初中英语名词讲解与练习

1、(二）名词I. 名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名地名人名，团体可数名词不可数名词机构名称个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II.名词的数 ：1.规则名词的复数形式：-s 或 -es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加规则例词12345一般情况在词尾加 -smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches,dish-dishes变 -f 和 -fe 为 v 再加 - leaf-leaves, thief-t

2、hieves, knife-knives, loaf-以 -f 或-fe 结esloaves, wife-wives尾的词加 -sbelief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs以辅音字母加y 结尾的名词，变y party-parties,family-families,story-stories,为 i 加-escity-cities以元音字母加y 结尾的名词，或专toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays,有名词以 y 结尾的，加 -sHenry-Henrys以辅音字母加 有生命

3、的加 -eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes6-o 结尾的名无生命的加 -spiano-pianos, photo-photos,auto-autos, kilo-词kilos, solo-solos7以元音字母加 -o 结尾的名词加 -sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以 -th 结尾的名词加 -struth-truths, mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths,9以 ce, se, ze, ge等结尾的名词加 -scase，

4、 oranges2. 不规则名词复数 ：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他man-men, woman-women,foot-feet, goose-geese,形式mouse-mice2单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li,yuan, jin,3只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses, contents4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff

5、部分集体名词既可以作单数audience, class, family,crowd,couple,group,5 （整体）也可以作复数（成员） committee, government, population, crew, team,public, enemy, partycustoms(海关 ), forces( 军队 ), times( 时代 ), spirits( 情6复数形式表示特别含义绪 ), drinks( 饮料 ), sands(沙滩 ), papers(文件报纸 ),manners(礼貌 ), looks( 外表 ), brains(头脑智力 ),greens(青菜 ), r

6、uins( 废墟 )加 -sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes,表示Europeans7“某国单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese人”以 -man 或 -woman 结尾Englishmen, Frenchwomen的改为 -men,-women8合成名将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers,boy friends词无主体名词时将最后一grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches部分变为

7、复数将两部分变为复数women singers, men servantsIII.名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词of 加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1.s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加s一般在末尾加 复数名词不规则复数名词后加s以 s 结尾的人名所有格加s或者 表示各自的所有关系时 ,各名词末尾均须加 s表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加 s表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词省略the boy father,sJack book,sher son-in-law sphoto,the teach

8、ers room, the twins mother,the childrens toys, women s rights,Dickens novels, Charles job,s the SmithshouseJapan andsAmerica problems, Jane andsMary s bikesJapan and America s problems, Jane and Mary sfatherthe doctor s, the barber s, the tailor s, my uncle s2. s所有格的用法： 表示时间2 表示自然现象表示国家城市等地方的名3 词4 表

9、示工作群体5 表示度量衡及价值与人类活动有特殊关系的6名词7 某些固定词组today s newspaper, five weeks holidaythe earth s atmosphere, the tree s branchesthe country plan,s the world population,s China s industrythe ship s crew, majority s view, the team s victorya mile s journey, five dollars worth of applesthe life s time, the play s

10、 plota bird s eye view, a stone s throw, at one 不 s wit s end(知所措 )3. of 所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed注：不同国籍人的单复数国籍总称（谓语用复数）单数复数中国人the Chinese, a Chinese, two Chinese瑞士人the

11、 Swiss, a Swiss, two Swiss澳大利亚人the Australians, an Australian, two Australians俄国人the Russians, a Russian, two Russians意大利人the Italians, an Italian, two Italians希腊人the Greek, a Greek, two Greeks法国人 the French, a Frenchman, two Frenchmen 日本人 the Japanese, a Japanese, two Japanese 美国人 the Americans, an

12、 American, two Americans 印度人 the Indians, an Indian, two Indians加拿大人 the Canadians, a Canadian, two Canadians 德国人 the Germans, a German, two Germans 英国人 the English, an Englishman, two Englishmen 瑞典人 the Swedish, a Swede, two Swedes4.特殊的复数形式 :1）集体名词：集体名词不能运用具体的数字修饰，下面的集体名词，不能用a， one， two 等修饰，只能在其前加t

13、he 表示 “全体 ”。the police警察 ( 指全体警察 )the English英国人 (指全体英国人 )the French法国人 (指全体法国人 )2）复合名词a woman teacher women teachers女教师an Englishman Englishmen英国男子a grown-up grown-ups成人a brother-in-law brothers-in-law内兄、内弟、小叔、大伯5.不可数名词专有名词： NBA 全美篮球协会Michael Jackson 迈克杰克逊物质名词：液体：milkwaterteacoffeejuice肉类： beefchic

