综合写作1概述培训资料

1、托福(tu f)基础写作5今日内容：1）托福综合写作概述2）Note-taking skills3）技巧训练要求4 ）基础阶段总结(zngji)：独立写作评估 第一页，共29页。Purpose of Exam It measures the test takers ability to use writing to communicate in an academic environment. First, you will read a passage and listen to a lecture. Then, you answer a question based on what you

2、 have read and heard. 第二页，共29页。Procedure Read - You will read a short text of about 230 300 words on an academic topic for 3 minutes. You will take notes on the reading passage. Listen - After reading the text, you will listen to a lecture discussing the same topic from a different perspective for a

3、bout 2 minutes. You may take notes on the lecture. Write - You will have 20 minutes to write a 150-225-word summary in response to the following kinds of questions: 第三页，共29页。Casting Doubt- Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt on specific points made in

4、the reading passage. - Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge specific claims/arguments made in the reading passage. Problem-Solution - Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to specifically explain how they answer the problems raised in the

5、reading passage. 第四页，共29页。独立(dl)写作评分标准Effective addresses the topic and task.Is well organized and well developed,using clearly appropriate explanations,exemplification,and/or details.Displays unity, progression, and coherence.Displays consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntac

6、tic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors.第五页，共29页。综合写作(xizu)满分要求总结听力中与阅读相矛盾/承接的要点原因和细节准确、连贯文章(wnzhng)结构良好、可以有语法错误第六页，共29页。Model Sample: Introduction The lecture challenges the passages conclusion that offering employees four-day w

7、ork week will benefit the companies profit, the economy and the individual employees life qualities. Instead, the lecture states all three parties will be negatively affected based on the following arguments.第七页，共29页。Second Paragraph: Point One First of all, the passage believes the option of 4-day

8、work week will enhance the companys profit by encouraging higher work qualities from its workers. The lecture argues the exact opposite by listing possible cost increases as a result of this policy. To hire more workers, the company needs to spend on employee training, medical benefits (which remain

9、s the same whether the employee works 4 days or 5), office space and new computers. The lecture asserts that the practice will cut into the companys profits as opposed to what the passage tried to establish on this aspect.第八页，共29页。Third Paragraph: Point Two Secondly, the lecture argues offering 4-da

10、y work week wont necessarily create more jobs as the passage optimistically believes. It reminds the audience of the reality that it is very expensive to hire new employees, so the company might go with other options, which include pushing people to work overtime, or simply expecting the 4-day emplo

11、yees to accomplish the same workload as in a 5-day week. The lecture points out sharply this practice will not only fail to create more jobs, but also make current work unpleasant for people, leading to the last argument about workers life quality.第九页，共29页。Four Paragraph: Point Three In this third a

12、rgument, the lecture maintains its pessimistic tone when it comes to individuals life quality, which the passage strongly believes will be largely enhanced if 4-day work weeks are offered. The lecture, while admitting the new practice will grant people more free time, also clarifies that it will inc

13、rease peoples risks and reduce their life quality by jeopardizing their job stability and career progress opportunities. Thats because 4 day employees will be the first to lose their jobs in an economic downturn, and they will be passed over for promotion because companies prefer to have 5-day emplo

14、yees in management positions for continuous coverage and supervision. 第十页，共29页。Fifth Paragraph: ConclusionThe lecture dismisses the passages optimistic prediction of the policys impact on individual workers life qualities yet again.第十一页，共29页。总结(zngji)第十二页，共29页。综合写作(xizu)阅读3分钟读什么：综合写作阅读3分钟怎么读：通读后记下重点

15、(zhngdin)内容3分钟读完后：归纳和推测第十三页，共29页。综合(zngh)写作阅读读段首句或段尾句读文章结构：分类、比较、因果、举例，OG19页读懂原因和例子读否定成分读生词发音(f yn)读形容词比较级、最高级为什么重点读这些内容？第十四页，共29页。综合(zngh)写作听力2分半听什么：听力中重点读的部分2分半怎么听：听懂为前提、笔记为保障2分半听完后：3点简要(jinyo)提纲第十五页，共29页。综合写作(xizu)听力用缩写表示名词概念(ginin)、动词、部分形容词用符号替代逻辑关系结构：1、2、3因果：转折增加或减少大于或小于第十六页，共29页。综合(zngh)写作写作文章

