滑油的维护和取样分析

1、培训记录表 TRAINING RECORD 培训时间 TRAINING TIME 20 年(Y) 月(M) 日(D) 时(Hr)至(to) 时(Hr)讲解人 trainer培训内容Training contentLube Oil maintenance and sample analysis滑油的维护和取样分析：1. Maintenance of lube oil滑油的维护1.1 The quality of lubricating oil润滑机油的质量1.2 Maintenance and control of lubrication oil维护保养和控制润滑机油1.3 Oil change

2、机油的更换2. Governor's lubrication oil调速器的润滑机油3. Turbocharger lubricating oil增压器的润滑机油4. Oil Sampling Analysis滑油的取样分析 参加培训人员 training personnel学习讨论及遗留问题question?备 注remark Training item:培训项目：Lube Oil maintenance and sample analysis滑油的维护和取样分析：1. Maintenance of lube oil滑油的维护1.1 The quality of lubricatin

3、g oil润滑机油的质量1.2 Maintenance and control of lubrication oil维护保养和控制润滑机油1.3 lube Oil change机油的更换2. Governor's lubrication oil调速器的润滑机油3. Turbocharger lubricating oil增压器的润滑机油4. Oil Sampling Analysis滑油的取样分析Objective: To know the various indicators of oil standard, maintaining oil quality. Extend oil l

4、ife, at the same time maintaining the best equipment running.目的：熟悉滑油的各类指标的标准，维护滑油的质量。延长滑油的使用寿命，同时保持设备的最佳运行状态。content内容： 1. Lubricating oil滑油1.1 Lubricating oil qualities 润滑机油质量Lubricating oil is an integrated engine component and thus the quality of it is upmost important. All lubricating oils, whic

5、h have been approved for use in Wärtsilä engine type, have gone through an approval test according to the engine manufacturer's procedure.润滑机油是集成的发动机组件，因而其质量至关重要。所有已经获准在Wärtsilä 发动机上使用的润滑机油 发动机类型，已经通过了根据发动机制造商的程序所作的核准测试。The use of approved lubricating oil qualities during the

6、 warranty period is mandatory and is also strongly recommended after the warranty period.在保修期内必须使用经认证的润滑机油，强烈推荐超出保修期后仍继续使用。The list of approved lubricating oils can be found in the end of this chapter.可在本章结尾处找到经认证的润滑机油的列表。Note!注意！Never blend different oil brands unless approved by the oil supplier,

7、and during the warranty period, by the engine manufacturer.只有经机油经销商所认可，才能混用不同品牌的机油，在保修期内，还要得到发动机制造商的认可。Note!注意！Before using lubricating oil not listed in the table, the engine manufacturer must be contacted. Lubricating oils that are not approved have to be tested according to the engine manufacture

8、r's procedures.在使用表中未列出的润滑机油之前，请先咨询发动机制造商。必须根据发动机制造商的程序对未经认可的润滑机油进行测试。1.2 Maintenance and control of the lubricating oil 维护保养和控制润滑机油a. Centrifuging of the system oil is recommended in order to separate water and insolubles from the oil. Water must not be added when centrifuging ("washing&qu

9、ot;). The oil should be pre-heated to 80 - 95 °C. Many oil manufacturers recommend a separation temperature of 90 - 95 °C for an effective separation. Please check with the supplier of your lubricating oil what the optimal temperature is. Use the highest recommended temperature. For effici

10、ent centrifuging, use only about 20% of the rated flow capacity of the separator. For optimum conditions the centrifuge should be capable of passing the entire oil quantity in circulation 4 - 5 times every 24 hour at 20% of rated flow. Gravity disc should be chosen acc. to oil density at separation

11、temperature. Follow the operation instructions given by the separator manufacturer for optimal performance of the separator.建议离心过滤系统机油以便从机油中分离水分和不溶解物质。离心操作（“冲洗”）时，绝对不能添加清水。机油应该预热到80 - 95°C。为了有效分离，许多机油制造商建议分离温度为90 - 95 °C。请咨询您的润滑机油供应商以了解最佳温度。请使用建议的最高温度。要进行有效的离心过滤，请仅使用分离器额定流量的约 20%。为获得最佳情况，离

