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1、原因、理由；关联；导致；取决；1、因素（yin su）诱发（you fa）Traumatic bleeding is one of the common factors inducing death, the key to save the wounded is timely and effective hemostasis.创伤出血是诱发死亡的常见因素之一，及时有效地止血是挽救伤员生命的关键.2、被认为是.的原因In general, post-operative peritoneal adhesions are considered an important cause of morbid

2、ity, which can cause tubal sterility, ileus, chronic pelvic pain and bowel obstruction are highlighted.在一般情况下，术后腹膜粘连被认为发病率的一个重要原因，这可能导致显著的不育输卵管，肠梗阻，慢性盆腔疼痛和肠梗阻。3、导致（dao zhi）Moreover, the presence of adhesions during surgery may also lead to longeroperating times and increased perioperative complicati

3、ons.另外，粘连在手术过程中的存在也可能导致延长手术时间并增加围手术期并发症。4、因为（yin wei）However, and according to our results, this sponge seems to act in a different manner since it reduces adhesion formation to some extent然而，按照我们的研究结果，此海绵看来，因为它以不同的方式在一定程度上减少粘连形成。5、因为（yin wei）The explanation of the latter could be in accordance with

4、 Binda et al, who reported the negative effect over adhesion formation due to desiccation or hypoxia.后者的解释可能是按照宾达等人的解释而论的，他们报道过粘连形成的负面作用是因为干燥或缺氧。6、导致（dao zhi）Fluid effusion (blood, lymph, or urine) in kidney transplantation may give rise to several complications, directly, such as hematoma, seroma,

5、lymphocele, and/or urinoma, or consequently, such as increased infection risk, longer hospital stay.流体积液（血液，淋巴液，或尿液）在肾移植中可导致几个并发症，直接，如血肿，血清肿，淋巴和/或引起 尿性囊肿，或因此，如增加感染的风险，延长住院时间7、关联（guan lian）There are particularly significant complications related to the effusion of blood and lymphatic fluids that can

6、affect both morbidity and mortality .有特别显著并发症与血液和淋巴液渗出相关联，可同时影响发病率和死亡率。8、关联（guan lian）We did not observe any collateral effect due to the biomaterials, either directly attributable, such as increasing temperature, allergic reactions, or granuloma, or generic. Therefore, there was no side effect asso

7、ciated with the use of these hemostatic biomaterials.我们并没有观察到由于任何连带效应于生物材料，无论是直接归因，随着温度的升高，过敏反应，或肉芽肿的。因此，使用这些止血生物材料不存在关联的副作用。9、导致（dao zhi）Rapid fluid infusion reduced blood viscosity and accelerated blood flow thisresulted in the fragmentation of the thrombi formed.快速补液降低血液粘稠度，加速血液流动这导致血栓的碎片形成.10、 原

8、因（yuan yin）One possible cause of these changes is a vasoconstrictor reflex of the splenic capsule, by which the cortical vascular bed is reduced, thus shifting blood to the medulla.这些变化中一个可能的原因是一种脾被膜的血管收缩剂的反射，通过该皮层血管床减少，从而转移到血液中髓质。11、强相关（qiang xiang guan）Angiogenesis plays a major role in the develo

9、pment of breast cancer. Both tumor growth and metastatic seeding are strongly related with the angiogenetic process.血管生成在乳腺癌的发展中起到了重要的作用。肿瘤生长和转移与血管生成过程有着很强的相关性。12、关联（guan lian）Among hyper vascularized lesions, there is also a relationship between thedensity of the vessels and the aggressiveness of t

10、he tumor .在高度血管化病变，血管的密度和肿瘤的攻击性两者还有着相关性。比例；相同；相似；增；减；加强；削弱；1、越大,越高Kidney damage occurred in all 15 rabbits, with the greater the percussive force, the higher the level of injury.15 只兔肾均受到损伤，撞击力度越大，损伤级别越高。2、增加3、减少HCS has shown to be safe for gynecological use. Although number and extent of adhesions

11、did not decrease with HCS, inflammation and adhesions severity were reduced in the laparoscopic and laparotomy approaches, respectively.HCS已被证明在妇科使用中是安全的。虽然HCS粘连的数量和范围没有减少，但在腹腔镜和开腹手术中炎症和粘连严重性均有减少。4、高比例（gao bi li） The high prevalence of uterine myoma among fertile women - calculated around 20% to 50%