16、格式：定格换行式文章字数：200字以上文章结构(jigu)：OG255页文章模板第十七页，共29页。INTEGRATED TASK1. NOTE-TAKING: “双栏式双栏式” 笔记笔记(bj)法：法： 2- column way WL1122nn第十八页，共29页。INTEGRATED TASK 先画好“双栏” 注意(zh y)阅读信息笔记字数不超过15字 读阅读每一段的 Main point 和 detail/reason第十九页，共29页。Example School uniform 第二十页，共29页。SCHOOL UNIFORM阅读(yud)笔记：R1. affordable fi

17、nancial stress Discomfort & self- consciousness emotional stress 3. Pick on social stress L123第二十一页，共29页。School uniform听力(tngl)笔记R:123L:1 costly details: certain select stores after- school clothes self-conscious detail: some can present themselves in their own ways details: stage of life music/

18、 backpack 第二十二页，共29页。The first try Topic: Environment (fish farming)Reading Listening Writing 第二十三页，共29页。Words and phrases for reading Breed In captivity Penned-in Inlet Confine Suited Proximity Unnoticed Attain Process Adverse 第二十四页，共29页。 Fishing farming is the breeding and rearing of fish in capti

19、vity to produce food for human consumption. It is often done in large, penned-in areas on the shores of lakes, rivers, and bays and in inlets connected to the ocean. The fish are raised from eggs and ,when large enough, sold to the public. Although this seems to be a good idea at first, fish farming

20、 has a number of safety issues, both to the fish and consumers, which make it a dangerous activity. This fish are kept closely confined in pens, an environment for which they are not naturally suited. This makes the instance of disease higher in captivity than it is in the wild. Due to the proximity

21、 between the fish, diseases also spread more rapidly than in natural settings. The chances of some disease going unnoticed and being passed on to the public when the fish are consumed are high. Fish farmers add various chemicals to the water to prevent the spread of potential disease. These chemical

22、 additives are also put in the fishs food in order to help the fish attain sizes larger than they would have reached in the wild. These chemicals, once absorbed into the bodies of the fish, can be dangerous to the people who are dining on them. The fish feed mostly on other fish, which are killed an

23、d processed before being fed to the fish on the farms. However, the fish used as food are caught in the oceans and represent a large amount of food taken out of the wild. Since they are a potential source of protein for other sea creatures, the loss of this food source may have an adverse effect on

24、ecosystems throughout the worlds oceans. 第二十五页，共29页。Words and phrases for readingCritic Oppose Harvest Run rampant School Identical Red flag Absorb Enhance Consume 第二十六页，共29页。 Fishing farming is one of the most important sources of fish protein for many people nowadays. There are, sadly, many critic

25、s of fishing farming who oppose its use. However, its quite necessary because many fish raised on fish farms can no longer be harvested in the wild, and, fortunately, fish farming can provide fish that are safe to eat. Many critics of fish farming point out the possibility of disease running rampant

26、 throughout the farm due to the nearness of the fish. However, let me point out that fish live very close together in the wild. Youve seen pictures of big schools of fish, havent you? Hows this different from a fish farm? Anyway, in the wild there is no rapid spread of disease despite fish living cl

27、ose together. And studies have shown the incidence of disease in the wild and on farms is identical. Chemical usage on fish farms has raised some, hmm, red flags as to the safety of the fish, but even ocean fish absorb large amounts of chemicals from pollution. In fact, farmed fish may be even safer

28、 than ocean-caught fish. Besides, virtually every meat we consume - including beef and pork - has been chemically enhanced to help the animals grow bigger. Yes, its true. Fish is much healthier than these meats, having less fat and healthier oils, like omega-3s. While some fish species are killed to

29、 produce the feed needed for fish on the farms, most of these fish are not even consumed by humans or many sea creatures. One such fish is the menhaden. Humans find its taste to be bad, so its caught in large quantities to produce animal feed. Therefore, by using the menhaden and others to feed fish

30、 on farms, we can increase the number of fish raised for human consumption. 第二十七页，共29页。Summary Although the author of the reading passage writes against fish farms, the professor feels they provide an important service for people around the world. According to the reading, because fish in captivity live so close to each other, there is a higher likelihood they will get diseases that they may pass on to humans. The professor, however, oppo