12、心机应能够每 24 小时以额定流量的 20% 循环通过整个油量 4 - 5 次。应根据在分离温度的机油密度来选择重力盘。请遵循分离器制造商提供的操作说明进行操作以获得分离器的最佳性能。Note!注意！The lubricating oil separation efficiency influences the condition of the lubricating oil and the change interval of the lubricating oil batch. Depending on type of application and from the different

13、lubricating oil system arrangements point of view, the following separation routinesare adviced:- Continous running of the separator(s) when the engine(s) is running, recommended in the first place.- Periodical separation of auxiliary engine in stand-by or running mode in installation equipped with

14、one or more separator(s), which treats lubricating oil of more than one engine.润滑机油的分离效率会影响润滑机油的情况和润滑机油批量的更换时间间隔。根据应用类型和不同润滑机油系统布置的观点，建议使用以下分离例行程序：- 当发动机运行时连续运行分离器，这是第一个建议。- 在配有一个或多个分离器（处理多个发动机的润滑机油）的设备处于待机或运行模式时定期分离辅助发动机。Caution!小心！Defects on automatic, "self-cleaning" separators can quic

15、kly increase the water content of the oil under certain circumstances! (The water control valve fails.)自动、“自我清洁”的分离器上的缺陷可能会快速增加特定环境下机油的水含量！（水控制阀发生故障。）b. During the first year of operation it is advisable to take samples of the lubricating oil at 500 operating hours intervals. The sample should be se

16、nt to the oil supplier for analysis. On the basis of the results it is possible to determine suitable intervals between oil changes. Frequent oil analysis at 500 - 1000 operating hours intervals is also recommended after the first year of operation to ensure safe engine operation. See also section 0

17、2.2.6., Handling of oil samples. When estimating the condition of the used oil, the following properties should be observed. Compare with guidance values (type analysis) for new oil of the brand used.在运行的第一年，建议对 500 运行小时时间间隔的润滑机油采样。样品应送至机油供应商处进行分析。根据结果，可确定机油更换的适当时间间隔。运行第一年后，还建议进行 500 - 1000 运行小时时间间隔

18、的经常机油分析，以确保发动机安全运行。另请参阅 section02.2.6，“处理机油样品”。当评估用过的机油的情况时，应注意以下属性。请与所用品牌的新机油的指导值（类型分析）进行比较。Viscosity： Should not decrease by more than 20% and not rise by more than 25% above the guidance value at 100 °C.Should not decrease by more than 25 % and not rise by more than 45% above the guidance va

19、lue at 40 °C.粘度： 在 100 °C 时不应比指导值降低超过 20% 和升高超过 25%。在 40 °C 时不应比指导值降低超过 25 % 和升高超过 45%。Flash point： Should not fall by more than 50 °C below the guidance value. Min. permissible flash point 190 °C (open cup) and 170 °C (closed cup) . At 150 °C risk of crankcase exp

20、losion.闪点：降低量不应该超过50 °C，到指导值以下。最低可允许闪点190 °C（开杯）和170 °C（闭杯）。在150 °C 时，就有曲轴箱爆炸危险。Water content：Should not exceed 0.3%. A value higher than 0.3% can not be accepted for longer periods, but measures must be taken; either centrifuging or oil change.水含量： 不应超过 0.3%。无法长期接受高于 0.3% 的值，必须采

21、取措施：可进行离心过滤或更换机油。BN (Base Number).碱值 Fuel category A and B:The minimum allowable BN value of a used oil is 50% of the nominal value of a new oil.燃油类别 A 和 B：用过的机油允许的最低 BN 值是新机油额定值的 50%。 Fuel categories C and D:The minimum allowable value of used oil is BN 20.燃油类别 C 和 D：用过的机油允许的最低值是 BN 20。Insoluble：Th

22、e quantity allowed depends on various factors. The oilsupplier's recommendations should be followed. However, an n-Pentane insoluble value above 1.5% calls for attention. A value higher than 2% cannot be accepted for longer periods.不溶解物质。 所允许的数量根据不同因素而定。机油供应商的建议应该遵守执行。但是，n 戌烷不溶解值超过1.5%，就需要引起注意。此

23、值在较长时期内高于2%，那是不可接受的。In general it can be said that the changes in the analyses give a better basis of estimation than the absolute values.一般而言，基于分析值的更改比基于绝对值进行评估更好。Fast and great changes may indicate abnormal operation of the engine or of a system.迅速和显著的更改可能表示发动机或系统的异常运行。c. Compensate for oil consum