12、 together with the high incidence of post-operative adhesions after myomectomy have lately raised concerns towards the development of new methods for adhesion prevention in gynecology.子宫肌瘤的育龄妇女中发病率很高-大约20-50与术后粘连后子宫肌瘤剔除术的高发，引起了人们对于妇科的防粘连的新方法进展的关注。5、比例（bi li）In the initial abdominal exploration, the

13、ratio of adhesion-free animals, as well as the number, extent, severity and tenacity of adhesions were determined. The proportion of adhesion-free animals was calculated as the ratio between the number of animals free from adhesions and the total number of animals in that group.在初始探查腹腔中，对无粘连动物的比率，以及

14、 的数量，范围，严重程度和粘连强度进行了测定。无腹腔黏连的比例被计算为无黏连动物的数量与该组动物的总数之比。6、少于（shao yu）7、超过（chao guo）These parameters were scored from 0 to 3: 0= no lesion; 1= mild lesion (lessthan 15% of the sample); 2= moderate lesion (15-50% of the sample); and 3= severe lesionwhen more than 50% of the sample is affected.这些参数进行评分为0

15、至3：0 =无损伤; 1=轻度病变（少于样品的15）; 2=中度损伤（样品的15-50）;和3 =严重损伤，当样本的损伤达50以上时会受到影响。8、显著延长（xian zhu yan chang）Time needed to cover the first lesion with hemostatic collagen sponge, on the right uterine horn incision, was significantly longer in the laparoscopy group compared to the laparotomy group. 止血胶原海绵覆盖病灶时

16、需要的时间，就右边的子宫角切开手术而言，腹腔镜组的时间较开腹手术组的时间显著延长。9、从到的减少The incidence of complications on which biomaterials can have a role decreased; particularly, we observed a reduction from 24.21% to 7.5% of fluid effusions (lymphocele).该生物材料并发症的发生率可以有一定的下降作用;特别是，我们观察到，流体积液（淋巴）从 24.21减少到7.5。10、缩短时间（suo duan shijian）Se

17、veral authors have pointed out that the use of biomaterials can be very useful during major surgery, such as liver resections, urologic and gynecologic surgery, and lung surgery, being able to shorten the time of hemostasis and, consequently, to significantly reduce the surgical time。一些作者指出，利用生物的材料可

18、以很好的在主要的外科手术中使用，如肝切除术，泌尿外科和妇科手术，肺部手术，能够缩短止血的时间，因此也能显著减少手术时间。11、与.相比较少For many years, ultrasound has been the first-line diagnostic tool for abdominal organ trauma, allowing for repeated examinations of hemodynamically unstable patients, but is less sensitive than computed tomography (CT) for evaluat

19、ing splenic parenchymal lesions.多年来，超声一直为腹部器官损伤的首选诊断工具，可以对血流动力学不稳定的患者进行重复检查，但用于评估脾实质损害时，与CT相比敏感性较低。12、增长.（zeng zhang） In such cases the risk of death increases by 1% for every 3-minute delay of treatment .在这种情况下,的死亡增加1的危险用于治疗，治疗每延迟3分钟，死亡的危险性就会增加1%。13、三分之一（san fen zhi yi）This may be because of shrink

20、age of the vascular stump and spleen occurs after splenic rupture, and because approximately one third of the bodys platelets are in the spleen, blood clots may block the blood vessels.这可能是因为收缩的血管残端和脾脏发生脾破裂后，和因为大约三分之一体内的血小板是在脾，所以血液凝块可阻塞血管。14、 增强（zeng qiang）Ultrasonographic contrast media, which enha

21、nce the signal from the circulating blood, have the potential to make the examination easier, more sensitive and more reproducible.超声造影剂，它增强循环血液中的信号，使检查更容易，更灵敏，更可生产成为可能。动词研究；研究局限性；研究展望；研究总结1、探索（tan suo）To explore the value of volume contrast imaging contrastenhanced ultrasound (VCICEUS)in diagnosis

22、of blunt renal trauma(BRT)初步探索容积对比超声造影(VCICEUS)成像对诊断闭合性肾外伤(BRT)的价值。2、假设（jia she）Our hypothesis was that this product could act as a mechanical barrier until mesothelial healing is completed, preventing post-operative adhesions when covering the lesions.我们的假设是，这 产品可以作为机械屏障，直到间皮愈合完成时，防止覆盖病变时，手术后的粘连。3、

23、研究目标The main objective of this study was to determine hemostatic collagen sponge action as an adhesion prevention agent for gynecological procedures, both in aparotomy and minimally invasive surgery.本研究的主要目标 是确定止血胶原海绵作为防粘连剂在妇科程序中防粘连的作用，无论是在剖腹手术和微创手术。4、评估（ping gu）Assessment was carried out by two sur

