will be able to travel。原句想表达的合理意思应该是氢汽车 本身 will be able to travel.正确的写法应该是这样的：Onc

33、e developed, a hydrogen CAR based on expected performanceparameters WILL BE able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling.请一定注意在读句子的时候，将主语和谓语首先揪出来，看看主谓在逻辑意思上是否匹配。找到句子主谓的方法(不含题)GMAT考试中，出题者有多种方式隐藏主语和谓语。最常见的方式在主语和动词之间加入插入语。我们必须学会消除这些干扰，揭示真理！此外，GMAT考试，还常常使相当数量的单词放在主语之前。通常情况的判断方法是将这部 分的词或句删除，而不影响句子的

34、表达。有几个常见的类型：1)介词短语：一组由一个介词为首的话。of mice / in Zambia / to the store / for milk / with her / on their orders / by 1800 / at that level / from the office上述强调的介词是其中最常见的。介词短语修改或说明句子的某些部分。因此，消除这部分来找主语是比较好的方法之一。例如：Near Galway, the houses on the road to Spiddle is/are gorgeous.(NEAR Galway), the HOUSES (ON t

35、he road TO Spiddle) ARE gorgeous.当然介词短语存在些特例，我们将在下面进行分析，例如 Part OF,就由其后面的词决定谓 语动词。例如 Half of the pie IS blueberry, and half of the slices ARE already gone.2)从句：像许多介词短语一样，从句修改句子的其他部份，可以理解为大型的形容词或副词甚至名词。无论哪种方式，因为这些从句中不包含主语或动词，所以也是用来判断主语时也是可消除的部份：(When the auditors left,) the executive (who had been in

36、terviewed) was glad.3)其他修饰：逗号常常会将修饰的部分单独隔开，例如： (Limping,) the horse (once considered one of the favorites) was taken away.使用结构来决定我们先看一个例子：In the waning days of the emperor' s life, the conquest of new lands on the borders of the empirewas/were considered vital.看到这句话我们先找到谓语 was/were considered vi

37、tal ,同时要形成一个条件反射， 这个动词 的发起者是谁，可能有时我们认为new lands是主语，实际上 new lands只是一个介词短语修饰conquest,所以请记住：在GMAT考试中类似在介短中的名词是不可能作为句子的主语。所以上例的动词要使用was.所以这种介词短语既可以用来迷惑选项又可以用来帮助我们快速找出主语！我们再看一个例子：The tidal forces to which an object falling into a black hole is/are subjected is/are sufficient to tear the object apart.我们有两

38、个主谓要正确匹配。首先，匹配主句的主语和动词。Better: The tidal FORCES to which an object falling into a black hole are subjected ) ARE sufficient to tear the object apart.接下来，匹配的从句中的动词，Right: The tidal forces to which an OBJECTfalling into a black hole IS SUBJECTED are sufficient to tear the object apart.我们之所以做出上面的判断不仅仅是

39、基于句子的结构，其核心最关键的是句子的意思，在现在白G GMAT考试中常常充斥的错误选项是结构匹配但是句意却一团乱，所以我们在选择的时候要时刻以句意为导向，用句意来衡量一切的判断。擦亮双眼，还原句子本来面目在大多数的英语句子中主语先于动词再现，然而GMAT考试中为了迷惑考生通常会将顺序颠倒。Wrong: Near those buildings SIT a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.Flip: A lonely house, inhabited by squatters, SITS near those buildings.Right: Near

40、 those buildings SITS a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.原名中真正的主语应该是house而非those buildings ,再看一个例子：Wrong: There IS a young man and an older woman at the bus stop.Flip : A young man and an older woman ARE there at the bus stop.Right: There ARE a young man and an older woman at the bus stop.通过转制可以

41、看出 a young man and an older woman才是句子的主语。在英语口语中，对于 there is往往使用不当，注意 there be具体由后面的词来决定其be动词的选择。我们再看一个转换在从句中的应用：Uncertain: Pong is a classic game from which have/has descended many current computer pastimes.Flip it: Pong is a classic game from which many current computer pastimes HAVE descended. Rig

42、ht: Pong is a classic game from which主语为And及类似词汇AND能联结两个或两个以上部分，形成复合主语。Joe AND his friends ARE going to the beach.andMathematics, history, AND science ARE mandatory high-school subjects.请注意，这种复合主语的谓语动词用复数采取复数形式。其他许多单词和短语也都有 的功能。例如：along with Polly / accompanied by me / in addition to surgery / toget

43、her with a tie / as well as the mayor / including salt and pepper这种类似的词也是句子中可删除的成分。这种类似的词和And有时并不同，因为他们在句子中并无实际成分仅做修饰，并不能影响主语的数量。Joe, as well as his friends, IS going to the beach.Mathematics, in addition to history and science, IS a required subject.但是如果是AND的话就会改变句子的主语变为复数，所以请记住，类似于 AND的添加词并 不改变句子的

44、单复数。主语为 Or,Either,Neither有时我们会遇到诸如：Or, Either. or, Neither. nor这样的词，而这样的词会联接两个名词,那么我们在使用时动词用什么形式？答案很简单：找到最接近的名词，并使动词与之一致。我们看两个例子：Neither the coach nor the players ARE going to the beach.Neither the players nor the coach IS going to the beach.注意有时either or neither会单独出现而句中没有or或者nor时我们将其视为单数，使用单数的动词。主语

