材料科学概论学习教案

1、会计学1材料科学概论材料科学概论(giln)第一页，共103页。第1页/共102页第二页，共103页。材料材料(cilio)与新技术革命与新技术革命第2页/共102页第三页，共103页。第3页/共102页第四页，共103页。第4页/共102页第五页，共103页。第5页/共102页第六页，共103页。第6页/共102页第七页，共103页。材料材料(cilio)与国防现代化与国防现代化第7页/共102页第八页，共103页。sciencematerialsengineering第8页/共102页第九页，共103页。 Microscopic or submicroscopic structure En

2、gineering design第9页/共102页第十页，共103页。第10页/共102页第十一页，共103页。nFiberglass 5faIbElB:s第11页/共102页第十二页，共103页。第12页/共102页第十三页，共103页。第13页/共102页第十四页，共103页。What materials are available to me ?Five categories第14页/共102页第十五页，共103页。第15页/共102页第十六页，共103页。A Metals超塑性(sxng)的,超塑性(sxng)材料(制)的1 . i.e.Latin， the written abbre

3、viation for id est ,也就是(jish)，即。 读作：that is2 . state-of-the-art技术(jsh)发展水平，现代化的。3 . superplastic.第16页/共102页第十七页，共103页。Structural steel 第17页/共102页第十八页，共103页。Gasket5Askit垫圈(dinqun),衬垫springwireValvevAlv第18页/共102页第十九页，共103页。第19页/共102页第二十页，共103页。第20页/共102页第二十一页，共103页。第21页/共102页第二十二页，共103页。B Ceramics si5

4、rAmiksAhomogeneousmixtureoftwoormoresubstances,whichmaybesolids,liquids,gases,oracombinationofthese.1 . Refractory ri5frAktEriDifficulttomeltorwork;resistanttoheat.2 . fracture toughness断裂(dun li)韧度3 . crystalline5kristElainBeing,relatingto,orcomposedofcrystalorcrystals.4 . Devitrify di:5vitrifaiToc

5、ause(aglassymaterial)tobecomecrystallineandbrittle.5 . solution第22页/共102页第二十三页，共103页。第23页/共102页第二十四页，共103页。RubySapphire5sAfaiE第24页/共102页第二十五页，共103页。 Why shouldnt Al2O3 be chosen for certain applications where metallic aluminum has been used ?1、Al2O3 have two advantages:first ,chemicallystable;Aloxid

6、izedsecond ,highermeltingpoint(20200C)Al(6600C)refractoryuseinindustrialfurnaceconstruction第25页/共102页第二十六页，共103页。第26页/共102页第二十七页，共103页。ThemostlimitingpropertyofceramicsbrittlenessRecentdevelopmentinceramictechnologyareexpandingtheutilityofceramicsforstructuralapplicationnotbyeliminatingtheirinherent

7、brittleness,butbyincreasingtheirstrengthtosufficientlyhighlevels(greaterthan700MPa)andincreasingtheirresistancetofracture.第27页/共102页第二十八页，共103页。2、Al2O3MgOSiO2Si3N4At least one metallic element +one of five nonmetal element (C, N, O, P and S)Carbide 5kB:baidNitride 5naitraidOxide 5CksaidPhosphide 5fC

8、sfaidSulphide. 5sQlfaidOxide ceramicsNonoxide ceramics第28页/共102页第二十九页，共103页。3、Onemetallicelementplusoneoffivenonmetallicelements(C,N,O,P,orS)第29页/共102页第三十页，共103页。4、Characteristics:refractoryhighhardnesshighstrengthhighbrittleness第30页/共102页第三十一页，共103页。第31页/共102页第三十二页，共103页。第32页/共102页第三十三页，共103页。skI5m

9、AtIk第33页/共102页第三十四页，共103页。SiO2 (approximately 72%) Na2O CaO brittleness similar with crystalline ceramictransmit visible lightchemical inertness glasses are important engineering materials第34页/共102页第三十五页，共103页。low-thermal expansion coefficientscomplex formshigh mechanical strengthVitreous 5vItrIEsgl

10、assy stateSubsequentcrystallization第35页/共102页第三十六页，共103页。第36页/共102页第三十七页，共103页。第37页/共102页第三十八页，共103页。C Polymers(plastics)Exempli gratia. For example.1 . ethylene A colorless, flammable gas, C2H4, derived from natural gas and petroleum and used as a source of many organic compounds, in welding 5weldi

11、N焊接(hnji)and cutting metals, and as an anesthetic 7Anis5Wetik麻醉剂.2 . polyethylene A polymerized ethylene resin, used especially for containers, kitchenware, and tubing, or in the form of films and sheets for packaging.3 . e.g.第38页/共102页第三十九页，共103页。 Any of numerous organic compounds, such as benzene

12、and methane, that contain only carbon and hydrogen.4 . Acrylics E5kriliks丙烯酸树脂(shzh)5 . Nylon 5nailEn Any of a family of high-strength, resilient synthetic polymers, the molecules of which contain the recurring amide group CONH.6 . Hydrocarbon第39页/共102页第四十页，共103页。 These man-made materials are a bran