24、geons who were blinded to the group each animal belonged to, in order not to bias the study. Animals were evaluated in randomly assigned order, further favoring unbiased study conditions.两名医生不知道每组的动物属性而对其进行评估，为的是不得到偏差研究结果。对随机分配顺序的动物进行了评估，进一步有利于公正的研究条件。5、研究目的（yan jiu mu di）The purpose of this study w

25、as to assess a hemostatic collagen sponge as an adhesion prevention agent. In the results, we found no significant reduction regarding number and extent of adhesions.此次研究的目的是评估止血胶原海绵作为粘合预防剂的作用。在结果中，我们发现对于粘附的数量和程度没有显著减少。6、研究目的（yan jiu mu di）The aim of this study was to evaluate effectiveness of hemos

26、tatic biomaterials in prevention of fluid effusions, especially lymphocele in kidney transplant patients.本研究的目的是评估在止血的生物材料的在防止流体积液的效用，尤其是肾移植患者中对淋巴液的作用。7、分析（fen xi）The aim of this paper was, therefore, to analyze biomaterials in kidney transplantation, evaluating the possible benefits in this specifi

27、c kind of surgery in reducing the incidence of bleeding and lymphocele.因此，本文的目标为了分析生物材料在肾移植中的作用，评估对于此种特定手术在降低出血和淋巴囊肿的发生率的可能的优势。8、评估（ping gu）The aim of this study was not to select a particular biomaterial to find the criterion standard, but to assess the numerous benefits of the use of hemostatic ma

28、terials.本研究的目的是不选择一个特定的生物材料以发现标准水平，而是，去评估使用止血材料的众多优点。 9、限制（xian zhi） The current study is limited in that our canine model cannot fully replicate the clinical characteristics of patients with traumatic hemorrhagic shock. 目前的研究中，我们的限制是模型犬无法完全复制患者创伤失血性休克的临床特征。10、进一步调查（jin yi bu diao cha）In addition, i

29、n patients with known or suspected malignancy, and in patientswith chronic liver disease, even typical hemangiomas in conventional US have to be investigated further.另外，在患者已知或怀疑恶性，并患有慢性肝病，甚至典型血管瘤，在以往的美国必须进一步调查。 表现、表明 1、显示，表明（xian shi、biao ming）HCS has shown to be safe for gynecological use. Although

30、 number and extent of adhesions did not decrease with HCS, inflammation and adhesions severity were reduced in the laparoscopic and laparotomy approaches, respectively.HCS已被证明在妇科使用中是安全的。虽然HCS粘连的数量和范围没有减少，但在腹腔镜和开腹手术中炎症和粘连严重性均有减少。2、表明（biao ming）however, we find that in the swine used for this trial on

31、ly a scarce local inflammatory reaction was observed, which could indicate that hemostatic collagen sponge benefits would be even greater when applied in the human patient。然而，我们发现，在此次试验中猪仅有少量局部炎症反应被观察到，这可能表明，止血胶原海绵在人类患者身上使用得到的好处会更大。 3、揭示（jie shi）Renal scans reveal a statistically insignificant trend

32、 toward greater uptake loss in group 1 and angiograms showed major 3 vessel occlusions in that group.肾扫描揭示了一个具有统计学意义的趋势，第1组具有明显的充盈缺损，血管造影显示3个大血管阻塞也在该组中。4、指出（zhi chu）Several authors have pointed out that the use of biomaterials can be very useful during major surgery, such as liver resections, urolog

33、ic and gynecologic surgery, and lung surgery, being able to shorten the time of hemostasis and, consequently, to significantly reduce the surgical time。一些作者指出，利用生物的材料可以很好的在主要的外科手术中使用，如肝切除术，泌尿外科和妇科手术，肺部手术，能够缩短止血的时间，因此也能显著减少手术时间。5、表明（biao ming）These changes in blood vessels suggest that CEUS enhanceme

34、nt will be greatly reduced after hemorrhagic shock, even if there is no damage to blood vessels or the splenic parenchyma.这些血管的变化表明，超声造影的强度于失血性休克之后将大大降低，即使血管或脾实质没有损害。6、表明（biao ming）A literature survey describing the treatment of hepatic and splenic injuries indicates that as many as 67% of explorato

35、ry celiotomy for blunt trauma are reported as non therapeutic.一个描述肝和脾创伤的文献调查表明，多达67的剖腹探查为闭合性损伤的报告为不治疗。 分组1、随机分组（sui ji fen zu）Nine healthy New Zealand white rabbits，four males and five females，were randomly divided into three groups and each group included 3 rabbits健康新西兰兔子9只，雄性4只，雌性5只，随机平均分为3组2、被分为（

