阅读理解-主旨大意

1、阅读理解命题成2主旨大意木类考题解答锦囊一篇文章通常是围绕一个中心思想展开的。不少文章一开头便展示出文章的主题，特别 是新闻报道，第-小段通常是故事的梗概,这枚往往表达了文章的中心思想：在文童的段 落中，那么通常由开头的一句作为主题句(topic sentence)来概括该段的中心思想“主题句 -般具有三个特点：1. 衣述的意思比拟概括.相对主题句来看，这种概括性更为明显。2. 句子结构较简单.多数都不采用长、雄句的形式.3. 段落中其.他的句子必定是用来解释、支掉或开展主题句所表述的主题思想.理解一篇文章的主旨大意首先要法会寻找主题句.一般来说，在一个段落中，主题句的 位也有五种情况：1.

2、主题句在段肖：在有主题句的段落中，主题句位于段百的可能性最大。通常用演绎 法撰写的段落.往往遵循从-般到个别的写作程序.即以概述开始.随之详细解说。2. 主题句在段尾：与主题句位于段首的情况相反，主题句位于段尾时，通常用归纳法 撰写.表述细节的句子在前，版述性的句子在后，并以此而结也位于段里的主题句往往陈 述依据上文的细节的结论或建议，归纳的要点或共性以及得出的观察卬彖或结果。3. 主题句在段中：当主题句位于段中.开段的句子往往表述段落要论述的主题,而主题那么由随之引出的句子来表达。此外，为闸明主题思想，在主题句之后，仍有些句子陈述 细节，或作符合逻辑的引中。这一类的段落包括三个层次：引题一一

3、主题一一解释，或提问 【可答解释。电主题句在段首和段尾：在-些文段中，作者为了突出主题思想，并暗示读者，这段文 章中的意思比其他的段更重:要。采用了涧后照应、两次点题的写作乎法。值得注意的是，表 述同-主题思想的两个主题句，在句型结构和用词方而往往不尽一致，而且在内容上后者也 不是前者的简单重夏，多半有所引中或顺应其向细节的铺叙而有所侧重”5.主题句暗含在段中：不是所有的段落都右主题句。尤其是在多段文章中.主题句并 没有明确表述。阅读这样的文段，土要通过对细廿的陈述或概括各段的主逾思想，含蓄地表 达文段的主题思想。对于无主题句的文段，仰i能采用辩论主题句的方法来获取其主题思想。 而应正确理解作

4、者提供的所有细节，包括事实、观获和事件，在大蹒中形成初步印象。然后 发挥自己的逻机概括能力，溉括作者提供的事实、观点和事件，综合归纳成一般概念。这种 概念不定能到达主题句那样完整，但只要切合文段的主题即可。这类试题上要考查学生把握全文主通和理解中心思想的能力，也包括分析.归纳文章的 段落大意、重:要睛节、人物特征、环境特点的能力。这种试题要求学生把握文章的总体，并 真正理解 搅oil中心句；要求能较好地运用概念、判断、归纳、推理等逝机思维的方法，难 度较大，届于高层次虬在运用多项选择法考奁学生这方面的阅读理解能力时，对大多数短 文(段落)的主题(subject),中心思想(mabidea),标

5、题(titlle)或作者的写作目的 (puf(x)se)加以拟题。拟题大致有以卜固定的提问方式：1. thesubiectoftheparagraph(passage)is.2. the paragraph(passage)deals with.3. what topic is treated in this paragraph(passage)?4. the main idea of the paragraph(passage)is5. from the paragraph(passage)we know that6. the paragraph (passage)could be enti

6、tled7. which of the following is the best title for the paragraph(passage)?8. what is the author's main pupose?凡遇到这样的些问题,我们都应从理解主题思想去考虑答案是鲫个。i高考址新热门题1 .（典型例题季卷）a characteristic of american culture that has become almost a tradition is to respect the self-made manthe man who has risen to the top

7、through his own efforts, usually beginning by working with his hands. while the leader in business or in- dustry or the college professor occupies a higher social position and commands greater respect in the community than the com- mon laborer or even the skilled factory worker, he may take pains to

8、 point out that his father started life in america as a farmer or laborer of some sort.this attitude toward manual （体力的）labor is now still seen in many aspects of american lif one is invited to dinner at a home that is not only comfortably but even luxuriously （豪华地）furnished and in which there is ev

9、ery evidence of the fact that the family has been able to afford foreign travel, expensive hobbies, and college education for the children; yet the hostess probably will cook the dinner herself, will serve it herself and will wash dishes afterward, furthermore the dinner will not consist merely of s

