新概念英语第二册语法精粹

1、新概念英语第二册语法精粹、冠词 The Article 知识要点：冠词是一种虚词，放在名词的前面，帮助说明名词的含义。冠词分不定冠词（The Indefinite Article）和定冠词（The definite Article）两种。a （an）是不定冠词,a用在辅音之前: 如a book, a man; an用在元音之前，如： an old man, an hour, an interesting book 等。 the是定冠词。一、不定冠词的用法1、指人或事物的某一种类（泛指）。这是不定冠词a （an）的基本用法。如：She is a girl. I am a teacher. Ple

2、ase pass me an apple.2、指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。如：He borrowed a story-book from the library.A Wang is looking for you. 一位姓王的同志正在找你。3、表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有。ne强烈。如：I have a mouth, a nose and two eyes.4、用力某些固定词组中。如：a bit, a few, a little, a lot of, a piece of, a cup of, a glass of, a pile of, a pair of, have

3、a good time, for a while, for a long time 等。5、用在抽象名词前，表具体的介绍一一a +抽象名词，起具体化的作用。如：This little girl is a joy to her parents.这女孩对她父母来说是一个乐趣。It is a pleasure to talk with you.跟您交谈真是一件愉快的事情。It is an honour to me to attend the meeting.参加这个会，对我来说是一种荣誉。二、定冠词的用法：1、特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。这是定冠词the的基本用法。如： Beijing is th

4、e capital of China.The pen on the desk is mine.2、指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。如：Where is the teacher?Open the window, please.3、指上文提过的人或事物（第二次出现）。如：There was a chair by the window. On the chair sat a young woman with a baby in her arms.The baby was thin.4、用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如：the earth, the moon, the sun.5、用在序数词和形容词最高级前

5、"（副词最高级前的定冠词可省略）如：He is always the first to come to school.Bob is the tallest in his class.6、用在某些专有名词前.（由普通名词构成的专用名词）。如：the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Science Museum, the Children1 s Palace, the Party 等。7、用在一些习惯用语中。如：on the day, in the morning （afternoon, evening）, the day after tomorro

6、w, the day before yesterday, the next year, by the way 等。8、用在江河湖海、山脉前。如：the Yellow River, the Pacific Ocean, the Alps, the Himalayas 9、用在报刊、杂志前。如：the People? s Daily, the Evening Paper, the Times 泰晤士 报。10、表示某一家人要加定冠词。如：The Browns are at home to receive visitors today.布朗一家今天要接待客人。11、用在形容词前,表某一类人。如：th

7、e poor, the wounded, the living, the dead, the rich, the sick 等。12、定冠词可以表示一事物内部的某处。如：The driver always sits in the front of the bus (car).三、零冠词(即不用冠词)：1、专用名词和不可数名词前。如：China, America, Grade One, Class Two, milk, oil, water, paper, science 等。2、名词前己有作定语用的this, that, my, your, some, any等代词。如：Go down thi

8、s street.3、复数名词表示一类人或事物时。如：We are students.I like reading stories.4、节日、日期、月份、季节前。如：Teachers , Day, Children, s Day, National Day, in summer, in July 等。Today is New YearT s Day. It is Sunday. March 8 is WomenJ s Day.5、在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前; 尤其作表语、宾补时。如：What1 s the matter, Granny? We elected him monitor.6、在某些

9、习惯用语中的名词前。如：at noon, at night, at first, at last, at most, at least, by bus (train, air, sea), in bed, in time, in front of, go to school, go to bed, go to college, on foot, at table, in ink, in pencil 等。7、在三餐饭和球类运动前。如：She goes to school after breakfast every morning.We are going to play football.We

10、 usually have lunch at school.8、科目前不加。如：We learn Chinese, maths, English and some other subjects.【专项训练】：1、 We can， t live without air.A. anB. XC. the D. some2、 Have you seen pen? I left it here this morning.Is it black one? I think I saw it somewhere.A. a;the B. the; theC. the;a D. a;a3、V vebeen wai

11、ting for him forhour andhalf.A. X;X B. the; aC. a; theD. an; a4> Whatfine weather wehave today!A. aB. XC. someD. an5、 Haveyou ever seenas tallas this one?A. atreeB. such treeC. an treeD.tree6、 Children usually go toschool atage of six.A. X;theB. a; anC. the;XD.the; the2 / 1057、Himalayas is highes

