2017年3月中国科学院考博英语真题

2017年3月中国科学院考博英语真题一、StructureandVocabulary1.Researchmarchesonward,butwe’restill______somethingassimpleastheflu.

A.inthecourseof

B.withtheexceptionof

C.onthebrinkof

D.atthemercyof

√解析：本题考查介词短语的含义。A在……过程中；B除……之外；C在……的边缘；D任凭……摆布。该句的大意为：研究不曾止步，而我们对类似流感这般简单的疾病仍然难以控制。

2.Althoughthereareplansto______additionalpensions,thiswillnotaffectanyoneretiringbefore1998andwillonlymarginallyaffectthoseretiringby2009.

A.breakdown

B.scaledown

√

C.boildown

D.narrowdown解析：本题考查动词短语的含义。A故障，分解；B缩减；C归结到；D缩小范围。该句的大意为：尽管有计划缩减额外退休金数额，但是这并不会影响于1998年前退休的职工，也仅仅会对2009年退休职工造成很小的影响。

3.Parentsoftenfallintothetrapofofferingotherfoodinorderto______thechildtoeat.

A.tempt

√

B.manipulate

C.incense

D.escort解析：本题考查动词的含义。A吸引，诱使；B操作，操控；C使激怒；D护送，陪同。该句的大意为：家长们常常陷入困境，通过给予别的食物来吸引孩子好好吃饭。

4.Whatisperhapsofgreatimportanceisthefactthatshechallengedthedecisionofheremployersandwonthecase______.

A.intheextreme

B.tothepoint

C.againstallodds

√

D.aroundthecorner解析：本题考查固定短语的含义。A非常，极度；B中肯，切题；C困难重重；D即将到来。该句的大意为：最重要的或许在于，她敢于质疑雇主的决定，并且克服重重困难，最终获得胜利。

5.Learningisuniqueanddependentonmanyfactors,manyoftheminternaland______totheindividual.

A.intrinsic

√

B.narrative

C.primitive

D.emphatic解析：本题考查形容词的含义。A本质的，固有的；B叙事的；C原始的；D强调的。该句的大意为：学习具有唯一性，取决于多种因素，这些因素于个体而言既是内在的，也是与生俱来的。

6.Ifwecannot______exactlywhatwearesupposedtobemanaging,howcanwemanageit?

A.knockon

B.pindown

√

C.letgo

D.getover解析：本题主要考查动词词组的含义。A敲击，撞击；B确定；C放开，释放；D恢复，解决。该句的大意为：如果我们无法准确指出有待管理之处，那么我们该如何进行管理?

7.Studieshaveprovedthatsmartpeopletendtobesmartacrossdifferentkindsof______.

A.institutions

B.occasions

C.characters

D.realms

√解析：本题考查名词的含义。A机构，制度；B场合，机会；C性格，角色；D领域，范围。该句的大意为：研究表明，聪明的人容易在各个不同的领域都表现得很聪明。

8.ToyotasaidonTuesdaythatitwill______itsannualyear-endsaleseventearly.

A.giveaway

B.fixon

C.kickoff

√

D.bringup解析：本题考查动词短语的含义。A放弃，分发；B确定，固定；C开始；D提出，养育。该句的大意为：周二，丰田汽车公司宣布将提前开展其一年一度的年终促销活动。

9.Mymotherwouldratherputhonestyfirstinher______ofvalues,whichisimportantforourgrowth.

A.inventory

B.hierarchy

√

C.observation

D.identification解析：本题考查名词的含义。A存货；B层级，等级；C观察；D识别，鉴别；身份认同。该句的大意为：我的母亲宁可将诚实放在其价值观体系的首位，这对于我们的成长很重要。

10.Theyhavereduced______inthelabormarketbyallowingemployersandprospectiveemployeestoconnectmoreeasilythaneverbefore.

A.incentive

B.budget

C.aggression

D.friction

√解析：本题考查名词的含义。A刺激，动机；B预算；C侵略，侵犯；D摩擦。该句的大意为：让雇主和潜在雇员之间的联系较从前变得更加容易，通过采用这一方式，他们减少了劳动市场中的摩擦。

11.Physicalexercisehasthecapacitytobeusedtoattempttocontrolemotionalfeelings,to______thecaloriesconsumedinfoodandtocontrolbodysize.

A.makeup

B.passon

C.workoff

√

D.markdown解析：本题考查动词短语的含义。A构成，编造；B传递；C发泄，排除；D降低价格，记下。该句的大意为：体育运动有以下作用：可以用于控制情绪，排除食物中所消耗的卡路里，并且控制体重。

12.Thenewsthatthepresidenthadsubmittedhisresignationcausedagreat______.