10、omething quickly and easily assembled from contents of various cans and a cake or a pie bought at the near- by bakery. on the contrary, the hostess usually takes pride in careful preparation of special dishes. a professional man may talk about washing the car; digging in his flowerbeds, painting the

11、 house. his wife may even help with these things, just as he often helps her with the dishwashing. the son who is away at college may wait on table and wash dishes for his living, or during the summer he may work with a construction gang on a highway in order to pay for his education.1. from paragra

12、ph 1 , we can know that in americaa. people tend to have a high opinion of the self-made manb. people can always rise to the top through their own effortsc. college professors win great respect from common workersd. people feel painful to mention their fathers as laborers2. according to the passage,

13、 the hostess cooks dinner herself mainly becausea. servants in america are hard to getb. she takes pride in what she can do herselfc. she can hardly afford servantsd. it is easy to prepare a meal with canned food3. the expression "wait on table” in the second paragraph meansa. work in a furnitu

14、re shopb. keep accounts for a barc. wait to lay the tabled. serve customers in a restaurant4. which of the following may serve as the best title of the passage?a. a respectable self-made familyb. american attitude toward manual laborc. characteristics of american cultured. the development of manual

15、la bo命题h的与解题技巧：木文的命题目的是考查考牛.概括h题的能力。做这类题的决窍就是找 主题句。本文共两段，主题句为每段的第句话。找出1：题句，就不难抓住本文的主题彩想【解 析】 本文介绍了美国人民在生活中尊重通过自己的勤奋劳动而获得成功的人这样 -种文化。【答案】1. a这是一道段落主旨题。从第一段内容可知整段都围绕第一句话展开， 因而第一句话是这段的主屈句，说明在美国手工工人很受尊敞。2. b此题为细节题。第二段倒数第四句说女4：人自已做饭的原因是她们为自己能动 手做饭而感到骄傲，3. d 猜想词义题.根据 sswashdishesforhis living"可推测出 wa

16、it, ntable 的意 思在坂店当招待员，4. b此题是主旨题。这篇短文主要讲述美国人对手工劳动的态度。2. （典型例题if there is no difference in general intelligence （智力）between boys and girls, what can explain girls* poor performance in science and mathematics?it seems to be that their treatment at school is a directcause. mathematics and science are

17、seen as subjects mainly for boys, and therefore, as girls become teenagers, they are less likely to take them. interestingly, both boys and girls often re- gard the subjects for boys as more difficult. yet it has been suggested that girls do not take mathematics courses, not be- cause they are diffi

18、cult, but for social reasons. girls do not want to be in open competition with boys because they are afraid to appear less feminine （女性的）and attractive.however, if we examine the performance of boys and girls who have taken mathematics courses, there are still more high- achieving boys than there ar

19、e girls. this difference appears to be world-wide. biological explanations have been offered for this, but there are other explanations too.perhaps the difference which comes out during the teenage years has its roots in much earlier experiences. from their first days in kindergarten, boys are encou

20、raged to work on their own and to complete tasks. facts show that outstanding （杰出的）mathematicians and scientists have not had teachers who supplied answers.besides, there can be little doubt that teachers of mathematics and science expect their boy students to do better at these subjects than their

21、girl students. they even appear to encourage the difference between boys and girls. they spend more time with the boy students, giving them more time to answer questions and working harder to get correct answers from them. they are more likely to call on boys for answers and toallow them to take the

22、 lead in classroom discussion. they also praise boys more frequently. all of this seems to encourage boys to work harder in science and mathematics and to give them confidence（信心）that they are able to succeed.such a way of teaching is not likely to encourage girls to take many mathematics and scienc

23、e courses, nor is it likely to support girls who do. when it comes to these subjects it seems certain that school widens the difference between boys and girls.1. girls are likely to think thata. science courses are for both boys and girlsb. science courses make them more popularc. science courses ma

24、ke them successfuld. science courses are difficult for them2. the text mainly discussesreasons for the difference between boysand girls in scientific achievements.a. biologicalb. historicalc. sociald. personal3. what are boys usually encouraged to do at school?a. to get help with their homework.b. t

25、o play the leading role in class.c. to work with girl students in class.d. to learn to take care of others.4. what does the passage say about great mathematicians?a. their teachers did not supply answers to them.b. they started learning mathematics at an earlier age.c. they showed mathematical abili

26、ties in their teenage years.d. their success resulted from their strong interest in math ematics.5. the author would probably agree that.a. boys and girls learn in the same wayb. boys and girls are equal in general intelligencec. girls are more confident in themselves than befored. girls should take fewer