12、t mountain in world.A. X; the; XB. The; the; theC. A; a; aD. X ; X ; X8、They each have book. Li Hua'is about writer. Wang Lin' s is on science.A. a; a; X B. the; X; the C. X; the; X D. a; the; a9、Physics is science of matter and energy.A. The; X B. X; X C- X； the D. A; asun rises in east and

13、 sets in west.A. A; an; a B. The; X ； X C. The; the; theD. A; the; a11、Many people agree that_knowledge of English is a must in internationaltrade today.A. a;XB. the; an C. the; the D. X； the12、 Mr Jones called while you were out (neither of us knows this man). He was in badtemper. A.13、 They A. a;1

14、4、 what A. X15、 AlicewerethekindatX ;a dinnerB. X;Xof carB. theB. then.C.A;XIt wasX;aC. The; the delicous one.D. a; ado you want to buy?C. ais fond of playing pianomusic.A. X ； 16> BeyondtheB. X;XC.D. A;D. anwhile Henry is interestedin listening toA. the; Xstars,B. X ；thetheastronaut saw C. X;XD.

15、 the; the nothing butD. the; thespace.17> Alexander Graham Bellinventedtelephone in 1876.A. X B. a18、 Where' s Jack?C. the1 think he' s still in bed, A. X;X B. the; the C. the;D. onebut he might just be in bathroom.X D. X; the10 / 105public places.19> Many people are still in_habit of

16、writing silly things in A. the; the B. X；X C. the; X D. X; the20、 I' d like information about the management of your hotel, please.Well, you could have word with the manager. He might be helpful. A. some; a B. an; some C. some; some D- an; a【答案】：1、B air是不可数名词。2、D此题为97年高考题。根据句意，第一空是泛指，第一次出现；第二空仍是

17、泛指，且表 数量“一”。3、D元音前用ano4、B weather是不可数名词。5、A此题为85年高考题。泛指。6、A go to school是固定短语。7、B山脉、形容词最高级及世界上的唯一的名词前加定冠词。8、A第一、二空泛指，第三空，science是不可数名词。9、C第一空，科目前不加冠词；第二空特指，有定语。11、A第一空，a +不可数名词表具体的介绍；第二空，trade不可数。12、D第一空是指有一位琼斯先生在您不在的时候来访。（括号里说明，我们俩都不认识这个 人，因此不是特指。）第二空是固定短语，情绪不好。13、C 第一空at dinner正在吃饭，固定短语。14、A泛指15、C

18、此题是89年高考题：乐器前加定冠词；music是不可数名词。16、A此题是90年高考题：stars前应加定冠词；space不可数。17、C此题是91年高考题：发明应是特指。18、D此题是92年高考题。in bed是固定短语，不加冠词。19、C此题是93年高考题。第一空后有定语，固是特指。第二空，public places,公共场 所，泛指。20、A 此题是95年高考题。information是不可数名词；have a word with sb.是固定短语。二、名词 Nouns 知识要点: 一、名词的种类: 1、专有名词：1) China, Japan, Beijing, London, Tom

19、, Jack (不力口冠词)2 ) the Great Wall, the Yellow River, the People? s Republic of China, the United States 等。(由普通名词构成的专有名词，要加定冠词。)2、普通名词八 trm.口物质名词： water, rice , oil, paper 1)小可数名诃 u4有、抽象名词：health , trouble , work , pleasure , honor 注意：不可数名词前一般不加冠词，尤不加不定冠词：若加a(an)则使之具体化了。如：have a wonderful time.不可数名词作主

20、语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。不可数名词一般无复数形式。部分物质名词在表不同类别时，可用复数形式。如：fishes, newspapers, waters, snowsI I I各种各样的鱼各种报纸河湖、海水 积雪有些抽象名词也常用复数，变为可数的具体的事物。如：times时代，works著作， difficulties 困难在表数量时，常用“of” 词组来表示。如：a glass of milk, a cup of tea, two pieces ofpaper*.2)可数名词：可数名词除用复数形式表一类之外，一般都要加冠词：A bird can fly.The frog is a kin

21、d of hibernating animal.Vegetables sold at this shop are usually fresh.有复数形式：a)规则变化一一加“s”或“es”(及初中同，略)b)不规则变化child (children), foot (feet), tooth (teeth), man (men),woman (women), mouse (mice), goose (geese), Englishman (Englishmen), phenomenon (phenomena)注意:c)单、复数同形:sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese,

