经济学基础第一次作业09答案

1、西方经济学第一次作业1. 假设大学里篮球票的价格是由市场力量决定的。现在，需求与供给表如下： 价格(美元) 需求量(张) 供给量(张) 4 10000 80009 8 8000 8000 12 6000 8000 16 4000 800020 2000 8000 a画出需求曲线和供给曲线。这条供给曲线有什么不寻常之处？为什么会是这样的？b篮球票的均衡价格和均衡数量是多少？c明年你们大学计划共增加5000名学生。增加的学生的需求表如下： 价格(美元) 需求量(张) 4 4000 8 3000 12 2000 16 1000 20 0现在把原来的需求表与新生的需求表加在一起计算整个大学的新需求表。

2、新的均衡价格和均衡数量是多少？a.As Figure 2-25 shows, the supply curve is vertical. The constant supply makes sense because the basketball arena has a fixed number of seats no matter what the price.Figure 2-25b.Quantity supplied equals quantity demanded at a price of $8. The equilibrium quantity is 8,000 tickets.c

3、.PriceQuantity DemandedQuantity Supplied $ 4 14,0008,000 8 11,0008,000128,0008,000165,0008,000202,0008,000The new equilibrium price will be $12, which equates quantity demanded to quantity supplied. The equilibrium quantity is 8,000 tickets.2. 假设公务乘客和度假乘客对从纽约到波士顿之间民航机票的需求如下： 价格 需求量 需求量 (美元) (公务乘客) (

4、度假乘客) 150 2100 1000 200 2000 800 250 1900 600 300 1800 400 a当票价从200美元上升到250美元时，公务乘客的需求价格弹性为多少？度假乘客的需求价格弹性为多少？(用中点法计算。)b为什么度假乘客与公务乘客的需求价格弹性不同？a.For business travelers, the price elasticity of demand when the price of tickets rises from $200 to $250 is (2,000 - 1,900)/1,950/(250 - 200)/225 = 3/13 = 0.

5、23. For vacationers, the price elasticity of demand when the price of tickets rises from $200 to $250 is (800 - 600)/700 / (250 - 200)/225 = 9/7 = 1.29.b.The price elasticity of demand for vacationers is higher than the elasticity for business travelers because vacationers can more easily choose a d

6、ifferent mode of transportation (like driving or taking the train). Business travelers are less likely to do so since time is more important to them and their schedules are less adaptable.3. 这是一个热天，Bert口干舌燥。下面是他对一瓶水的评价：对第一瓶水的评价 7美元对第二瓶水的评价 5美元对第三瓶水的评价 3美元对第四瓶水的评价 1美元 a根据以上信息推导出Bert的需求表。画出他对瓶装水的需求曲线。

7、 b如果一瓶水的价格是4美元，Bert会买多少瓶水？Bert从他的购买中得到了多少消费者剩余？在你的图形中标出Bert的消费者剩余。 c如果价格下降到2美元，需求量会有何变化？Bert的消费者剩余会有何变化？用你的图形说明这些变化。 a.Berts demand schedule is: PriceQuantity DemandedMore than $70$5 to $71$3 to $52$1 to $33$1 or less4Berts demand curve is shown in Figure 9.Figure 9b.When the price of a bottle of wa

8、ter is $4, Bert buys two bottles of water. His consumer surplus is shown as area A in the figure. He values his first bottle of water at $7, but pays only $4 for it, so has consumer surplus of $3. He values his second bottle of water at $5, but pays only $4 for it, so has consumer surplus of $1. Thu

9、s Berts total consumer surplus is $3 + $1 = $4, which is the area of A in the figure.c.When the price of a bottle of water falls from $4 to $2, Bert buys three bottles of water, an increase of one. His consumer surplus consists of both areas A and B in the figure, an increase in the amount of area B

10、. He gets consumer surplus of $5 from the first bottle ($7 value minus $2 price), $3 from the second bottle ($5 value minus $2 price), and $1 from the third bottle ($3 value minus $2 price), for a total consumer surplus of $9. Thus consumer surplus rises by $5 (which is the size of area B) when the

11、price of a bottle of water falls from $4 to $2.4、假设技术进步使生产电脑的成本降低了。a用供求图说明电脑市场上价格、数量、消费者剩余和生产者剩余会发生什么变动。b电脑和加法机是替代品。用供求图说明加法机市场上的价格、数量、消费者剩余和生产者剩余会发生什么变动。电脑技术进步对加法机生产者而言是有幸还是不幸？c电脑和软件是互补品。用供求图说明软件市场上的价格、数量、消费者剩余和生产者剩余会发生什么变动。电脑技术进步对软件生产者而言是有幸还是不幸？ a.The effect of falling production costs in the mark

12、et for computers results in a shift to the right in the supply curve, as shown in Figure 14. As a result, the equilibrium price of computers declines and the equilibrium quantity increases. The decline in the price of computers increases consumer surplus from area A to A + B + C + D, an increase in

13、the amount B + C + D.Figure 14Prior to the shift in supply, producer surplus was areas B + E (the area above the supply curve and below the price). After the shift in supply, producer surplus is areas E + F + G. So producer surplus changes by the amount F + G B, which may be positive or negative. Th

