英文文献摘要(20211208201857)

1、定义 definition ： from a consumer perspective, health tourism can be de?ned as traveling for the maintenance, enhancement or restoration of wellbeing in mind and body (carrera and bridges, 2006). from a supplier perspective, health tourism can be de?ned as traveling to destinationswhich provide facili

2、ties and health-care services explicitly and in addition to their regular tourist amenities (goodrich and goodrich, 1987). scholars view health travel as comprising three elements: 1. staying away from home; 2. health as the primary motive or characteristic of trip; and 3. occurring in a leisure set

3、ting (hall, 1992; bennett et al., 2004). a commercial phenomena of industrial society which involves a person travelling overnight away from the normal home environment for the express bene?t of maintaining or improvinghealth, and the supply and promotion of facilities and destinations which seek to

4、 provide such bene?ts (hall, 2003, p. 274). wellness can be de?ned as the balanced state of body, spirit and mind, including suchholistic aspects as self-responsibility, physical ?tness/beauty care, healthy nutrition, relaxation,mental activity and environmental sensitivity as fundamental elements.

5、（messerli and oyama (2004, p. 9) medical travel is the international phenomenon of individuals travelling, often great distances, to access health-care services that are otherwise not available due to high costs, long waiting lists or limited health-care capacity in the country of origin, and medica

6、l tourism referring speci?cally to the increasing tendency among people from developed countries to undertake medical travel in combination with visiting tourist attractions. medical tourism is often seen as adding medical services to common tourism. （ escap 2009, p. 1) health promotion： the process

7、 of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants, and thereby improve their health.1the primary means of health promotion occur through developing healthy public policy that addresses the prerequisites of health such as income, housing, food security, employment, and qu

8、ality working conditions. by the world health organizations 2005 bangkok charter for health promotion in a globalized world-the science and art of helping people change their lifestyle to move toward a state of optimal health. by the american journal of health promotion worksite health promotion pro

9、grams -include exercise, nutrition , smoking cessation and stress management. 旅游动机：health travel is driven by: shifts in demographic structures as well as lifestyles and an active aging population (opaschowski, 2006; jordan and gibson, 2005; mehmetoglu et al., 2001); the need for stress reduction am

10、ong the working population (tarlow and muehsam, 1992; elliott and johns, 1993; grell, 1994); a shift in the medical paradigm towards prevention and alternative practices (murray, 1995); increased interaction between public health and health psychology (winett et al., 1999); the shift from mass touri

11、sm towards customized forms of travel (goodrich and goodrich, 1997). motivation for health travel: hallab (2006) identi?ed ?ve factors of motivations for health travel, including healthy living,excitement/thrills, education, indulge, and escape. 世界养生旅游目的地health travel destination leading among such

12、treatment travel is cuba, especially for the american tourists/patients. india is also packaging itself in similar terms.ayurvedic treatment and yoga are two upcoming products in this regard in the international tourism market. thailand is trying to shake off its previous notorious popularity and ga

13、in ground as a tourist destination for health tourism. switzerland in 2004 5.8 percent of all trips of swiss residents could be considered health oriented, up from 3.3 percent in 2001 and 1.9 percent in 1998. they mainly take place in spring and autumn (bieger and laesser, 2005). in terms of socio-d

14、emographics, health travelers appear to be rather female, middle aged, medium to well educated and predominantly working in middle and high managerial positions. health travel in contrast can hardly be found with retirees. thailand it is emphasising on long stay health care, wherein the target patie

15、nts from developed countries can stay/afford long-term treatment away from home. usually these health resorts in thailand provide medical facilities for checkups or treatment. the resorts also incorporate other activities such as traditional thai massage, spas and herbal treatment. speciality servic

16、es, such as, dental care may be arranged on request and cultural tours are usually thrown in. in addition, short-stay health care targets include executives who would like to take a short vacation in thailand and have their periodical health check-up or some minor health problems taken care of witho

17、ut waiting in long lines. the cost of health care in thailand is relatively cheap. a coronary bypass at a leading bangkok hospital costs us $6500, approximately half the us price. annual income of thailand from health tourism is estimated to be around us $40 million according to the officials at the

18、 ministry of commerce ( oct2000/headline/healdine_main.htm) . singapore macao-malo clinic-spa dead sea 死海周边dead sea is promoted/marketed as a place/destination with unique combination of salts and minerals, higher oxygen content and therapeutic mud which alleviates skin conditions, muscular, articul