A.sensation

√

B.stimulation

C.devotion

D.deterioration解析：本题考查名词的含义。A感觉，轰动；B刺激；C奉献；D恶化。该句的大意为：总统已经提交辞呈的消息引发了巨大的轰动。

13.It’snicetohaveclosefriendsandfamilyyoucan______,butitliftsahugeweightyou’reyourshoulderswhenyouknowthatyoucouldsurviveonyourownifyouhadto.

A.copewith

B.counton

√

C.conformto

D.committo解析：本题考查动词短语的含义。A处理，应付；B指望，依赖；C符合，遵照；D交付，致力于。该句的大意为：有亲密的朋友和家人可以依靠固然很好，但是当你知道在不得已的情况下，你可以独立生活，那时你便会卸下一身重担。

14.Astronauts’dietaryrequirementsaredifferentfromthoseoftheirgravity-bound______onEarth.

A.counterparts

√

B.equivalents

C.correspondences

D.candidates解析：本题考查名词的含义。A对应的人或物；B等价物；C信件，一致；D候选人。该句的大意为：宇航员的饮食要求与地球上受引力作用的饮食要求是不一样的。

15.Foramomenthewasspeechless,stilltooastonishedto______whatitallmeant,thenhesatheavilyandleanedforward,puttinghishanddownonthesummonsbutton.

A.breakdown

B.searchfor

C.takein

√

D.seeafter解析：本题考查动词词组的含义。A分解，故障；B搜寻；C吸收，领会；D照顾，照料。该句的大意为：他一时说不出话来，仍十分惊讶，不知这一切意味着什么。他心事重重地坐了下来，身子向前倾斜，将手放在传票徽章上。

16.Theworld______credittoPrinceHenry,knownasHenrytheNavigator,forthedevelopmentofcraftthatmadeoceanicexplorationpossible.

A.owes

√

B.pays

C.admits

D.gains解析：本题考查固定短语的含义。由A组成的短语owecreditto指“感激，归功于”；B支付；C承认；D获得。该句的大意为：世界应感谢被称为“航海家亨利”的亨利王子，原因是他发展了海船技术，使远洋航行成为可能。

17.Peoplewithmoretimidpersonalitiesmustbeencouragedto______andtogiveorders.

A.getthrough

B.playsafe

C.takecharge

√

D.standby解析：本题考查动词短语的含义。A通过，完成；B谨慎行事；C掌管，负责；D袖手旁观。该句的大意为：必须鼓励那些更加腼腆的人担起责任和发号施令。

18.Thesepollutantscanbe______hundredsandeventhousandsofkilometersbylargeairmasses.

A.conveyed

√

B.conjectured

C.conjured

D.conserved解析：本题考查动词的含义。A传播，输送；B推测；C用魔法变出，想象；D保全，保护。该句的大意为：这些污染物会因为强大的气团而被传播至百里，甚至千里之外。

19.DrHowardMartingavefataldosesofpainkillerstoterminallyillpatientsoutof______andactedintheirbestinterests.

A.suspicion

B.curiosity

C.compassion

√

D.prejudice解析：本题考查名词的含义。A怀疑，猜疑；B好奇；C同情，怜悯；D偏见，损害。该句的大意为：霍华德-马丁医生说，出于怜悯，他采取最佳治疗方法，给绝症晚期的病人服用致命剂量的止痛剂。

20.Theworkloadcanbeevenedout,insteadoftheshophavingbusytimesand______periods.

A.prosperous

B.memorable

C.discrete

D.slack

√解析：本题考查形容词的含义。A繁荣的，兴旺的；B难忘的，值得纪念的；C离散的，不连续的；D松弛的，萧条的。该句的大意为：工作量可以均衡分配，商店就不会有旺季和淡季之分。二、Cloze21.Supposeyouarethereinthemuseum,withthehead-sizedsmartphonepermanentlypositionedinfrontofyournose.AccordingtoanewstudypublishedinPsychologicalSciencethisweek,youaredoingitallwrong.Thattinycamerayouareusingtocarefully【A1】______yourartviewingexperienceisactually【A2】______yourartmemory,notpreservingit.

Thestudy,【A3】______byFairfieldUniversity’spsychologicalscientistLindaHenkel,claimsthatmuseumgoershaveworsememories【A4】______objectsandspecificobjectdetails【A5】______theyusedacameratorecordpaintings,archeologicalrelicsorhistoricalartifacts【A6】______It’saphenomenon

Henkelcallsthe“photo-takingimpairmenteffect.“

“Whenpeople【A7】______technologytorememberforthem—countingonthecameratorecordtheeventandthusnotneedingto【A8】______toitfullythemselves—itcanhaveanegative【A9】______onhowwelltheyremembertheirexperiences,”Henkelexplainsinadescriptionofthestudy.