22、fish (同一种鱼)。如，asheep, two sheepd)只用复数形式：thanks, trousers, goods, clothes, socks, shoes,e)形复实单：physics, politics, maths, news, plastics (塑料)，means.f)形单实复：people (人民,人们)，the police, cattle 等g)集合名词如：family, public, group, class等。当作为整体时，为单数；当作为整体中 的各个成员时，为复数。如： My family is a big one. My family are musi

23、c lovers, h)复合名词变复数时，(a)只把复合名词中的主体各词变为复数形式。如：sister(s)-in-law 嫂子，弟妹;step-son (s)继子；editor (s) -in-chief 总编辑。(b)如没有主体名词则在最后一个词的后面加“s”。如：grown-up(s)成年人，go-between(s) 中间人(c) woman, man作定语时，要及被修饰的名词的数一致。如：a man servant-men servants, a woman doctor-women doctors二、名词的所有格：1、表有生命的东西（人或动物）的名词所有格，一般在名词后加s&quo

24、t;。如：Mike' s bag, Children1 s Day, my brother? s room, women? s rights注意：1）名词复数的词尾是-s或-es,它的所有格只在词后加"s"。如：Teachers * Day, the workers? rest-home （人疗养院），the students' reading-room2）复合名词的所有格，在后面的词后加“s"。如：her son-in-law1 s photo （她女婿的 照片）；anybody else' s book （其他任何人的书）3）如果一样东

25、西为两人或两人以上共有，则在最后的一个名词后面加s” ；如果不是共有，则每个词后都要加s"。如：Jane and Helen， s room.珍妮和海伦的房 间（共有）.Billt s and Tom' s radios.比尔的收音机和汤姆的 收音机（不共有）4）表地点（店铺，某人的家等）的名词所有格后面，一般省去它所修饰的名词。如：the tailor' s （裁缝铺）the doctor? s （诊所）Mr. Brown , s （布朗先生的家）5）有些表时间、距离、国家、城镇的无生命的名词，也可加s”表所有格。如：half an hour* s walk （半小

26、时的路程） China' s agriculture （中国的农业）2、表示无生命的东西的名词一般及of构成词组，表示所有格。如：the cover of the book 3、表示有生命的东西的名词也可以用。f,特别是名词较长，有较多的定语时。如：the story of Dr Norman BethuneDo you know the name of the boy standing at the gate?4、“of词组+所有格”的用法：在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词（如：a, two, some, a few, this, that, these, tho

27、se等）时，常用“ of词组+所有格”的形式来表示所有关系。如：a friend of my father , s我父亲的一位朋友。some inventions of Edison* s 爱迪生的一些发明those exercise-books of the students , 学生们的那些练习本。【专项训练】：1、 There are only twelveA.c.2、Mr A.c.womanwomenSmithdoctors doctor has twobrothers-in-lawbrothers-in-lawsin the hospital.B. women doctorsD. w

28、oman doctorboth of whom are teachers in a school.B. brother-in-lawsD. brothers-in lawD. roofs; leafsmissing.A. sheeps B sheepesC. sheepD sheepies3、How many does a cow have?Four.A. stomaches B. stomach C< stomachsD. stomachies4、Some visited our school last Wednesday.A. German B. Germen C. GermansD

29、. Germens5、 The of the building are covered with lots ofA. roofs; leavesB. rooves; leafsC. roof; leaf6、 When the farmer returned home he found three7> That was a fifty A. horse power C. horse powersengine.B. horses powerD. horses powers8、 My father often gives meC. a lot of advices D. a few advic

30、eA.many advice B. much advice9、Mary broke awhile shewas washing up.A.tea cupB. a cup of teaC. tea' s cupD. cup tea10、 Can you give us someabout the writer?A.informationsB.informationc.piece of informationsD. pieces information11、Ihad a cup ofand two pieces ofthis morning.A.teas; breadB.teas; bre

31、adsC.tea; breadsD.tea; bread12、As:is known to us all,travels much faster than.A.lights; soundsB light; soundc.sound; lightD.sounds; lights13、 She told him of all herand.A.hope; fearB.hopes; fearC.hopes; fearsD.hope; fears14、The risingdid a lot ofto the crops.A.water; harmB.water; harmsc.waters; harm

32、D.waters; harms15、一How far away is it from here to your school?-It s about.A.half an hour" s driveB half hours drivesc.half an hour drivesD. half an hour drive16、 The shirt isn' t mine. It' sA.Mrs SmithB Mrs' SmithC.Mrs Smiths，D.Mrs Smith1 s17、Miss Johnson is a friend of.A. Marys mo