45、为集合名词集体名词是一种名词看似（通常不以-S结束），但指一组人或物体。一些例子包括:People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, teamItems: baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet, fruit, furniture在一些特殊的情况下，集合名词也可以单复数考虑（例如，当强调的个体而不是整体时）注意：GMAT考试，几乎集合名词都是单数！The CROWD in the stands IS cheering loudly as the home TEAM TAKES t

46、he field.Our ARMY of a hundred thousand soldiers IS attacking the enemy所以即使集合名词代表团体我们也通常视其为单数。主语为不定代词不定代词通常是指以-one,-body, or -thing为结尾的词，例如 Anyone下面再列举些相同类 另1J的词：anyone, anybody, anything, each, every （as pronouns）, everyone, everybody, everything, either, neither （may require a plural verb if paire

47、d with or/nor）, no one, nobody, nothing, Someone, somebody, something, whatever, whoever但是请注意，这里有五个词是单复数都存在的，也就是说无论动词后是单数还是复数都可行，请记住：Some, Any, All, More/Most 。而遇到这四大天王时我们怎么办？这时就要回想起刚才所说的Of-结构，只有遇到这五个词是看其后面的名词来决定其所使用的动词：Some of the money WAS stolen from my wallet. （money 是单数）Some of the documents WE

48、RE stolen from the bank. （documents 是复数）还有none很特别，因为其后面都可以认为是单数或复数，而 not one都认为是单数。例如 Not one of my friends IS here this weekend.实在搞不掂了，做题的时候就按照单数来吧。因为不定代词作主语一般都是单数。主语为Each和EveryEach和Every我们都是使用单数的，例如：Right: Every dog HAS paws.Right: Every dog and cat HAS paws.Right: Each of these shirts IS pretty.但

49、是当each跟着主语时其情况视主语而定:They each ARE great tennis players.主语为量词和短语比较常用的量词如THE number of我们都很清楚是单数，而 A number of则为复数。例如： The number of hardworking students in this class IS quite large.再如majority, minority, and plurality这些词也是单复数都可行的，具体情况要看语境及上下文，比如要强调个体时就可以用单数。The majority of the students in this class A

50、RE hard workers.In the Senate, the majority HAS coalesced into a unified voting block.平行介绍（不含题）可以说，GMAT考试的最喜欢的 SC部分测试点是平行！解决平行的问题，就解决了一半的GMAT问题！所谓平行不仅仅要求的是结构的平行，更要求逻辑意义上的平行和句意上的平 行。The employees were upset by the company ' s low pay, poor working conditions, and that they did not have enough out

51、lets for their creativity.请注意，这个例子中有三个比较部分upset the employees o前两部分的结构类似，都含有名词性短语（名词为pay和conditions ） o但是第三部分有不同的结构全：它包含主语，动词和宾主的句子。为了使句子平行，我们必须改变的第三部分，使之变为一名词性结构，Right: The employees were upset by the company' sow pay, poor working conditions, and shortage of outlets for employees creativity/请注

52、意，我们一般不需要每个词的平行，而需要特别关注重要的单词的平行，如上例中的pay, conditions,和shortage,因为这些都是名词。经过修改the company s可以修饰这三个部The company s low payThe company s poor working conditionsThe company s shortage of outlets for employees ' creativity平行标志平时常用的平行标志有 and, but, and or ,最常见当然是and,但现在的考试中常常隐藏平行 标志，取而代之的是句意上的平行，这种平行更加隐晦

53、。为了方便大家熟悉平行结构，我们 罗列了以下标志供大家参考：标志结构例子AndX and 丫X, 丫 and ZApples AND pearsApples, pears, AND bananasBoth/AndBoth X and YBOTH apples AND pearsOrX or YApples OR pearsEither/OrEither X or YEITHER apples OR pearsNot/ButNot X but YNOT apples BUT pearsNot Only/But AlsoNot only X but also YNOT ONLY apples, B

54、UT ALSO pearsRather ThanX rather than YApples RATHER THAN pearsFrom/ToFrom X to YFROM apples TO pears平行元素在一个句子中基本上任一元素都可以组成平行结构。名词：Her expression reflected BOTH anger AND relief.形容词：The park was NEITHER accessible NOR affordable.动词： The custodian cleaned the basement AND washed the windows.不定式： We w

55、ould like NOT ONLYto hear your side of the story BUT ALSO to provide a response.分词： The actor left quickly, shunning fans AND ducking into a car.介词短语：It was important to leave the money in the drawer RATHER THAN on the table.从句： The contended that the committee was biased AND that it should be disba

56、nded.有些平行句中的动词不止有一个，如 was opening, can lose, to increase ,这往往也是平行的一个标志，我们就需要特别注意。The division WAS opening offices, hiring staff AND investing in equipment.The railroad CAN EITHER lose more money OR solve its problems.They wanted TO increase awareness, spark interest, AND motivate purchases.对于平行的句子打头

57、词必须是相同的：Wrong: I want to retire to a place WHERE I can relax AND THAT has low taxes.Right: I want to retire to a place WHERE I can relax AND WHERE the taxes are low.请注意，在上面的例子，简洁的原则依然适用，但要注意请勿过度简洁而删除了平行元素。Wrong: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND WHO are not.Right: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND THOSE WHO are not.在第一句中likes. WHO are not和前面的元素并不平行， 我们必须写成likes. THOSE WHO are not.同是为了简洁我们可以省去popular,因为这不影响我们对意思的理解。固定搭配的平行英语日常习语中也常