36、bei fen wei）Currently available agents for adhesion prevention are classified as spray products, including hyaluronic acid, fibrin sealant and hydrogel, and sheet products, such as combined hyaluronic acid, cellulose and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene. 目前用于防止粘连剂可被分类为喷雾产品，包括透明质酸，纤维蛋白封闭剂和水凝胶，和片产品，如结

37、合透明质酸，纤维素和膨体聚四氟乙烯。3、重新分组（cong xin fen zu）The animals were randomly divided into HCS and control (C) groups. These were further rearranged in two other groups according to the surgical approach, constituting one laparotomy and one laparoscopy group.该 动物随机分为HCS和对照（C）组。这些是进一步根据手术方式重新布置在两个其它基团，构成一 剖腹手术，

38、一个腹腔镜组。4、被分为（bei fen wei）These parameters were scored from 0 to 3: 0= no lesion; 1= mild lesion (lessthan 15% of the sample); 2= moderate lesion (15-50% of the sample); and 3= severe lesionwhen more than 50% of the sample is affected.这些参数进行评分为0至3：0 =无损伤; 1=轻度病变（少于样品的15）; 2=中度损伤（样品的15-50）;和3 =严重损伤，当样

39、本的损伤达50以上时会受到影响。5、.级和.级 Forty Grades III and IV traumatic splenic lesions were created in 15 mongrel dogs, including 17 for Grade III and 23 for Grade IV.在15只犬上制造了40个III和IV创伤性脾损伤，其中包括17个三级和23 IV级1、依次（yi ci）Gray-scale ultrasound，CDFI and realtime 3D contrast-enhanced ultrasound(also called 4D contras

40、t-enhanced ultrasound，4D-CEUS)were performed to detect the traumatic lesionin sequence before and within ten minutes after the impact影响作用前和后10 min内，分别依次完成灰阶超声、彩色多普勒(CDFI)和实时三维超声造影(又称四维超声造影，4D-CEUS)创伤性损伤的检测。2、肝素化（gan su hua）Nine healthy New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into three group

41、s, and after heparinization, the models of ongoing hemorrhage of blunt renal trauma were developed by self-made minitype striker in the three groups with different force levels: 77.2 N (group A), 106.2 N (group B), 135.1 N (group C).9 只健康新西兰白兔随机平均分为 3 组，全身肝素化后，采用自制小型撞击器分别以 77.2 N（A 组） 、106.2 N（B 组）

42、、135.1 N（C 组）3 种力度撞击，制作闭合性肾外伤模型。3、初步判断（chu bu pan duan）4、活动性出血（huo dong xing chu xie）RT3D-CEUS can present a real-time dynamic bleeding and locate headstream of blood in renal trauma vividly and stereoscopically, and can be used to preliminarily evaluate the degree of ongoing hemorrhage in traumatic

43、 kidney.RT3D-CEUS 可以实时、立体、逼真地显示闭合性肾外伤活动性出血，并可以根据出血信号分布的范围初步判断出血的严重程度。5、全面了解(quan mian liao jie)With rapid increase of amount in topical hemostatic agents, it is necessary to comprehensively understand the common hemostatic agents used clinically both at home and abroad, so that the surgeons can succ

44、essfully choose the right agent at the right time.随着局部止血剂的数量迅速增多，有必要对国内外临床常用止血剂进行，使外科医生能够在恰当的时间成功选择正确的止血剂。6、提供参考（ti gong can kao）In this article, we mainly reviewed common topical hemostatic agents in surgery and their efficacy, mechanism of action, specific advantage and disadvantage, recommendatio

45、ns for use, and advances in related fields in order to provide reference in clinic.本文主要对外科常用局部止血剂的功效、作用机制、优劣势、使用方法以及相关领域的新进展进行综述，为临床提供参考。7、撞击力度（zhuang ji li du）Left kidney area of the rabbits in each group was stroked using a SMS-based striker with percussive forces of 77.2 N, 106.2 N and 135.1 N, r

46、espectively, to build animal models of closed renal trauma.分别采用 SMS 型撞击器以 77.2 N、106.2 N 和 135.1 N 撞击力度对实验兔左侧肾区进行撞击，建立闭合性肾外伤动物模型。8、不规则缺失（bu gui ze que shi）Color Doppler flow imaging showed good kidney perfusion in 4 rabbits, no color flow signal in 1 rabbit, and irregular blood flow signal missing l