24、ption by adding max. 10% new oil at a time. Adding larger quantities can disturb the balance of the used oil causing, for example, precipitation of insolubles. Measure and record the quantity added. Attention to the lubricating oil consumption may give valuable information about the engine condition

25、. A continuousincrease may indicate that piston rings, pistons and cylinder liners are getting worn, and a sudden increase motivates pulling the pistons, if no other reason is found.机油消耗补偿一次最多添加 10% 的新机油。添加更大量的新机油可能会破坏用过的机油的平衡，例如，导致不溶解物质沉淀。测量并记录所添加的数量。注意润滑机油的消耗，这可以提供有关发动机状态的宝贵信息。耗量持续增加，可能表示活塞环、活塞和气缸

26、衬套在磨损中，如果耗量突然增加，如果找不到其它原因，就要拉出活塞。 )d. Guidance values for oil change intervals are to be found in chapter 04, Maintenance Schedule. Intervals between changes are influenced by system size (oil volume), operating conditions, fuel quality, centrifuging efficiency and total oil consumption. Efficient c

27、entrifuging and large systems (dry sump operation) generally allow for long intervalsbetween changes. It is recommended to follow up that the BN value of the lubricating oil keeps within engine manufacturer's limits during the whole oil change interval.机油更换时间间隔的指导值可以在第04 章“维护保养日程表”内找到。更换时间之间的间隔受

28、到系统尺寸（机油容量）、操作状况、燃油质量、分离效率和总机油耗油量的影响。有效的分离和大系统（干油盘操作）一般可以允许较长时间的机油更换时间间隔。我们建议，在整个机油更换间隔时间内，都能做到把润滑机油的碱性（BN）值保持在发动机制造商规定的范围内。1.2 When changing oil the following procedure is recommended更换机油时，建议使用以下步骤1.2.1. Empty oil system while oil is still hot. Be sure that oil filters and coolers are also emptied.

29、在机油仍热时排空机油系统。 在机油依然热的时候。保证机油过滤器和冷却器都被清空。1.2.2. Clean oil spaces, including filters and camshaft compartment. Insert new filter cartridges.清洁有机油的位置， 包括过滤器以及凸轮轴舱。插入新的过滤器滤芯。1.2.3. Fill a small quantity of new oil in the oil sump and circulate with the pre-lubricating pump. Drain!在油底壳中注入少量的新机油 在机油盘内，并随预

30、润滑泵循环。排放！1.2.4 Fill required quantity of oil in the system, see chapter 01, section 01.1section 1. Oil samples taken at regular intervals analyzed by the oil supplier, and the analysis results plotted as a function of operating hours is an efficient way of predicting oil change intervals. Send orask

31、 the oil supplier to send copies of oil analyses to the engine manufacturer who will then assist in the evaluation. In order to minimize the risk of lubricating oil foaming, deposit formation, blocking of lubricating oil filters, damage of engine components, etc., the following procedure should be f

32、ollowed when lubricating oil brand is changed from one to another:注入所需的油量 在本系统内，请参看第01 章，section 01.1section1。在定期更换间隔时采集的机油样品由机油供应商进行分析，然后分析结果作为操作小时数功能的一个设计方面，这是预定机油更换间隔时间的有效方法。把机油分析的样本发送或请机油供应商发送到发动机制造商处，他们会帮助此项评估。为最小化润滑机油泡沫、沉淀物形成、润滑机油过滤器阻塞、发动机组件损坏等的风险，当更换润滑机油品牌时应遵循以下步骤进行操作： If possible, change the

33、 lubricating oil brand in connection with an engine (piston) overhaul.如果可能，更换润滑机油品牌的同时进行发动机（活塞）大修。 Drain old lubricating oil from the lubricating oil system.从润滑机油系统中排空旧的润滑机油。 Clean the lubricating oil system in case of an excessive amount of deposits on the surfaces of engine components, like crankc

34、ase, camshaft compartment, etc.如果发动机组件（例如曲轴箱、凸轮轴室等）的表面上有过量的沉淀物，清洁润滑机油系统 Fill the lubricating oil system with fresh lubricating oil.将新鲜的润滑机油注入润滑机油系统。If the procedure described above is not followed, responsibility of possible damage and malfunctions caused by lubricating oil change should always be a