14、kenmuttonpork天气： weatherrainsnowwindlight其他： news(新闻，消息 )bread(面包 )the West Lakeoil( 油 )光西湖抽象名词： funloveluckdutykindness 善良 happiness幸福【注意】有些 不可数 的物质名词有 复数形式 ，但表达不同意义。tea different kinds of teas 不同种类的茶food 食品all kinds of foods各种各样的食品fruit水果all kinds of fruits各种各样的水果progress 进步glass玻璃 a glass一个玻璃杯gla

15、sses 眼镜、玻璃杯名词练习1.The _ of the room were covered with _.A. roofs, leafsB. roofs, leavesC. rooves, leafsD. rooves, leaves2.There are three _ in our factory.A. woman doctorsB. women doctorsC. woman doctorD. women doctor3.Which do you prefer _ or _?A. potatos, tomatosB. potatos, tomatoesC. potatoes, tom

16、atosD. potatoes, tomatoes4.They are _ of different presses( 出版社 ). Now they are having a meeting in one of the _ office.A. editor-in-chiefs, editors-in-chief sB. editors-in-chief, editor-in-chiefC. editors-in-chiefs, editor s-in-chief sD. editors-in-chief, editors-in-chief5.The ant has two _.A. stom

17、achesB. stomacksC. stomachD. stomachs6.He doesn t like _ for supper.A. chickB. chickenC. chickensD. chicks7.It was _ hot weather that many of us went swimming.A. so B. suchC. so asD. such a8._ wonderful space they saw on the room! A. HowB. How a C. WhatD. What a9.We know _ travels not so fast as lig

18、ht.A. sound B. soundsC. the sounds D. a sound10.My family raise a lot of _, including two _.A. cattle, cowsB. cows, cattleC. cattles, cowsD. cow, cattles11.A number of soldiers _ at he camp gate （军营门口） .A. have gatheredB. has gatheredC. isD. was12.The Browns have spent a large _ of money on their ne

19、w car.A. dealB. amountC. numberD. size13._ work has been done to improve the people s living standard.A. ManyB. A great manyC. A great deal ofD. A number of14.Mr Li shook _ warmly with a friend.A. handB. a handC. handsD. the hands15.Two _, please. A. coffeeB. coffeesC. cup of coffeeD. cups coffee16.

20、I can t pay as _ as he asked for.A. high price aB. high priceC. a high priceD. high a price17._ knowledge of space develops rapidly.A. Man sB. Men s C. Mens D. Person18.I stayed at _.A. Xiao Wang sB. Wang s homeC. the Wangs D. home of Wang19.Sister Carrie works in a _ factory.A. shoesB. shosesC. sho

21、eD. shoe20.Have you ever read _?A. today newspaperB. newspaper todayC. newspaper of todayD. today21.Two _ walk didn t made me tired.A. hourB. hoursC. hour sD. hou22.The mother over there is _ mother.A. Julia and MaryB. Julia and Mary sC. Julia s and Mary s D. Julia23.Li Ming s handwriting is better

22、than _ in the class.A. anyone sB. anyone elseC. anyone s else sD. anyon24.The children are playing _ on the _.A. sand, sandB. sands, sandsC. sand, sandsD. sands, sand25.If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller _.A. setB. oneC. copyD. pair26.Tom usually takes a _ in bus on rainy days.A. walkB. ri

23、deC. tripD. travel27.We have no _ about where she has gone.A. informationB. newsC. messageD. flash28.Food and _ are daily necessities（需要） for the people.A. clothB. clotheC. clothesD. clothing29.My _ of hearing is not so good as it used to be.A. strength B. sense C. power D. skill30.The _ caused by c

24、arelessness _ yesterday. Many workers were killed.A. incident, was happenedB. matter, happenedC. event, was taken placeD. accident, took place31.The room was so quiet that she could hear the _ of her heart.A. beatingB. waysC. knockingD. striking32._ has been told not to throw waste things anywhere.A

25、. The publicB. PeopleC. WomenD. Man33.He was an _ in the government _.A. office, officialB. official, officeC. officer, officeD. official, officer34.There are several _ in this novel who are different in _.A. character, character B. characters, charactersC. character, characters D. characters, chara

26、cter35.We visited him _ when he was in hospital.A. every other daysB. each other dayC. every other dayD. every two day36.My friend will return in _.A. one day or twoB. a day or twoC. one day or twoD. a or two days37._ is always difficult for me. A. TranslationB. TranslateC. The translationD. A trans

27、lation38._ of this novel is excellent, quite to my surprise.A. TranslationB. TranslateC. The translationD. A translation39.The police _ looking into the matter now.A. beB. isC. areD. are going to40.The Chinese are _ brave and hard working people. A. theB. aC. /D. one41.No news _ good news.A. isB. ar

28、eC. haveD. has42.Maths still _ very difficult for me, though I have done my best. A. looksB. seems C. is D. are43.“ Where _ my trousers?” the boy asked.A. isB. wasC. wereD. are44.How happy they are! Obviously, they are _.A. in nice spiritsB. in nice spiritC. in high spiritsD. in high spirit45.I saw

29、many _ seated in the corner reading something.A. JapaneseB. JapanesesC. of JapaneseD. of Japaneses46.Father went to his doctor for _ about his heart trouble.A. an adviceB. adviceC. advicesD. the advices47.We are _ and they are _.A. Englishmen, Germans B. Englishmen, German C. Englishmans, GermansD.