Toreachherconclusion,Henkel【A10】______anexperimentatBellarmineArtMuseumatFairfieldUniversity,【A11】______sherecruitedundergraduatestudentsto【A12】______theinstituteandtakenoteofspecificobjectsondisplay.Thesubjectscouldeitherphotographtheitemsorjustobservethem—itwas【A13】______them.Thenthefollowingday,thestudents’memoriesweretested.

Theresultsprovedthatthecamera-happyparticipants【A14】______worsethanthepersonswhoreliedontheirsimpleobservationskills.

“Researchhassuggestedthatthesheer【A15】______andlackoforganizationofdigitalphotosforpersonalmemoriesdiscouragesmanypeoplefromaccessingandreminiscingaboutthem,”Henkelstates.（1）.【A1】______

A.describe

B.memorize

Cument

√

D.present解析：本题考查动词的词义辨析及对语句的理解。A描述；B记忆；C记录；D展示。原文的意思是，事实上，你所用来记录你参展经历的相机正在损坏你的记忆，而不是保持你的记忆。

（2）.【A2】______

A.impairing

√

B.compiling

C.activating

D.adapting解析：本题考查动词的词义辨析及对句意的理解。A损伤；B编辑；C激活；D改编。这句话前后语义对立，后半句提到不是保持记忆，那么整句的意思是，使用照相机会损坏你的记忆，而不是保持你的记忆。

（3）.【A3】______

A.sponsored

B.conducted

√

C.managed

D.arranged解析：本题考查动宾搭配，动词conduct的宾语为thestudy。A资助；B实施，进行（研究、实验等）；C应付；D安排。原文的意思是，这项研究由费尔菲尔德大学（FairfieldUniversity）的心理科学家LindaHenkel实施完成。

（4）.【A4】______

A.to

B.in

C.for

√

D.by解析：本题考查介词的使用及固定搭配。“haveamemoryfor（of）sth.”表示对某事的记忆。

（5）.【A5】______

A.where

B.whereas

C.when

√

D.how解析：本题考查关联词的词义及对句意的理解。A在……地方；B然而；C在……时候；D以……方式。本句的意思是，当参观博物馆的人们用相机来记录他们所看到的绘画、古迹以及其他历史文物的时候，他们对所看到物品及物品细节的记忆反而比不用相机记录时还要差。

（6）.【A6】______

A.inadvance

B.inessence

C.athand

D.ondisplay

√解析：本题考查介词词组的用法。A提前；B本质上；C手头；D展示。本句的意思是，对博物馆中所展示的绘画、古迹以及其他历史文物用相机进行记录。

（7）.【A7】______

A.relyon

√

B.accountfor

C.layout

D.stickto解析：本句考查动词词组词义辨析。A依赖；B解释；C展开；D坚持。本句的意思是，人们依赖于科技手段来记住所看到的事件。

（8）.【A8】______

A.view

B.add

C.benefit

D.attend

√解析：本句考查的是动词与to的搭配。A看，看待（及物动词）；B增加（及物动词与不及物动词）；C有益于（及物动词）；D关注（不及物动词）。本句的意思是，人们依赖于相机来记住事件，于是就无须自己来关注事件。

（9）.【A9】______

A.suggestion

B.impact

√

C.inference

D.feedback解析：本句考查名词的词义辨析。A建议；B影响；C干扰；D反馈。本句的意思是，当人们依赖于科技，即用相机来记录所看到的事件而不是靠自己去全面关注事件时，这会对人们关于其所经历事件的记忆产生负面影响。

（10）.【A10】______

A.setup

√

B.putup

C.madeup

D.ranup解析：本题考查动词词组的词义辨析。A建立，安排；B建造，修建；C组成，补足；化妆；D积欠。本句的意思是，Henkel教授在费尔菲尔德大学（FairfieldUniversity）的一家博物馆安排进行了一场实验。

（11）.【A11】______

A.which

B.when

C.where

√

D.as解析：本题考查定语从句中关联词的使用。从上下文可以看出，这一句是非限制性定语从句，修饰前面所提到的费尔菲尔德大学。本题此处需要的是一个关联副词来连接，在定语从句中做地点状语，意思是，Henkel教授在该大学招募大学生参与实验。