35、greed between the oil company and customer.如果未遵循上述步骤，机油公司和客户之间应始终就由于润滑机油更换可能导致的损坏和故障责任达成一致意见。2. Lubricating oil for the governor 调控器的润滑机油See the Instruction Book for the governor, attached. An oil of viscosity class SAE 30 or SAE 40 is suitable, and the same oil can be used as in the engine. Turboch

36、arger oil can also be used in the governor. In low ambient conditions it may be necessary to use multigrade oil (e.g. SAE 5W-40) to get a good control during start-up. Oil change interval, see maintenance schedule chapter 04.请参阅附带的调控器说明书。适合于使用粘度等级为 SAE 30 或 SAE40 的润滑机油，也可在发动机中使用同一种润滑机油。涡轮增压器油也可用于调控器

37、中。在环境条件低劣时，可能会有必要使用多级通用机油（例如SAE5W-40）以在起动期间取得良好控制。机油更换时间间隔请参看“维护保养日程表” chapter 04。Condensed water, high temperature or leaking drive shaft seal may cause the oil to deteriorate, or internal surfaces of the governor to collect deposits. If the reason cannot be clarified and rectified, a shorter oil c

38、hange interval or change of oil type should be considered, 冷凝水、高温或驱动轴密封件渗漏可能引起机油变质或调控器内部表面聚集沉积物。如果无法理清原因并加以纠正，应考虑缩短机油更换时间间隔或更换机油类型。The governor should be flushed with the oil in use or gasoil if heavy contamination of the oil is evident.调控器应当用所使用的机油冲刷，或者用汽油（如果机油中明显含有大量污物）。Examples of suitable lubric

39、ating oils for governor can be found from the end of this chapter, where the lists of approved lubricating oils for an engine and turbocharger are available.可在本章末尾找到适合调控器的润滑机油的实例，这些实例可为您提供发动机和涡轮增压器的已认可使用的润滑机油列表。 If the system is equipped with a start booster, then this should alsobe emptied when cha

40、nging oil.如果系统配有起动助力器，则更换机油时助力器也应倒空。 In installations whereby the actuator is equipped with a filter, it has to be cleaned when changing oil.在作动器装配有过滤器的装置中，更换机油时需要清理过滤器。 Depending on the governor type, oil should be separately emptied from the power cylinder. This is done by removing the plug in the

41、 bottom of the power cylinder.根据调控器型号的不同，应单独从电动缸中清空机油。可通过卸下电动缸底部的塞子完成此操作。 Some governors are equipped with a magnetic oil plug, this plug should be cleaned in connection with an oil change.有些调控器配有电磁机油塞，应在更换机油时清洁该塞子。Caution!小心！If turbine oil is used in the governor, take care not to mix it with engin

42、e lubricating oil. Only a small quantity of engine lubricating oil into the turbine oil may cause heavy foaming. 如果调控器中使用涡流室机油，则要小心切勿将此涡流室机油与发动机润滑机油混合。即便仅有少量的发动机润滑机油流入涡流室机油中，都可能产生严重的泡沫。3. Lubricating oils for turbochargers 涡轮增压器的润滑机油Please note that different types of turbochargers can be used for t

43、he engine. The lubricating system is different for the different turbocharger.One type of chargers has a common lubricating oil system with the engine, see , while the other type of chargers has an internallubricating system for the bearings, see chapter 15. See the Instruction Book for the turbocha

44、rger, attached.请注意，可以将不同类型的涡轮增压器用于发动机。润滑系统对于不同涡轮增压器是不同的。有一类增压器有共同的发动机润滑机油系统，请参看 ，而另一类型的增压器有轴承的内部润滑系统，请参看 chapter15。请参看附带的涡轮增压器的使用说明书。Note!注意！In the ABB VTR.4 series turbochargers the use of synthetic low friction lubricating oils is strongly recommended by the engine and the turbocharger manufacture

45、rs!发动机和涡轮增压器制造商强烈建议在 ABB VTR.4 系列涡轮增压器中使用合成低摩擦润滑机油！Oil change interval is1500 h service for special mineral oils and 2500h service for synthetic lubricating oils.特殊矿物油的换油间隔为 1500 小时维护时间，合成润滑机油的换油间隔为 2500 小时维护时间。Caution!小心！Take care that the turbine oil is not mixed with engine lubricating oil. Only

