外研版初二英语上期末精华版知识点总结

1、1.冠词复习冠词有三种形式：不定冠词 a(n)定冠词 the零冠词 /不定冠词a(n)A.首次提到某人某人，不定冠词起介绍作用单词表中用an的形容词或者名词actaidareaactressaccidentafter-schoolendenough exampleexciting excellentenjoyable experience earthquakeinsideislandincreaseinterestedumbrellaoutsideB.表示“每一、一个”的概念，相当于every 和 one。a chess set 一副象棋a few几个；have a great trip 旅途

2、愉快in a tree在树上in an earthquake在地震中C.某些固定短语中，要用不定冠词make a mistake 犯错误a little 有点a minute ago分钟之前take a plane 乘飞机give a warm welcome to 热情欢迎 quite a lot相当多定冠词 theA.指前面提到过的人或物，或特指某人或某物。B.指谈话双方都知道的人或物。C.用于序数词以及形容词的最高级之前 .D.用于世界上独一无二的事物on the coast在海岸边的东/南/西/北部in the end 最后take the place of 代替the populat

3、ion of.的人口 the Spring Festival 春节 during the day 在白天 at the bottom of 在底部E.固定词组in the 1980s在20世纪80年代in the east/south/west/north o f在in the countryside 在乡村the beginning of的开头all the time 总是all over the world 全世界for the first time 首次at the age of 在岁时2不定式基本不定式1 .would like to do想要做某事2 .want to do想要做某事

4、3 .agree to do同意做某事4 .plan to do计划做某事5 .decide to do决定做某事6 . offer to do主动提供做某事7 . wish to do希望做某事1.1 earn to do学习做某事1.10 ve to do热爱做某事1.11 ike to do喜欢做某事11 .need to do sth需要做某事12 .be interested to do sth故某事感兴趣12.1 n order to do为了 .13 . It is a good idea to do sth.做是个好主意好方法。14 .good ways to do sth做某

5、事是个好方法15 .It is +adj +(for sb )to do sth 做某事.16.It takes sb. +寸问/金钱+to do sth花某人时间去做某事宾语不定式1 .advise sb to do sth建议某人做某事2 .hope sb. to do sth希望某人做某事3 .allow sb to do sth允许某人做某事双宾语不定式l.give sb sth= give sth to sb1.1 end sb sth=lend sth to sb1.5 end sb sth=send sth to sb1.6 how sb sth=show sth to sb5

6、.teach sb sth=teach sth to sb6 .pass sb sth=pass sth to sb7 .tell sb sth=tell sth to sb1 .buy sb sth=buy sth for sb2 .make sb sth=make sth for sb3 .cook sb sth=cook sth for sb不能带to的不定式1.make sb do2.let sb do3.help sb do4.see sb doTo做介词不是不定式give sb a warm welcome to 热烈欢迎某人send to发送给某人move to搬到某地from

7、to 从.至Ube close to 靠近talk to与.谈话write to写信给某人Pay attention to doing sth 注意动词后接doing情况mind doing sth介意做某事finish doing sth完成做某事enjoy /like/love doing sth喜欢做某事practice doing sth 练习做某事spend doing sth花时间做某事have trouble doing sth 做某事有麻烦have a better chance of doing sth 有个好的机会做不定式的否定：直接变成not to do3.动词词组kee

8、p clear of 不和.接触 make sure 保证 close down 倒闭 pay attention to 注意 think about 考虑 look after 照顾 think of想到想出 cheer on为喝彩 agree with 同意 make a mistake 犯错lift up抬起 come on快点 hang on 等一下 fall off从跌落 set up设立建立 take away拿走,夺取 warm up热身 ask for请求write down 写下 look up查找4、英语中的数字英语中数字单位：百、千、 百万、十亿百 hundred千 th

9、ousand百万 million十亿 billion确数：表示确定数量用基数词 + hundred, thousand, million , billion注意数字单位不能加s.hundred, thousand, million, billion表示确切数目时，用单数，后直接接复数名词; 如：three hundred booksone hundred peoplefive thousand studentsseven million starts概数：表示不确切数目时，这类词后加-s且与of连用。如：hundreds of peoplethousands ofstudents millio

10、ns of birds billions of lions分数的表达：分子用基数词，分母用序数词。分子大于1时，分母+ Soe.g. 1/5: one fifth 2/5: two fifths5.比较级和最高级形容词考法：形容词意思区分形容词比较级形容词比较级：结构： (1) adj+er(2) more+ adj(3)不规贝U good-betterlittle- less much/many-more bad/badly-worse far-farther用法：(1)句子中有than(2)同级比较：as-.+adj- -.as(3)特殊结构：(A) the+比较级1, the+比较级2越