14、e increase in quantity increases producer surplus, while the decline in the price reduces producer surplus. Since consumer surplus rises by B + C + D and producer surplus rises by F + G B, total surplus rises by C + D + F + G.Figure 15b.Since adding machines are substitutes for computers, the declin

15、e in the price of computers means that people substitute computers for adding machines, shifting the demand for adding machines to the left, as shown in Figure 15. The result is a decline in both the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity of adding machines. Consumer surplus in the adding-machin

16、e market changes from area A + B to A + C, a net change of C B. Producer surplus changes from area C + D + E to area E, a net loss of C + D. Adding machine producers are sad about technological advance in computers because their producer surplus declines.c.Since software and computers are complement

17、s, the decline in the price and increase in the quantity of computers means that the demand for software increases, shifting the demand for software to the right, as shown in Figure 16. The result is an increase in both the price and quantity of software. Consumer surplus in the software market chan

18、ges from B + C to A + B, a net change of A C. Producer surplus changes from E to C + D + E, an increase of C + D, so software producers should be happy about the technological progress in computers.Figure 165、说明消费者的预算约束线以及红酒与奶酪的无差异曲线。说明最优消费选择。如果一杯红酒的价格是3美元，而一磅奶酪的价格是6美元，在这种最优时边际替代率是多少？Figure 3-3A sho

19、ws the consumer's budget constraint and indifference curves for wine and cheese. The consumer's optimum consumption choice is shown as w* and c*. Since the marginal rate of substitution equals the relative price of the two goods at the optimum, the marginal rate of substitution is $6/$3 = 2.

20、 Figure 3-3A6、营业性渔民注意到了钓鱼时间与钓鱼量之间的以下关系： 小时 钓鱼量(磅) 0 0 1 10 2 18 3 24 4 28 5 30 a用于钓鱼的每小时的边际产量是多少？ b根据这些数据画出渔民的生产函数。解释其形状。c渔民的固定成本为10元(他的钓鱼竿)。他每小时时间的机会成本是5元。画出渔民的总成本曲线。解释它的形状。 a.The following table shows the marginal product of each hour spent fishing:HoursFishFixed CostVariable CostTotal CostMargina

21、l Product0 010 010-11010 515 102181010208324101525642810203045301025252b.Figure 4-7A graphs the fisherman's production function. The production function becomes flatter as the number of hours spent fishing increases, illustrating diminishing marginal product.Figure 4-7Ac.The table shows the fixe

22、d cost, variable cost, and total cost of fishing. Figure 4-8A shows the fisherman's total-cost curve. It slopes up because catching additional fish takes additional time. The curve is convex because there are diminishing returns to fishing time¾each additional hour spent fishing yields fewe

23、r additional fish.Figure 4-8A7、九洋公司是一家生产扫帚并挨家挨户出售的公司。下面是某一天中工人数量与产量之间的关系：工人数 产量 边际产量 总成本 平均总成本 边际成本 0 0 1 20 2 50 3 90 4 120 5 140 6 150 7 155 a填写边际产量栏。你看到了什么形式？你如何解释这种形式？ b一个工人的成本是一天100元，企业的固定成本是200元。根据这些信息填写总成本栏。 c填写平均总成本栏(记住ATC=TCQ)。你看到了什么形式？ d现在填写边际成本栏(记住MC=TC/Q)。你看到了什么形式？ e比较边际产量栏和边际成本栏。解释其关系。f

24、比较平均总成本栏和边际成本栏。解释其关系。 Heres the table of costs:WorkersOutputMarginal ProductTotal CostAverage Total CostMarginal Cost00-200-1202030015.005.00250304008.003.33390405005.562.504120306005.003.335140207005.005.006150108005.3310.00715559005.8120.00 a.See table for marginal product. Marginal product rises

25、at first, then declines because of diminishing marginal product.b.See table for total cost.c.See table for average total cost. Average total cost is U-shaped. When quantity is low, average total cost declines as quantity rises; when quantity is high, average total cost rises as quantity rises.d.See

26、table for marginal cost. Marginal cost is also U-shaped.e.When marginal product is rising, marginal cost is falling, and vice versa.f.When marginal cost is less than average total cost, average total cost is falling; when marginal cost is greater than average total cost, average total cost is rising

27、.8、汇源果汁店有以下成本表： 产量 可变成本 总成本 (桶) (元) (元) 0 0 30 1 10 40 2 25 55 3 45 75 4 70 100 5 100 1306 135 165 a计算每单位产量的平均可变成本、平均总成本和边际成本。b画出这三条曲线。边际成本曲线与平均总成本曲线之间的关系是什么？边际成本曲线与平均可变成本曲线之间的关系是什么？解释原因。 a.The following table shows average variable cost (AVC), average total cost (ATC), and marginal cost (MC) for each quantity.QuantityVariable CostTotal CostAverage Variable CostAverage Total CostMarginal Cost0030-110401040102255512.527.5153457515252047010017.525255100130202630613516522.527.535b.Figure 4-10A graphs the three curves. The marginal cost curve is below the