（12）.【A12】______

A.march

B.tour

√

C.scan

D.survey解析：本题考查动词的词义辨析。A前进，行军；B观光，参观；C扫描；D调查，勘测。本句的意思是，Henkel教授招募大学生参加实验，在实验中，她让这些大学生参观这家博物馆并对所展示的具体物品进行记录。

（13）.【A13】______

A.justfor

B.farfrom

C.allabout

D.upto

√解析：本题考查固定词组的语义。A仅仅为了；B远远没有达……；C都是关于……；D多达，直到，在于……，由……决定。本句的意思是，大学生被试究竟是靠相机拍摄还是仅仅靠自己的观察来记录他们所看到的具体物品，这由被试自己决定。

（14）.【A14】______

A.struggled

B.fared

√

C.failed

D.recited解析：本题考查动词的词义辨析。A挣扎；B进展；C失败；D背诵。本句的意思是，研究结果证明，使用相机的被试与依靠自己观察技能进行记忆的被试相比，其记忆成绩更糟。

（15）.【A15】______

A.volume

√

B.scale

C.shape

D.size解析：本题考查名词的词义辨析。A量；B尺度；C形状；D尺寸。本句的意思是，研究表明仅仅是用来记录个人经历的数码照片的数量与这些照片的缺乏组织性就阻碍了人们对这些信息的提取和回忆。三、ReadingComprehension22.EveryoneknowsthatEnglishdepartmentsareintrouble,butitisdifficulttoappreciatejusthowmuchtroubleuntilyoureadthereportfromtheModernLanguageAssociation（MLA）.

ThereportisaboutPh.D.programs,whichhavebeenindeclinesince2008.Theseprogramshavegottenbothmoredifficultandlessrewarding:today,itcantakealmostadecadetogetadoctorate,and,attheendofyourprogram,you’reunlikelytofindatenure-trackposition.

Thecoreoftheproblemisthejobmarket.TheMLAreportestimatesthatonlysixtypercentofnewly-mintedPh.D.swillfindtenure-trackjobsaftergraduation.Ifanything,that’swildlyoptimistic:theMLAgottothatfigurebycomparingthenumberoftenure-trackjobsonitsjoblistwiththenumberofnewgraduates.Butthatleavesoutthethousandsofunemployedgraduatesfrompastyearswhoarestilljob-hunting.

Differentpeoplewilltellyoudifferentstoriesaboutwhereallthejobswent.Somecriticsthinkthatthehumanitieshavegottentooweird—thatundergrads,turnedoffbyanoverlytheoreticalapproach,don’twanttoparticipateanymore,andthatteachingopportunitieshavedisappearedasaresult.Otherspointtothecorporatizationofuniversities,whichareincreasinglyinclinedtohirepart-time,“adjunct”professors,ratherthanfull-time,tenure-trackprofessors,toteachundergrads.Adjunctsarecheaper;perhapsmoreimportantly,theyareeasiertohire.

Thesetrends,inturn,arepartofanevenlargerstoryhavingtodowiththeexpansionandtransformationofAmericaneducationaftertheSecondWorldWar.Essentially,collegesgrewlesseliteandmorevocational.Beforethewar,relativelyfewpeoplewenttocollege.Then,inthenineteen-fifties,theBabyBoompushedcollegestogrowrapidly,bulkinguponprofessorsandgraduateprograms.Whentheboomendedandenrollmentsdeclined,collegesfoundthemselvesoverextendedandcompetingforstudents.Bythemid-seventies,schoolswereseekingoutnewconstituencies—amongthem,womenandminorities—andcreatingnewprogramsdesignedtoattractabroaderrangeofstudents.

Thosereformsworked:abouttwiceasmanypeopleattendcollegepercapitanowastheydidfortyyearsago.Butallthatexpansionchangedcolleges.Inthepast,theyhadcateredtoelitestudentswhowerehappytomajorinthetraditionalliberalarts.Now,toattractmiddle-classstudents,collegeshavehadtooffermorecareer-focusedmajors,infieldslikebusiness.Asaresult,humanitiesdepartmentshavefoundthemselvesdriftingawayfromthecenteroftheuniversity.（1）.Whatdoestheword“appreciate”meaninParagraph1?

A.Enjoy.

B.Overlook.

C.Investigate.

D.Understan正确答案:D解析：本题是词汇题，要求考生可以从第一句的上下文理解appreciate的意思：即“理解，明白”。第一句中的“knows”与”appreciate”是同义词。

（2）.WhathasmadePh.D.programsunpopular?

A.Theynolongersaveyourtime.

B.Theycannotguaranteeasecurejo正确答案:B

C.Theyarecompetitiveandtime-consuming.