46、a small quantity may cause heavy foaming.请注意，涡轮机油不能与发动机润滑机油混合使用。即使只有少量也会导致严重的起泡。The list of approved lubricating oils for the ABB VTR.4 series turbochargers can be found in the end of this chapter. These lubricating oils are, regarding viscosity and quality, according to the recommendations.可在本章结尾找到

47、 ABB VTR.4 系列涡轮增压器的已核准润滑机油列表。这些润滑机油（关于粘度和质量）根据推荐使用。4. Lubricating oil sampling 润滑机油采样4.1Handling of oil samples 处理机油样品 When taking fuel oil or lubricating oil samples the importance of proper sampling can not be over-emphasised. The accuracy of the analysis results is significantly dependent on prop

48、er sampling and the results will only be as good as the quality of the sample.提取燃油机油或润滑机油样品时，不会过分强调正确取样的重要性。分析结果的正确度极大地依赖于正确取样，最好结果也只不过等同于样品质量。Use clean sample containers holding approximately 1 litre. Clean sample containers and accessories (IATA carton boxes for transportation, ready made address

49、labels, etc.) are available for example from Wärtsilä local network office. Rinse the sampling line properlybefore taking the actual sample. Preferably also rinse the sample bottles with the oil a couple of times before taking the sample, especially if "unknown" sample bottles ne

50、ed to be used. Close the bottles tightly using the screw caps provided. Seal all bottles and record allthe separate seal numbers carefully. Put the bottles to be sent for analysing in "Ziploc" plastic bags to prevent any spillage. Gently squeeze the "Ziploc" bag to minimise any a

51、ir content prior to sealing.使用容积大约为 1 升的清洁样品容器。例如，清洁样品容器和附件（用于运输的 IATA 硬纸盒、预先准备好的地址标签等）可从 Wärtsilä 本地网络办事处获取。在提取实际样品之前，请彻底冲洗取样管道。在提取样品之前，可能还要用机油冲洗样品瓶几次，特别是在需要使用“未知”样品瓶的情况下。使用所提供的螺帽紧紧封闭瓶子。密封所有瓶子，分别仔细记录所有密封编号。将要寄送分析的瓶子放在“Ziploc”塑料袋中，以防止溢出。密封前轻轻挤压“Ziploc”袋，尽量排出袋中的空气。The background information

52、 for the fuel oil/lubricating sample is as important as the sample itself. Oil samples with no background information are of very limited value. The following data are essential to note when taking the sample:燃油机油/润滑机油样品的背景信息和样品本身一样重要。没有背景信息的机油样品价值非常有限。提取样品时记下以下数据非常重要： Installation name安装名称 Engine t

53、ype and number发动机类型和编号 Engine operating hours发动机运行小时数 Lubricating oil brand/fuel oil type润滑机油品牌/燃油机油类型 Lubricating oil operating hours润滑机油运行小时数 Where in the system the lubricating oil/fuel oil sample was takenF 润滑机油/燃油机油样品提取自系统中的哪个部分uel, Lubricating Oil, Cooling Water Sampling date and seal number o

54、f the separate samples if seals are available如果提供密封件，请提供各个样品的取样日期和密封编号 Reason for taking and analysing the sample提取和分析样品的原因 Contact information: Name (of the person who took the sample), telephone, fax, e-mail, etc.联系信息：姓名（提取样品人员）、电话号码、传真、电子邮件等Use for example the ready made "Oil Analyse Applica

55、tion" form, see Instruction Manual attachments .使用预先准备的“机油分析申请”表作为例子，请参阅“说明手册”附件。Observe personal safety precautions when taking and handling fuel oil and lubricating oil samples. Avoid breathing oil fumes and mist, use respirator if necessary. Use strong, heat and hydrocarbon resistant gloves

56、(nitrile rubber for example). Wear eye goggles if splash risk exists. Wear facial screen and protecting clothes if hot product is handled.提取和处理燃油机油和润滑机油样品时遵行个人安全防范措施。避免呼吸机油烟雾，如有需要，请使用呼吸器。使用坚固耐用的抗热抗碳氢化合物的手套（例如丁腈橡胶）。如果存在飞溅风险，请戴上护目镜。如要处理高温产品，请戴上面罩，穿好防护衣。4.2 Lubricating oil sampling 润滑机油采样Lubricating oil samples should be taken with the engine in operation immediately after the lubricating oil filter on the engine. Alway