13、ch of organic chemistry .第40页/共102页第四十一页，共103页。第41页/共102页第四十二页，共103页。第42页/共102页第四十三页，共103页。第43页/共102页第四十四页，共103页。 1) no brittleness2. Characteristics: 2) lower melting point3) high strength along its chain and low strength between its chains 4) lightweight low-cost5) higher chemical reactivity6) Man

14、-made materials第44页/共102页第四十五页，共103页。Substitution for traditional structural metals第45页/共102页第四十六页，共103页。第46页/共102页第四十七页，共103页。第47页/共102页第四十八页，共103页。SiO2 (approximately 72%) Na2O CaO brittleness similar with crystalline ceramictransmit visible lightchemical inertness glasses are important engineerin

15、g materials第48页/共102页第四十九页，共103页。第49页/共102页第五十页，共103页。第50页/共102页第五十一页，共103页。第51页/共102页第五十二页，共103页。shell第52页/共102页第五十三页，共103页。wood第53页/共102页第五十四页，共103页。第54页/共102页第五十五页，共103页。第55页/共102页第五十六页，共103页。D Composite (fiber reinforce plastics) Possessing hereditaryhI5redItErI rank in a political system or soc

16、ial class derived from a feudalistic 9fjU:dElIstIk stage of a countrys development. Inactive or inert.Inactive or inert.1 . Albeit C:l5bi:It page 12, line 5Even though; although; notwithstanding.2 . Noble page 12, para. 2, line 2第56页/共102页第五十七页，共103页。第57页/共102页第五十八页，共103页。Example: fiberglass ,wood ,

17、concrete .第58页/共102页第五十九页，共103页。第59页/共102页第六十页，共103页。第60页/共102页第六十一页，共103页。 Supplementary introduction Semiconductors A piece of equipment that produces a powerful narrow beam of light that can be used in medical operations , to cut metals , or to make patterns of light for entertainment . 1 .arseni

18、de 5B:sEnaid砷化物 A compound of arsenic with a more electropositive element.2 .laser第61页/共102页第六十二页，共103页。nn the latest and most sophisticated technology.第62页/共102页第六十三页，共103页。第63页/共102页第六十四页，共103页。第64页/共102页第六十五页，共103页。A relatively small group of elements and compounds has an important electrical pro

19、perty。three semiconducting elements (Si (silicon),Ge (germanium dVE:5meiniEm ) , Sn(tin). compounds: GaAs gallium5AliEm arsenide, CdS cadmiumsulfide 5kAdmiEm 5sQlfaid ceramics compound : ZnO Precise control of chemical purity allows precise control of electronic properties. 第65页/共102页第六十六页，共103页。第66

20、页/共102页第六十七页，共103页。Atomic-scale-architectureCompositeDevitrifieddi:5vitrifai 使不透明使不透明(tumng)DuctilityElectronic and magnetic materialFiberglassMaterials selectionMicrocircuitry 5maIkrEJs:kIt电子电子微电路微电路Microscopic-scale architectureRefractoryStructural material第67页/共102页第六十八页，共103页。第68页/共102页第六十九页，共10

21、3页。第69页/共102页第七十页，共103页。第70页/共102页第七十一页，共103页。1.2 From structure to properties The unit of luminous flux flQks流量(liling), 通量 in the International System, equal to the amount of light given out through a solid angle by a source of one candela kAn5di:lE intensity radiating equally in all directions. 1

22、 .hexagonal heksAEnElHavingsixsides.2 .lumen5lju:min缩写(suxi) lm 物理学 流明（光通量单位）：国际度量系统中的光通量单位，等于一烛光的均匀点光源在单位主体角内发出的光通量.第71页/共102页第七十二页，共103页。第72页/共102页第七十三页，共103页。第73页/共102页第七十四页，共103页。第74页/共102页第七十五页，共103页。Atomic-scale architecture10000000 timesMicroscopic-scale architecture1000times第75页/共102页第七十六页，共

23、103页。第76页/共102页第七十七页，共103页。 Al structure follows a cubic packing arrangement and Mg a hexagonal one .第77页/共102页第七十八页，共103页。第78页/共102页第七十九页，共103页。第79页/共102页第八十页，共103页。Example 2: transparent ceramicsTraditional ceramics contained a substantial amount of residual porosity .The porosity leads to loss of

24、 visible light transmission .Only about 0.3% porosity can cause Al2O3 to be translucent , and 3% porosity can cause the material to be completely opaque .The elimination of porosity : adding a small amount of impurity .第80页/共102页第八十一页，共103页。第81页/共102页第八十二页，共103页。第82页/共102页第八十三页，共103页。Figure3polished

25、discswithseveraldopants(thickness:0.8mm)第83页/共102页第八十四页，共103页。第84页/共102页第八十五页，共103页。The two examples just cited show typical and important demonstrations of how properties of engineering materials follow directly from structure.第85页/共102页第八十六页，共103页。第86页/共102页第八十七页，共103页。1.3 Selection of materials anyofagroupofverystronglightweight,syntheticfibersusedinmakingradialtires,bulletproofofvests,etc.1 . etc. Latinthewrittenabbreviationforetcetera,usedafteralisttoshowthattherearemanyothersimilarthingsorpe