D.Theyarenotsubsidizedbythegovernment.解析：本题是细节题，要求考生理解第二段（语言学的）博士项目自2008年以来一直走下坡路的原因，答案就在第二句，即攻读博士时间长，还不太可能找到终身职位。

（3）.TheMLAreportabouttheemploymentrateistoooptimisticbecauseit______.

A.overestimatesthejobmarket

B.failstoaccountforformergraduates

√

C.doesnotincludeallkindsofjobs

D.excludesnewly-graduatedPhDs解析：本题是细节题，要求考生理解美国现代语言协会（MLA）关于就业率的报告太乐观的原因，即没有把过去毕业的、依然在找工作的博士考虑进去。关键点:...Butthatleavesoutthethousandsofunemployedgraduates…。

（4）.Universityjobopeningsarediminishingduetothefactthat______.

A.thescaleofuniversitiesisshrinking

B.adjunctprofessorsarelikelytotakefull-timejobs

C.fewerundergraduateswanttomajorinhumanities

√

D.sometheoreticalapproacheshavebeenprovenwrong解析：本题是推理题，要求考生理解工作机会越来越少的原因，即有些评论家认为教师的职位越来越少是因为人文学科的理论性让很多大学生不愿意以文科为专业。关键点在第四段的第二句话:...undergrads，turnedoffbyanoverlytheoreticalapproach，don’twanttoparticipateanymore。

（5）.AccordingtoParagraph5,theAmericaneducationalinstitutions______overthepastdecades.

A.haveresultedintenure-trackprofessors

B.haveattractedmoremaleandelitestudents

C.havebeenexpandingtooverseascountries

D.havebeguntoofferavarietyofvocationalprograms

√解析：本题是细节题，要求考生理解美国教育机构在过去的几十年间的教育更加倾向职业教育而不是精英教育。关键点：Essentially，collegesgrewlesseliteandmorevocational。

（6）.Thefinalparagraphsuggeststhatcurrentliberalartsmajors______.

A.aremoredesirablethaneverbefore

B.willcatertomiddle-classstudents

C.arelessappealingthanbusinessmajors

√

D.areascompetitiveasbusinessmajors解析：本题是推理题，要求考生理解最后一段关于目前人文学科的事实，即人文学科不如商科热门。关键点在该段的最后一句话：人文学科已经不再是大学的中心。23.We’reinthemiddleofanepicbattleforpowerincyberspace.Ononesidearethetraditional,organized,institutionalpowerssuchasgovernmentsandlargemultinationalcorporations.Ontheotherarethedistributed:grassrootsmovements,dissidentgroups,hackers,andcriminals.Initially,theInternetempoweredthelatter.Itgavethemaplacetocoordinateandcommunicateefficiently,andmadethemseeminvincible.Butnow,themoretraditionalinstitutionalpowersarewinning,andwinningbig.Howthesetwosidesfareinthelongterm,andthefateoftherestofuswhodon’tfallintoeithergroup,isanopenquestion—andonevitallyimportanttothefutureoftheInternet.

IntheInternet’searlydays,therewasalotoftalkaboutits“naturallaws”—howitwouldtransformtraditionalpowerblocks,empowerthemasses,andspreadfreedomthroughouttheworld.TheinternationalnatureoftheInternetcircumventednationallaws.Anonymitywaseasy.Censorshipwasimpossible.Policewerecluelessaboutcybercrime.Andbiggerchangesseemedinevitable.Digitalcashwouldunderminenationalsovereignty.Citizenjournalismwouldtoppletraditionalmedia,corporatePR,andpoliticalparties.Theeaseofdigitalcopyingwoulddestroythetraditionalmovieandmusicindustries.Webmarketingwouldalloweventhesmallestcompaniestocompeteagainstcorporategiants.Itreallywouldbeanewworldorder.

ThiswasaUtopianvision,butsomeofitdidcometopass.Internetmarketinghastransformedcommerce.TheentertainmentindustrieshavebeentransformedbythingslikeMySpaceandYouTube,andarenowmoreopentooutsiders.Massmediahaschangeddramatically,andsomeofthemostinfluentialpeopleinthemediahavecomefromthebloggingworld.Therearenewwaystoorganizepoliticallyandrunelections.FacebookandTwitterreallydidhelpdisruptgovernments.

ButthatisjustonesideoftheInternet’sdisruptivecharacter.TheInternethasemboldenedtraditionalpoweraswell.