11、.越(B)比较级 and比较级越来越修饰比较级的词1)只用于修饰比较级的： much , even2)既可以修饰比较级又可以修饰原级：a little; a bit;The room is a bit larger than that one.这个房间比那个稍大一点.3)表示前者比后者强很多时，通常采用much,even,He works still harder than ever. 他比以往更加努力学习了4)表示前者在某方面远远地超过对方时，通常采用far,a lot等.最高级：(2) the most+ adj不规则结构：(1) adj+estgood-better-best littl

12、e- less-least much/many-more-most bad/badly-worse-worst far-farther-farthest用法：(1)句子中有范围：in /all/ of/ among(2)默认范围：一年12月，一年四季，一个星期 7天(3) 特殊结构：One of +the+最高级+名词复数 最之一6 .句子的考法(1)特殊疑问句：考疑问词或词组，看回答疑问词组：How far 多远 It's .kilometer/milesHow long 多长时间 It's .minutes/hoursHow often多久次 It's .once

13、a weekHow many /How muchHow old.(2)一般疑问句：考回答：用什么问就用什么答be 动迥(am, is,are) 情态动耐ust can,could, may,might,need),助动词(will,should,would,shall)特例：(1) need用作情态动词need do sth需要做某事 肯定何：He need go shopping他需要去购物。 否定旬：He needn't go shopping 疑问旬： Need he go shopping?Yes, he must No he needn't(2) must用作情态动词

14、表示主观的义务和必要，主要用于肯定句和疑问句，意 思为“必须，得，要”；肯定：You must go to school on time.必须按时到校否定：You needn't go to school 0ntim咻不必按时到校。疑问：Must I go to school on time?Yes, you must No, you needn't7 .过去进行时结构：过去进行时由“主语+was/were + doing”构成肯定： He was having supper at this time yesterday 否定： He was not having supper

15、 at this time yesterday 疑问： Was hehaving supper at this time yesterday?时间标志：1 .at this/that time,2 .at this/that time yesterday (last night/Sunday/week ),3 .at+ 钟 +yesterday (last night / Sunday),4 . when sb/sth. did sth. last evening5 . the whole morning, all day , from nine to ten, while 等。when和wh

16、ile的用法区别8.连词：关系词、引导词，关联词组关系词：并列关系：and转折关系：but因果关系：because-® HSo+结果条件关系：if让步关系：although选择关系：or引导词：When、while、as当的时候Until、till 直到.才关联词组：As.as 和.样Notuntil 直到才Not only.but also 不仅.而且.Not justbut.不仅.而且So.+adj+.that+句子.如此.以至于Such+(adj)+n.that将!子.如止匕以至于Too+adj.to do sth.太.以至于不能.Not enough+adj.to do st

17、h 不足做某事9.祈使旬1.动词原形构成的祈使句A.通常省略主语you,B.动词原形开头。C.否定句由don' t或never开头。D.缓和语气句首或旬末加 please2 . let构成的祈使句由“Let + me/us/him/her +动词原形”构成。这类祈使旬往往用于请求允许(let us)或提出建议(let' s)0Let' s spend this weekend in the countryside.Let him be here by ten o clock.3 .无动词祈使句在请求，命令和口号中，常用无动词祈使句，它实际上是省略了动词，从而 使语句更简

18、洁有力。Just a minute, please!在一些指示牌上，常用“ No +动名词/名词”构成省略的否定祈使旬。例如：No smoking!10.情态动词(1)表可能性情态动词：may、might.英语中除了情态动词表可能性，还可以用adj或adv:probably possible.may (W能)：暗含不确定的意思。might:表可能，但它的含义比 may更不确定。He may be at home .He might come soon .It will probably be hot and sunny.(2) Must表示主观义务和需要。Mustn't表示禁止Need

19、也表示需要，但不一定是一种义务，语气 没那么强烈。(1) need用作实义动词need to do sth需要做某事 肯定何：He needs to go shopping他需要去购物。否定旬： He doesn't need to go shopping .(实意动词否定都借助助动词 do) 疑问旬： Does he need to go shopping?Yes, he does No he doesn't(2) need用作情态动词need do sth需要做某事 肯定何：He need go shopping他需要去购物。否定旬：He needn't go sh

20、opping(情态动词否定都直接在后面加 not)疑问旬： Need he go shopping?Yes, he must No he needn't(3) must "必须,得,要”；肯定：You must go to school on time.必须按时到校否定：You needn't go to school 0ntim咻不必按时到校。疑问：Must I go to school on time?Yes, you mustNo, you needn't(4) have to与must的区另(5) must侧重于说话者的主观看法，认为有必要或有义务 h