19、ar and some respiratory problems. many sites on the heating effects of dead sea are posted by travel agents, state tourist board and also hotels such as hyatt regency. these sites have information on specialised treatment sessions for dermatological problems, arthritic and rheumatic conditions, resp

20、iratory conditions and so on. sometimes one spa or treatment clinic provide only one service and sometimes all the treatment facility. india: dental treatment ayurveda 韦达养生学（ ayurveda ）即源于阿塔发韦达经，着重以饮食、运动、生活习惯来预防疾病。即使生病， 也多采断食、 减食、特殊食物或药草来恢复身体的平衡。在遥不可知的古老年代，人们依赖大自然，也配合着大自然的脉动过生活；没有现代精密的机器或技术，他们的直觉力、本

21、能就可直接感受到植物药草的疗效，而且，他们身体力行，再将经验传给后人。韦达养生学也包括印度几千年来生活经验的累积，但是千万别以为人家是印度的民间疗法而已！因为韦达养生学有非常科学化的体系，在印度还设有韦达养生学的医学院和研究所，也常见欧美日的学者前往取经呢！eg.the ayurvedic centres of kerala have packaged their health resorts as the health care and rejuvenation centres nestled in nature, god s own country.the ancient traditio

22、nal method of treatment involving combinations of herbal medicines, physical massages and various other forms of therapy, offers excellent remedies for many illnesses. the benefits of ayurveda are being enjoyed by medical tourists coming from countries like the us, canada, south america, uk, germany

23、, france, sweden, netherlands, entire europe so to say. ayurveda therapies comprising of panchkarma, rejuvenation, detoxification, body purification, stress and strain management, holistic wellness, beauty and weight loss along with yoga and meditation .the expensive way of perfection to details can

24、 be enjoyed at many of the exclusive spas in india. ayurveda products: ?internal medicine (kaya chikitsa) ?pediatrics (kumar bhritya) ?psychiatry (bhoot vidya) ?surgery (shalya) ?toxicology (agad tantra) ?geriatrics (rasayana) ?eugenics and aphrodisiacs (vajikarana) naturopathy use of different ther

25、apies that are mainly natura and nontoxic, with no side effects, which includes nutrition, botanical medicine, hydrotherapy, physical medicine, and counseling. naturopathy has been being used to treat diseases since ancient times. its effectiveness is remarkable as nature is healer of all diseases a

26、nd this principal when followed gives tremendous relief from diseases. this concept is highly respected and practiced in india and there are many naturopathy centers in india where you get international quality facilities and treatment. it involves herbs, foods, fasting, and water and tissue manipul

27、ation. it is the most gentle treatment procedures that go parallel with the bodys own healing powers. you only assist the nature in healing you or rejuvenating you the natural way! the whole practice of nature cure is broadly based on the following three principles: ?accumulation of morbid matter ?a

28、bnormal composition of blood and lymph ?lowered vitality it believes in giving a chance to our body itself to recuperate, by primarily stressing on correcting all the factors involved. a naturopathya physician thus helps in nature s effort to overcome disease by applying correct natural modalities a

29、nd controlling the natural forces to work within safe limits. the five main modalities of treatment are through air, water, heat, mud and space. yoga / meditation yoga is a means of balancing and harmonizing the body, mind and emotions. physical and mental therapy is one of the most important achiev

30、ements of yoga bringing holistic harmony to mind and body. yoga serves well being of society and humanity, as scores of ailments are possible to be cured. meditation means abstinence from actions. in meditation the main derived (1) improved mental functioning, (2) the mind becomes calmer (3) larger

31、perspectives and increasing clarity of thought; and (4) destructive habits are dropped away with minimal conscious effort and there is a realization of spiritual growth. medical tourism in asia connell (2006) noted that the malaysian government introduced medical tourism as early as in 1998 in order

32、 to stimulate its battered economy in the aftermath of the asian economic crisis. non-government hospitals, such as bumrungrad in bangkok, also turned to medical tourism when the local economy reduced their appeal to the domestic market (mintier, 2009). in the jeju province of the republic of south

33、korea, the local authorities leveraged their medical products and services to attract both national and international tourists (kim et al., 2009). health travellers might be travelling to rejuvenate oneself at the spas, or for maintaining their looks by travelling to swiss cosmetic surgery clinics o

34、r even to rishikesh for getting spiritual upliftment for a healthy and spiritualistic life. this segment consists of tourists who either go for only one specific health benefit or others who have desire for a complete package. for example, going to china to get treated of backache wi th acupuncture and acupressure is the example of former travelling to kerala