Onthecorporateside,powerisbeingconsolidated,aresultoftwocurrenttrendsincomputing.First,theriseofcloudcomputingmeansthatwenolongerhavecontrolofourdata.Andsecond,weareincreasinglyaccessingourdatausingdevicesthatwehavemuchlesscontrolover;iPhones,iPads,Androidphones,Kindles,ChromeBooks.Unliketraditionaloperatingsystems,thesedevicesarecontrolledmuchmoretightlybythevendors,wholimitwhatsoftwarecanberun,whattheycando,howthey’reupdated.（1）.IntheInternetbattle,thegrassrootsmovement______.

A.experiencedanepicfailure

B.graduallybecameinvincible

C.previouslybeatinstitutionalforces

√

D.distributedpowertodissidentgroups解析：本题是推理题，要求考生理解草根运动从前在互联网之战击败过政府组织机构，尤其要理解起初互联网给予过草根力量。关键点：theInternetempoweredthelatter。

（2）.Accordingtotheauthor,inthefutureakeyInternetissuewillbe______.

A.whichsidehasthetechnologicalresources

B.whathappenstothosewhoremainneutral

√

C.whichsideisgoodatcommunications

D.whatfinancialresourcesareavailable解析：本题是细节题，要求考生理解作者认为未来关于因特网的力量双方，关键取决于那些中立的人。关键点在第一段的最后一句。

（3）.“Naturallaws”refersto

A.thefastexpansionofInternet

B.thetraditionalpowerstructure

C.nationallawstoregulatetheInternet

D.lackofcontrolontheInternet

√解析：本题是推理题，要求考生理解“自然法则”的意思。破折号后对自然法则有所解释，接下来的几句都是对于这种状态的例证：匿名很容易，监控不可能，警察对网络犯罪一筹莫展，这些都是反面例证。关键点：TheinternationalnatureoftheInternetcircumventednationallaws。本题也可以用排除法来分析四个选项。

（4）.LackofsurveillanceovertheInternetwouldlikely______.

A.strengthennationalsecurity

B.devastatethetraditionalfilmindustry

√

C.providemoreinformationtothepolice

D.handicapthedevelopmentofsmallcompanies解析：本题是细节题，要求考生理解对互联网缺乏监管对于各行业的影响，要看懂第二段的后半部分。关键点:...woulddestroythetraditionalmovieandmusicindustries。

（5）.Onlinemediahas______.

A.madetheUtopianvisionimpossible

B.wonmoresupportforthegovernment

C.madesomeordinarypeoplebecomefamous

√

D.excludedoutsidersfromtheentertainmentindustries解析：本题是细节题，要求考生理解互联网市场对商业模式以及对于大众媒体的改变。关键点：…someofthemostinfluentialpeopleinthemediahavecomefromthebloggingworld。

（6）.Wenowhavelesscontroloverthedataweusebecause______.

A.cloudcomputingishighlyconfusing

B.thereisnolimittoupdatingsoftware

C.corporategiantsareinadominantposition

√

D.itisdifficulttoassessdatainelectronicdevices解析：本题是细节题，要求考生理解我们对于自己的个人信息和资料没有掌控权的原因是因为大机构通过云计算和各种应用掌握了我们的数据。关键点:...thesedevicesarecontrolledmuchmoretightly…。24.Sincethedawnofcivilization,mankindhasbeenobsessedbythepossibilitythatitwillonedaybeextinguished.Theimpactofanasteroidonearthandthespectreofnuclearholocaustarethemostprevalentmillennialfears.Nowsomescientistsareincreasinglyleaningtowardstheviewthatanewnightmaremustbeaddedtothelist.Theirconcernisthatintelligentcomputerswilleventuallydevelopmindsoftheirownanddestroythehumanrace.

ThelatestwarningcomesfromProfessorStephenHawking.Hetoldaninterviewerthisweekthatartificialintelligencecould“outsmartusall”andthatatechnologicalcatastropheisa“nearcertainty.“Mostnon-expertswilldismisshisclaimsasafantasyrootedinsciencefiction.Butthepaceofprogressinartificialintelligence,orAI,meanspolicymakersshouldalreadybeconsideringthesocialconsequences.

Accordingtoarecentsurvey,halftheworld’sAIexpertsbelievehuman-levelmachineintelligencewillbeachievedby2040and90percentsayitwillarriveby2075.SeveralAIexpertstalkaboutthepossibilitythatthehumanbrainwilleventuallybe“reverseengineered.“Someprominenttechleaders,meanwhile,warnthattheconsequencesareunpredictable.ElonMusk,thepioneerofelectriccars,hasarguedthatadvancedcomputertechnologyis“potentiallymoredangerousthannuclearthreats.“

Thatsaid,theriskthatcomputersmightonedayposeachallengetohumanityshouldbeputinperspective.Scientistsmaynotbeabletosaywithcertaintywhen,orif,machineswillmatchoroutperformmankind.

