名词解释74831

1、精品文档1美 国梦 ： theAmericandreamisanideaofbelieving to achieve a better life through hardeffort.Also people have to work through their ownhard work,courage,creativityand determinationtomove towardsprosperityratherthanrelyingonspecific social classes and other assistance.2Puritanism:puritanswantedto“puri

2、fythechurch ”toitsoriginalstate,becausetheythoughtthechurchwascorruptedandhadtoomanyrituals.Tobe a puritan:takingreligionas themostimportantthing:livingforglorifyingGod,believing predestination,original sin ,totaldepravity, limited atonement.Movement3TheAmericanEnlightenment:Enlightenment is a philo

3、sophical movement of the18th century that emphasized the use of reason toscrutinizepreviouslyaccepteddoctrinesandtraditionsandthatbroughtaboutmanyhumanitarian reforms. The American Enlightenmentisatermsometimesemployedtodescribetheintellectualcultureof theBritishNorthAmericancoloniesandtheearlyUnite

4、dStates.Itiscommonly dated from 1750-1820. Among the leadingintellectualfiguresofthisperiodareThomasJefferson and James Madison.4 Transcendentalism: was a movement forreligiousrenewal,literaryinnovation,and socialtransformation. Its ideas were grounded in theclaim of the existence of an ideal spirit

5、ualreality that transcends the empirical (based onexperience)and scientificand isknowablethroughintuition. Based in New England and existing invarious forms from the 1830s to the 1880s,transcendentalism is usually considered theprincipal expression of romanticism in America.Many prominent ministers,

6、 reformers, and writersoftheerawere associatedwithit,includingRalphWaldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, MargaretFuller, Theodore Parker, Bronson Alcott, andOrestes Brownson.5 Gothicnovel ：the term“Gothic ”derivedfromthefrequent of the tales in the ruined.Moss-coveredcastlesoftheMiddleAges,butit has b

7、een extendedto any novel which exploits the possibilities ofmystery and terror in gloomy,craggy landscapes,decaying mansions with dark dungeons,secret passages,instruments oftorture,ghostly visitation,ghostly musicOrvoicesbehind which lurksno one knows what ,andoften ,as the central story,the persec

8、ution of abeautifulmaidenbyanobsessedandhaggardvillain,These novels , in rebellion against theincreasingcommercialism,openedup tolaterfiction the dark,irrational side of human nature-thesavage egoism,theperverse impluses.and thenightmaresterrorthatbesidebeneaththecontrolled and ordered surface of th

9、e consciousmind. Moby-Dick ：Theme:1.representsMelvilles bleakview of theword:Man can never overcome never.He must placehimselfatthemercy of nature.So,hisbook isfirsta Shakespearean tragedy of man who fights againstoverwhelming forces in an different universe.2.maninthisuniverselivesameaninglessandfu

10、tile lifeCaptainAhab:isa tragichero.Hecutshimselffromhiswife,hischildrenandtheoutsideworld.Hehates Moby Dickwhich isan embodiment ofnature.Heis angry because his pride is wounded.He hears ofnoobjection,andfinallybecomesadevilwhofulfillshisown revengeatthe expense of his lifeaswellasthelivesofhiscrew

11、.Histragedystemsfrom extreme individualism.Symbolism :1.Ahab s ship:a world in miniature2.Thevoyage:ametaphorfor ”search anddiscovery ”3.Moby Dick:the mystery of the universeThe ScarletLettersymbolizesHester，whichPrymesmoral development.At first ,it is a tokenof shame “Adultery ”,but the .her genuin

12、e sympathyand helpchangesitinto“Able ”.Laterinthestory,theletterA appearsinthesky,signifying”Angle ”.Hester Pryme: in the strong character of theHester Pryme.we see thetension between societyandsolitudewhich liesnearthecenterofallHawthorne sart.TheScarletLetterisnota praiseof a Hestersinning,buta hy

13、mn on themoralgrowthof the woman sinned against;Dimmesdale :istotallydifferent.Hebanisheshimselffromsociety.WhileHesterisableto。1欢迎下载精品文档reconstructherlifeandwinamoralvictory.Dimmesdaleundergoesthetragicexperienceofphysicalandspiritualtorture.Hawthorneputsthesetwocharacterstogether,becausehe intends

14、to illustratethat,thebestpolicyfora man istobe true,honest,andeverready to show one sworst to the outside world.Roger ChillingWorth :The realvillainofthestory.Thescholar,theembodimentofpureandintellect,commits“theUnpardonableSin ”theviolationofhumanheart.HekeeppreyingonDimmesdales conscienceuntilthe

15、poor istormentedto death. Annabel Lee 1.Theme: Eternal love. The love between the narrator and Annabel Lee is so strongand beautiful and pure that even the seraphs, thehighest order of angels in heaven, envy it. Theyattempttokillthis love by sendinga chillingwindthat kills Annabel Lee. However, the

16、love remainsalive eternal because the souls of the loversremain united. The death of a beautiful woman isa common theme in Poes writing.2.Rhyme, Rhythm, Repetition: Poe uses threeR srhyme,rhythm,and repetition in“ Annabel Lee”tocreate aharmony ofsoundsthatunderscoretheexquisite harmonyofthe narrator

17、 s relationshipwith his beloved The fall of the House of Usher "The Fallof the House of Usher" isconsideredthebestexample of Poe's "totality", where every elementand detail is related and relevant.The theme of thecrumbling,hauntedcastleisa keyfeature of Horace Walpole's C

18、astle of Otranto, alate 18th Century novel which largely contributedin defining the Gothic genre."The Fallof theHouse of Usher" shows Poe'sabilitytocreateanemotionaltoneinhiswork,specificallyfeelingsoffear,doom,andguilt.Theseemotionscenteron RoderickUsherwho,like many Poe characters, s

19、uffers from an unnameddisease. Like the narrator in "The Tell-TaleHeart", his diseasecauseshishyperactivesenses.The illness manifests physically but is based inRoderick'smentaloreven moral state.He issick,itis suggested, because he expects tobe sickbasedonhisfamily'shistoryofillnes

20、sand is,therefore,essentiallya hypochondriac.Similarly,he buries his sister alive because he expects tobury her alive, creating his own self-fulfillingprophecy. Nature : Nature Emerson s first publishedwork was Nature(1836),whichcontainsthegist ofhistranscendentalattitudetowardsthephenomenalworld, a

21、s a kind of beautiful symbol of the innerspirituallife,floatingdreamlikebeforetheeye,yet, it is to be noted, having discipline as oneof its lessons for the attentive soul. As soon asit was published,itmet witha mildreception.ThisworkhasthecleareststatementofTranscendentalistideas.InitEmerson statedt

22、hatman should not see nature merely as something tobeused;thatman srelationshipwithnaturetranscendstheideaofusefulness.Nature is a kindofdisciplinetoman.Onceyouareinnature,totallyinsolitude,you feelyou re nothing,butyou see all. Nature makes people feel transparentandhumble.Meanwhile,Hesawanimportan

23、tdifference between understanding (judging thingsonly according to the senses) and reason Self-Reliance This prose is finished according to a series of speech materials between1836 and 1837. Self-Reliance is his significant。2欢迎下载精品文档work which expresseshisidea of transcendentalism.“ Believe in Yourself ” is the core point ofSelf-Reliance.Emerson opposed allformsofimitation in the works. He thought the man shouldbelievehe was excellentatany time.The realmanshould learnhow torejecttodriftwiththestream.If a man is afraid of p