33、therB. Mary' s mothers'C. Mary mother1 sD- Mary' s mothers18、Last week I called at my.A. auntB. aunts C. aunt' s D. auntes?19、The beach is a throw.A. stone B. stones C. stones' D. stonef s20、I can hardly imagine sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.A. PeterB. Peter C<

34、; Peters D. Peters'【答案】：1、 B 2、 A3、C stomach （胃）虽是“ch”结尾，但其发音为k,所以加“s”，不用加“es”。4、C 5、A roof, chief, gulf, belief 等词的复数形式，直接加“s"。6、C 7、A名词作定语一般不用复数。8、B9、A根据句意，打破的应是杯子，而不是茶；名词作定语表类别不用加s”。10、 B 11、 D 12、 B 13> C 14、 C 15、 A16、D根据上句，此处应是史密斯太太的衬衫。17> D 18> C 19、D a stone , s throw是固定短语，

35、意为"近在咫尺”。20、B此句中Peter作动名词sailing的所有格，本应用Peter' s,但因其在动词后作 宾语，所以可用宾格，因此B为正确答案。-ZzL、知识要点：在奏语的句子中，谓语动词的形式应及主语的人称和数保持一致。如何判定，则要看句子 的意思。多数情况下，根据句子的主语形式就能判定，但有的则要看整句的意思，及强调的内 容。下面我们就常用的、易混的几种情况作一下解释。1、以单数名词或代词、不定式、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：1) The book is on the table.2) He is reading English.3) T

36、o work hard is necessary. (It is necessary to work hard.)4) How you get there is a problem.2、复数主语跟复数动词。如：Children like to play toys.3、在倒装句中，动词的数应和它后面的主语的数一致。如以here, there开头，be动词及后 面第一个名词一致。如：1) There is a dog near the door.2) There were no schools in this area before liberation.3) Here comes the bus

37、.4) On the wall were two famous paintings.5) Here is Mr Brown and his children.4、and连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，谓语动词用复数。如果主语后跟有with, together with, except, but, perhaps , like, including, as well as, no less than, more than, rather than等引起的短语，谓语动词仍及短语前的主语的形式保持一致。如：1) Jane, Mary and I are good friends.2) He and

38、my father work in the same factory.3) His sister, no less than you, is wrong.4) The father, rather than the brothers, is responsible for the accident.5) He, like you and Xiao Liu is very diligent.6) Every picture except these two has been sold.7) Alice with her parents often goes to the park on Sund

39、ays.8) Alice as well as her friends was invited to the concert.9) Nobody but Mary and I was in the classroom at that time.5、并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数，and后面的名 词没有冠词。如：1) The writer and worker is coming to our school tomorrow.这位工人作家明天要来我们 学校。2) Bread and butter is their daily food.面包和黄油是他们每日的食品

40、。3) The writer and the worker are coming to our school tomorrow. 那位作家和那位.人 明天将来我们学校。6、and连接的并列单数名词前如有each, every, no, many a修饰时,谓语动词要用单数形 式。如:1) Every boy and girl has been invited to the party.所有的孩子都被邀请参加这次聚会。2) No teacher and no student is absent today.今天没有老师和学生缺席。3) Many a student is busy with th

41、eir lessons.许许多多的学生都忙着复习他们的功课。 7、each, either, one, another, the other, neither 作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如： 1) Each takes a cup of tea.2) Either is correct.3) Neither of them likes this picture.8、由every, some, any, no构成的合成代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：1) Is everyone here?2) Nothing is to be done.没有什么要干的事儿了。9、关系代词who, th

42、at, which等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应及句中先行词的 数一致。如：1) Those who want to go please sign their names here.2) Anyone who is against this opinion may speak out.3) He is one of the students who were praised at the meeting.10、表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的复数名词或短语作为一个整体看待时，其谓语动词常 用单数形式。如：1) Three years is not a long time.2) Ten

43、 dollars is what he needs. 3) Five hundred miles is a long distance.11、复数形式的专有名词作为整体看待(如人名、地点、国家、组织、书籍、报刊等)，动词 用单数形式。如：1) The United States is in North America.2) The United Nations has passed a resolution(决议)。3) “The Arabian Nights"(天方夜谭)is an interesting book.12、有些集体名词如 family, team, group, c