21、ave to侧重于客观需要，含有“不得不，被迫”之意。e.g. All passengers must wear seat belts.所有乘客都要系安全带。My bike was broken yesterday, so I had to walk to school. 昨天我的 自行车 坏了，所以我只能走路去学校。(3)情态动词表示推测的用法：表示肯定推测时，语气由强到弱：Must be > Can be > Could be > May be > Might be 注意在推测的过程中，如果句子中已经有动词的话，省略 be 所有的否定推测均用can't be

22、11 .代词基本三种代词：这三种代祠的形式变化表如下,人称单复数主格宾格形容词性 物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词第一人称单数ImemymiiKmyself复数weusourours第二人称单莪youyoujouryouri ourSielf复数youyouyourvdufsvoursehes第三 人栋单教hthimhishishimselfsheherherh«rsherself*itiis无itself复数theythentheirthemselves不定代词类：Some- something someone somebody somewhere Any-anything anyo

23、ne anybody anywhere Every-everything everyone everybody everywhere No-nothing no one nobody nowhere考点一：注意不定代词与形容词的位置不定代词+adjSomething important些重要的东西Anything intereating 一些有趣的东西 Nothing impossible没有什么不可能的 同 时注意 some any的区另U考点二： 注意 no one nothing 视为单数考/a二：all, each, both, either, neither, one, none,

24、little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no, (a) few, (a) little, both, enough, every肯定：all both eithernoneneitherneitherAll表示三者或三者以上都Both表示两者都Either表示两者中的其中之一All the students are interested in it.所有的学生对此很感兴趣 =All of them are interested in it.Both students are interested in让两个学生对此都很感兴趣 =B

25、oth of them are interested in it.Either students is interested in it.其中一个学生对此很感兴趣 =Either of them is interested in it.12 .介词的考法时间介词：at+时刻、时间in+时间段On+具体时间早、午、晚要用in黎明、午、夜、点与分用at年、月、年月、季节、周用 in。in 1986 在 1986 年in April 在四月星期、日期、周用 on。On Sunday 在周日On 4th, May , 2014 在 2014 年 5 月 4 日其他时间词组。From Mondayto

26、Friday 从周一到周五Between seven and nine 在七点至U九点之间注意有this next的不用介词。this morning 今天早上this week 这周the next day 明天the next week 下周against表示对抗plenty of大量，许多 for the first time 第一次 from time to time 时不时in the end 最后at last最后side by side 肩并肩in time及时注意for +持续时间in +将来时间Around 大约across穿过地点介词就按意思区分单词表中的介词be famo

27、us for 因 著名At the bottom of 在.底部For example 例如far from 远离in danger处于危险中in peace 和平in order to 为了重点名词：pocket 口袋 hole 洞 corner 角落 island 岛屿countryside 乡村 town 城镇 city 城镇 house 房子 example子traffic交通rubbish 垃圾hospital医院risk危险end结束camera 相机 bag 书包 dictionary 字典 umbrella 伞 earthquake 地震mistake 错误 advice 建议

28、 choice 选择 difference 不同pain 疼痛 pollution 污染 surprise 惊讶 trouble 麻烦 experience 经历重点形容词busy繁忙的tidy整洁的crowed拥挤的noisy嘈杂的easy容易的hard困难的difficult困难的different不同的Boring 厌烦的interesting 有趣的exciting激动人心的 shy害羞的enjoyable愉快的excellent优秀的 pleased满意的aloud大声的wide宽阔的quiet安静的 Terrible恐怖的broken破碎的harmful有害的 wrong错误的Ca

29、reless粗心的重点动词1.warn 警告 warn ab about/of 警告某人某事warn sb.not to do sth 警告某人不要做某事2.lift抬起 lift up抬起来3.imagine 想像 imagine doing sth 想象做某事4.taste尝起来 taste +adj 尝起来.1.1 ncrease增力口增长6 .prepare 准备 prepare to do sth 准备做某事 prepare for sth准备某些东西7 .hide躲藏 hide+地点8 . Hit碰撞 9.land登陆10 forget 忘记 forget to do forget doing11remember 记得 remember to do remember doing12 .mind 介意 mind doing sth 介意做某事Never mind没关系不介意13 .beat打败战胜beat +队名，国家，人Win+比赛，名次14 .offer 主动提供 offer to do sth15 .Plan 计划 plan to do sth16 .Show 展示 show sth to sb= show sb sth17 .Allow 允许 allow sb to do sth18 .Pr