30、Englishmen, Germen48._ are made of _.A. A glass, a glassB. Glasses, glassC. The glass, the glassD. Glasses, glasses49.I ll have to buy _ trousers.A. aB. twoC. a pair ofD. a couple of50.There are two _ in our class.A. LiuB. LiusC. Liu s51._ is needed in cold countries.A. A lot of clothesB. Much cloth

31、ingC. Many a clothD. Lots of clothes52.They are _.A. mathematics studentB. mathematic studentsC. students in mathematicsD. mathematics students53.The laboratory assistant recorded the _ reactions （反应） .A. mousesB. miceC. micesD. mice54.This letter was sent by _.A. my father friendB. my father friend

32、 sC. a friend of my father sD. a friend of my55.Ten years had passed. I found she had _.A. a little white hair B. some white hairC. a few white hairD. a few white hairs56.I have made _ with Billy.A. friendsB. friendC. a friendD. the friend57.The population of Beijing is _ than that of Xi an. A. more

33、B. larger C. fewer D. small58.There are thirty-two _ in our school.A. woman teacherB. women teacherC. women teachersD. woman teachers59.He had tried everything but it made little_ .A. useB. good C. differenceD. result60.You must get there within half an hour. There should be no_ in sending the blood

34、 to the dying man.A. waitB. delayC. timeD. hurry61.Enough of it! Nobody here thinks what you are saying should make any_ .A. excuseB. senseC. useD. value62.-How dare you play on such thin ice?-Playing on ice is not my _of spare time.A. ideaB. thoughtC. mindD. intention63.Helen said she would like to

35、 go to Atlanta by air, but I wonder if she has enough money to pay for the_ .A. travelB. tourismC. journeyD. course64.One splendid mountain_ followed another during our journey from Mieheel more to Rurunz.A. viewB. glanceC. screenD. scene65.The new law will come into _on the day it is passed. (1999上

36、海 )A. effectB. useC. serviceD. existence66.When you play' football, what _do you play?A. situationB. place C. partD. position67.It's important for us to employ a word or a phrase according to the_in language studies.A. situationB. expressionC. conditionD. translation68.I wrote him a letter t

37、o show my _of his thoughtfulness.A. achievementB. agreementC. viewD. appreciation名词答案：15 BBDDD 610 BBCAA 1115 ABCCB 1620 DAACD 2125 DBDCD 2630 BADBD 3135 AABDC 3640 BACCB 4145 ABDCA 4650 BABCB 5155 BDDCD 5660 ABCCB 6165 BACAA 6670 DAD(三）冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an ），定冠词（ the ），和零冠词。I. 不定冠词的用法：1指一类人或事，相当于 a kin

38、d ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示 “每一 ”相当于 every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示 “相同 ”相当于 the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out人有类似性质的人或事That boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定词组中A couple of, a b

39、it, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk,many a time7用于 quite, rather, many, half, what, suchThis room is rather a big one.之后8用于 so(as, too, how)+ 形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠词的用法：1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pac

40、ific Ocean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door?4用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示 “一家人 ”或 “夫妇 ”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名the United States, the Communist P

41、arty of China, the词前French9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990 s11用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的He patted me on the shoulder.词组前III. 零冠词的用法：1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air名词前2名词前有 this, my, whos

42、e, some, no, each, everyI want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?等限制3季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.5学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess.6与 by 连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land7以 and 连接的两个相对的名词并用时hu

43、sband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals.练习题填空There is _ picture of _ elephant on _ wall 2This is _ useful book I've read it for _ hour 3 _ elephant is much heavier than _ horse4 _ doctor told him to take _ medicine three times _ day 5Let's go out for

44、 _ walk 6It's too hot Open _ door， please7There is _ woman over there _ woman is Meimei's mother 8 _ sun rises in _ east9 _ Changjiang River is _longest river in _ China 10Are you going to do it _ second time ？11Washington is _ capital of _ USA 12 _ Turners are living at the end of _ Turner Street 13He joined the army in _ spring of _ 1995 14 _ old man is _ teacher He likes playing _ basketball after _ supper 15After I had _ quick breakfast ， I hurried to school 16Are _ sheep kept by _ farmers for pr