47、esions of the kidney in 10 rabbits.彩色多普勒血流显像示 4 只兔肾血流灌注良好，1 只未见彩色血流信号，10 只兔肾可见损伤病灶区血流信号呈不规则缺失。9、被实施了(bei shi shi le)Forty female pigs were subjected to a right uterine horn myotomy and left uterine horn deserosation，they were randomly divided into two groups.40只雌性猪被随机分为两组，进行右子宫角肌切开术和左侧子宫角浆膜切开术。10、随访

48、（sui fang）Resulting adhesions were macroscopically and microscopically semi-quantitatively analyzed after a five months follow-up.进行了五个月的的随访后进行宏观与微观的半定量分析，结果是黏连形成。11、引起关注（yin qi guan zhu）The high prevalence of uterine myoma among fertile women - calculated around 20% to 50% together with the high in

49、cidence of post-operative adhesions after myomectomy have lately raised concerns towards the development of new methods for adhesion prevention in gynecology.子宫肌瘤的育龄妇女中发病率很高-大约20-50与术后粘连后子宫肌瘤剔除术的高发，引起了人们对于妇科的防粘连的新方法进展的关注。12、限制疗效（xian zhi liao xiao）13、旨在（zhi zai）As a result of the limited efficacy of

50、 adhesiolysis, which constitutes an acceptably effective method , studies are now aimed at the development of new preventive agents rather thanfocusing on the treatment itself.限制粘连的疗效有限，从而构成一个可接受的有效的结果方法，研究现在针对新的预防剂的发展，而不是着眼于处理本身。14、由实施15、批准（pi zhun）The protocol in this study was conducted in accord

51、ance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, and was previously approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee for Animal Research.这项研究草案与对实验动物的使用指南，和先前由机构伦理委员会批准对动物的研究指南是一致的。16、给予（gei yu）To prevent infection, amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (20 mg/kg/IM every 24h) were administe

52、red during the first five days after surgery.为防止感染，阿莫西林和克拉维酸（20毫克/千克/ IM每24h）分别为在手术后的头五天给药。17、浸渍于（jin zi yu）18、染色（ran se）All samples were fixed in 4% buffered formaldehyde solution, and thenimpregnated in paraffin and sectioned. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and Massons trichrome

53、.所有样品固定在4缓冲的甲醛溶液中，然后浸渍在石蜡中并切片。切片用苏木精和曙红染色，并用Masson染色。19、记载(ji zai)Both the outcome of the intervention as well as the functional outcome of the graft were documented by serial examinations.干预两者的结果以及所述功能的结果均有详细记载了连续检查20、撇开（pie kai）It should be emphasized that a correct control of hemostasis cannot le

54、ave aside a proper surgical technique.应当强调的是，一种正确的的控制止血的方法是不能撇开正确的手术技术的。21、被麻醉（bei ma zui）The animals were anesthetized by injection of 3% pentobarbital sodium (30 mg/kg body weight) via an intravenous catheter placed in a forelimb vein.动物通过放置在一前肢静脉的静脉导管注射3戊巴比妥钠进行麻醉（30毫克/千克体重）。22、 通过.维持23、 被定义为（bei

55、ding yi wei）Mean arterial pressure was maintained by means of bloodletting or autologous transfusion. This period was defined as the shock period.平均动脉压通过放血或自体的方式维持运转，这一时期定义为休克期。24、优于（you yu）CEUS has an advantage over CT in evaluating therapeutic effects and monitoring rebleeding during the resuscita

56、tion period because it can be used at the patients bedside.超声造影在复苏过程中评价治疗的影响和监控再出血的作用优于CT，因为它可以用于病人床边。25、如表所示（ru biao suo shi）Baseline characteristics of these patients are shown in Table 1. Inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria for patients enrolled in this group of percutaneous injection treat

57、ment are shown in Table 2.这些患者的基线特征示于表1，参加经皮注射治疗组患者的纳入标准和排除标准如表2所示。26、微泡造影剂（wei pao zao ying ji）The introduction of microbubble contrast agents and the development of contrast-specific techniques have opened new possibilities in liver imaging.微泡造影剂的引入和对比特定技术的发展开辟肝脏成像的新的可能性。27、 敏感性与特异性（min gan xing yu te yi xing） Ultrasound (US) is the most frequently used liver imaging modality worldwide but has a lower sensitivity and specificity than contrast-enhanced CT and MRI in the assessment of focal liver lesions .超声（US）是对于肝脏形态成像的方法中使用最频繁的，但在评估肝脏病变上与增强CT和MRI比较具有较低的灵敏性和特异性。28、流行（liu xing）Apart from cys