44、lass, audience (听众，观众)，government 等作主语时，如看作是一个整体，谓语动词则用单数形式；如强调各个成员时，谓语动词要用 复数形式。如：1) My family is going to have a long journey.我家要进行一次长途旅行。2) My family are fond of music.我家人都喜欢音乐。3) The class has won the honour. 这班获得了荣誉。4) The class were jumping for joy.全班同学都高兴得跳了起来。13、all, more, most, some, any, n

45、one, half, the rest 等作主语时，既可表不复数意义， 也可表示单数意义，谓语动词要根据实际情况而定。如：1) All of the apple is rotten.整个苹果都烂了。2) All of the apples are rotten.所有的苹果都烂了。3) Most of the wood was used to make furniture (家具)。14、the +形容词(或分词)作主语时，常指一类人，谓语动词用复数形式。如指的是抽象概 念，谓语动词则用单数形式。如：1) The young are usually very active.年轻人通常是很活跃的。

46、2) The wounded are being taken good care of here now.现在伤病员们在这里受到 了很好 照顾。15> or, eitheror， neithernor， whetheror, not onlybut (also)连接的是主 语，谓语动词及后一个主语一致。如：1) Either you or I am going to the movies.2) Not only you but also he is wrong.16、不可数名词没有复数形式，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：1) Water is a kind of matter.2)

47、The news at six o' clock is true.17、集合名词如：people, police , cattle等作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。如：1) The police are searching for him.2) The cattle are grassing (吃草)。18、population当人口讲时,谓语动词用单数形式；当人们讲时,谓语动词用复数。如：1) The population of China is larger than that of Japan.2) One third of the population here are worke

48、rs.19.the number of +名词复数，是表示“的数字”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式;a (large/ great) number of +名词复数，表示许多，作主语时；谓语动词用复数形式。1) The number of the students in our school is increasing year after year.2) A number of students have gone for an outing.20、means, politics, physics, plastics等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。【专项训练】 1> Nothing b

49、ut cars in the shop.A. is sold B. are sold C. were sold D. are going to sell 2> No one except Jack and Tom the answer.A. know B. knows C. is knowing D. are known3、 Seventypercent of thestudents inour school fromthe countryside.A. isB. are C. comes D. arecoming4、of the money used up.A. Three-five,

50、 areB. Three-fifths, have beenC. Three-fifths, has been D. Third-fifths, is5、The number of the people who_carsincreasing.own, areA.owns, are B.owns, isC. own, isD.6、Oneof Marx' sworks_written in Englishin the 1860s.A.7、ThewasB.sheets forwereC.your bedwould beD. arewashing.A.needsB.are needingC.

51、wantD. arewanting8、Oneach side ofthe streeta lot of trees.A. stands B.9、 Some persongrowC. is standing D. arecalling for you at the gate.grownA. areB. isC. is being D. will be10、All that can be eaten eaten up.A. are being B. has been C. had been D. have been11、 Tom' s teacher and friend Mr. Smit

52、h.A. are B. isC. are being D. has 12、Your new clothes fit you, but mine me.A. doesn， t fit B. don' t fit C. doesn' t fit forD. don' t fit for 13、Neither he nor I for the plan.14> Many a student A. has made B.A. amB. are C. isD. were that mistake before.have made C. has been made D. ha

53、d made 15、Peter, perhaps John,playing with the little dog.A. isB. areC. wereD. seems16、Laying eggs the ant queen' s full-time job.A. isB. areC. hasD. have17、Between the two buildings a monument.A. stand B. stands C. standing D. is standing 18、I, who your good friend, will share your joys and sor

54、row.A. amB. isC. are D. was19、The United Nations in 1945.A. were found B. were founded C. was founded D. was found20、were also invited to the party.A. Mr Smith B. The Smith C. The Smiths D. Smiths21、The glass works in 1959.A. were set up B. was set up C. were put up D. were built22、Three hours with

55、your girl friend to be a short time.A. seem B. seems C. is seeming D. has seemed23、It was reported that six including a boy.A. was killed B. were killed C. was killing D. had killed24> The police a prisoner.A. is searching for B. are searching forC. is searching D. are searched for 25> Deer fa

56、ster than dogs.A. run B. runs C. are running D. will run26、The wounded good care of here now.A. is taken B. are being taken C. are taking D. is taking27、The whole class greatly moved at his words.A. was B. were C. had D. is28、 Over 80 percent of the population of China peasants.A. was B. is C. are D. will be29> Therea knife and fork on the table.A. seems to be B. seem to be C. is seeming to be D< are30、Those who singing may join us.A. are liking B. likes C. enjoy D. is fo