Butbeforetheworldgetstothatpoint,thedrawingtogetherofbothhumanandcomputerintelligencewillalmostcertainlyhelptotacklepressingproblemsthatcannototherwisebesolved.Thegrowingabilityofcomputerstocrunchenormousquantitiesofdata,forexample,willplayahugeroleinhelpinghumanitytackleclimatechangeanddiseaseoverthenextfewdecades.Itwouldbefollytoarrestthedevelopmentofcomputertechnologynow—andforgothosebenefits—becauseofrisksthatliemuchfurtherinthefuture.

ThereiseveryreasontobeoptimisticaboutAIresearch.Thereisnoevidencethatscientistswillstruggletocontrolcomputers,evenattheirmostadvancedstage.Butthisisasectorinwhichpioneersmusttreadcarefully—andwiththeireyesopentotheenduringabilityofsciencetosurpriseus.（1）.AccordingtoParagraph1,_____.

A.humancivilizationwillsomedaydisappear

B.intelligentcomputerswillthreatenmankindoneday

√

C.naturaldisasterswillleadtohumanextinction

D.artificialintelligencewillcontrolthehumanmind解析：本题是主旨大意题，要求考生理解第一段的中心意思，即有朝一日人工智能将毁灭人类。关键点：。

（2）.“catastrophe”canbeinterpretedas______.

A.revolution

B.advancement

C.challenge

D.disaster

√解析：本题是词汇题，要求考生根据上下文理解的意思。这个词可以根据第一段的中心意思以及第二段开头的warning一词猜出catastrophe应为否定语义。

（3）.ProfessorStephenHawkingbelievesthatartificialintelligence______.

A.willbemuchsmarterthanhumans

√

B.onlyappearsinsciencefictions

C.shouldnotbeoverdeveloped

D.willhavenegativesocialimpacts解析：本题是词汇题，要求考生理解第二段开头两句中史蒂芬霍金对人工智能的看法，即霍金警告人类人工智能比人类要聪明得多，技术灾难是肯定的事。关键点在于理解“outsmart”一词的意思为“比……更聪明”。

（4）.AIexpertscontendthat______.

A.humansmaybethreatenedbyartificialintelligence

√

B.theimplicationsofAIdevelopmentisstillunknown

C.thehumanbrainwillnotbesubjecttomachineintelligence

D.computertechnologycancausemassivedestruction解析：本题是主旨大意题，要求考生理解人工智能专家对这项技术的看法。第三段的人工智能专家观点基本一致，那就是人工智能对于人类可能造成极大的负面影响。考生需根据所举例子进行归纳大意。

（5）.Withthehelpofcomputerintelligence,humanbeingscan______.

A.solvetechnicalproblems

B.conductvastdataanalysis

√

C.forecastweatherprecisely

D.preventfataldiseases解析：本题是细节题，要求考生理解人类在计算机的帮助下可以获得各种好处，其中一种好处是进行庞大的数据分析。关键点…crunchenormousquantitiesofdata…。

（6）.Theauthorsuggeststhatweshould______.

A.restrictAIdevelopmentduetothepotentialrisks

B.beoptimisticaboutAIandmaximizethebenefits

C.cautiouslydevelopAIwithanopenattitude

√

D.suspendAIresearchatitsmostadvancedstage解析：本题是推理题，要求考生理解作者对于人工智能的态度。最后一段第一句作者的评论说我们有各种理由对人工智能的研究抱有乐观态度，然而第三句又说这是一个开拓者们必须小心谨慎的地方。因此，作者的态度是既乐观又谨慎。关键点:...reasontobeoptimistic…pioneersmusttreadcarefully…。25.AriellaRosengardoftheUniversityofPennsylvaniadidn’tsetouttoscareanyone.Shejustwantedtoinvestigatealittle-understoodpartoftheimmunesystembystudyinghowviralproteinsinteractwithit.Atfirst,Rosengardworkedwithacommonviruscalledvaccinia.Butvacciniararelymakespeoplesick,andshebegantoworrythatitwouldn’ttellhermuchaboutthehumanimmunesystem.Sosheturnedtoacloselyrelated,farmorefearsomevirus:smallpox.

Smallpoxvirusisn’teasytocomeby.Officially,itresidesinonlytwoplaces—securelabsintheUnitedStatesandRussia.ButRosengarddidn’tneedthevirusitself.ScientistshavemadeitsgeneticcodefreelyavailableontheInternet,givingherthedatasheneededtosynthesizeakeysmallpoxproteininthelab.Test-tubestudiesshowedthatitworksfarbetterthanthecorrespondingvacciniaproteinatblockingakeystepinthehumanimmuneresponse.Thediscoverymayhelpexplainwhysmallpoxkills,anditcouldleadtonewtreatments.

ButwhenRosengardpublishedherreportlastmonthintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,aslightlydefensivecommentaryappearedwithit.Thearticlesaiditwouldbeunlikelytousetheworkasablueprintformakingvacciniamorelikesmallpox.Itacknowledged,however,that“theideathatbioterroristsmightbetemptedtoattemptsuchanexperimenthasbeensuggestedasareasonforconsideringitunwisetopublishobservationsofthisnature.“

Rosengardrejectstheideathatbasicsciencelikehersshouldbeputunderwraps.“Thinkhowmanybrilliantmindswouldnotbeabletoparticipateinfindingacure,”shesays.“Youcan’tpredictthemindofamadman.Thebestdefenseagainstanyvirusisunderstandinghowitfunctions.“

Mostbiologistswouldagree.Butthesedays,theyfindthemselvesgrapplingwithadilemma,astheirtraditionofopennessclasheswiththefearthatwell-intentionedresearchcouldbemisusedtodevelopbioweapons.Asmuchasscientistsfearaidingtheirenemies,theygetunnervedwhengovernmentofficialstalkaboutrestrictingtheirfreedomtopublish.Onething’sforsure—theproblemwon’tjustgoaway.TheGovernmenthasproposedadramaticincreaseinfundingforbasicresearchonpotentialbiowarfareagents.Thismeansthatmanymorescientistswillstudydeadlygerms,andthey’llinevitablywanttopublishwhattheyfind.（1）.WhydidAriellaRosengarddecidetostudysmallpox?

A.Becausesmallpoxisbecomingmoreimportantandcomplicated.

B.Becausesmallpoxismorefamiliartoscientiststoday.

C.Becausethesmallpoxviruscanbeobtainedmoreeasily.

D.Becausesmallpoxcanrevealmoreabouttheimmunesystem.

√解析：本题是推断题，答题关键：在第一段的最后讲到，她开始担心牛痘和免疫系统的关系不太大，因此她决定选择与免疫系统关系紧密也更可怕的一种病毒——天花。

（2）.Howdidsheobtainthesmallpoxprotein?

A.Shemadeitfrominformationavailableonlin正确答案:E

B.Shereliedonsecurelabsforasample.

C.Shedevelopeditbyusingvacciniavirus.

D.Shereceivedhelpfromgovernment.解析：本题是细节题，题眼在第二段的第三旬。科学家们已经在网上公开了天花的基因密码，这使她可以在实验室合成天花蛋白。因此选项A为最佳答案。

（3）.Smallpoxisdeadlyprobablybecause______.

A.itkillsvacciniainthehumanimmunesystem

B.itstopsthereactionofthehumanimmunesystem

√

C.itcausesthehumanimmunesystemtoattackproteins

D.itreproducesquicklyinthehumanimmunesystem解析：本题是细节题，答题关键在于理解第二段倒数第二句提及的“atblockingakeystepinthehumanimmuneresponse”，即，和牛痘相比，天花病毒更厉害，是因为天花会阻止免疫系统的反应。

（4）.AccordingtothecommentarymentionedinParagraph3,Rosengard’sreport______.

A.wouldbecriticized

√

B.wouldhelpcontrolsmallpox

C.wouldmisleadresearchers

D.wouldleadtomorepublicationsaboutsmallpox解析：本题是推断题，题眼在文章的第三段，尤其值得注意的是一些否定语义的词汇，例如defensive，unlikely，unwise。这些词汇均表明该评论对Rosengard的实验报告持批评态度。

（5）.Rosengardthinksthatbasicscience______.

A.shouldhavealong-termperspective

B.shouldreceivemorefinancialsupport

C.shouldfocusonacademicresearch

D.shoulddevelopinanopenmanner

√解析：本题是细节题，答题关键是第四段的第一句。这句表明了Rosengard的态度，她认为像她这样的基础科学的研究不应该受限制。

（6）.Accordingtothefinalparagraph,biologistsareworriedabout______.

A.alossofmotivationamongresearchers

B.fundingfromthegovernment

C.theirfreedomtopublish

√

D.theprospectsoftheirresearch解析：本题是细节题。最后一段的第三句中提到政府官员们说要限制科学家们发表论文的自由，这令他们烦恼不已。26.OneofthelargestearthquakeseverrecordedhitonBoxingDay2004.TheresultingtsunamidevastatedhugeswathsoftheIndianOceancoastlineandleftanestimatedquarterofamillionpeopledeadacrossIndonesia,SriLank