双语化学速成必备基础

1、精品文档双语化学速成必备基础一、元素和单质的命名“元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“ element ”，有时为了区别，在强调“单质”时可用“ free element ”。因此，单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。下面给出的既是元素的名称，同时又是单质的名称。1、主族元素和单质：IAIIAIIIAIV AV AVIAVIIA0HydrogenHeliumLithiumBerylliumboronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeonSodium MagnesiumAluminiumSilicon PhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgonPotas

2、sium Calcium Gallium GermaniumArsenic SeleniumBromine KryptonRubidiumStrontiumIndiumTin AntimonyTelluriumIodineXenonCesium BariumThalliumLeadBismuth PoloniumAstatineRadonFransiumRadium2、过渡元素和单质Fe : ironMn : manganeseCu: copperZn:zincHg:mercuryAg: silverAu: gold二、化合物的命名：化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读，这与中文读法顺序是

3、相反的。表示原子个数时使用前缀：mono-di -tri-tetra -penta-hexa-hepta-octa- ，nona-,deca-,但是在不会引起歧义时，这些前缀都尽可能被省去。1、化合物正电荷部分的读法直呼其名，即读其元素名称。如 CO: carbon monoxideAl2O3:aluminium oxideN2O4： Dinitrogen tetroxide ( tetra-,mono-后缀中的 a,o 在后一 o 之前省去 )对于有变价的金属元素，除了可用前缀来表示以外，更多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态，或用后缀 -ous 表示低价， -ic 表示高价。如 FeO: ir

4、on(II) oxide或 ferrous oxideFe 2O3: iron (III) oxide或 ferric oxideCu2O:copper(I) oxide或 cuprous oxideCuO: copper(II) oxide或 cupric oxide2、化合物负电荷部分的读法2.1 、二元化合物：常见的二元化合物有卤化物，氧化物，硫化物，氮化物，磷化物，碳化物，金属氢化物等，命名时需要使用后缀-ide ，如： fluoride，chloride，bromide ，iodide ，oxide， sulfide， nitride,phosphide, carbide， hydr

5、ide; OH-的名称也是用后缀-ide ： hydroxide ，非金属氢化物不用此后缀，而是将其看成其它二元化合物（见. ）；非最低价的二元化合物还要加前缀，。1欢迎下载精品文档2-: peroxideO2-: superoxide如 O 2举例： NaF: sodium fluorideAlCl3: aluminium chlorideMg2N3: magnesium nitrideAg2S： silver sulfide2Fe(OH)2： iron(II) hydroxideCaC: calcium carbide有些物质常用俗称，如NOnitric oxide N2Onitrous

6、oxide2.2 、 非金属氢化物除了水和氨气使用俗称water ，ammonia以外，其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称，命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。对于卤族和氧族氢化物， 在化学式中写在前面，因此将其看成另一元素的二元化合物。举例： HF hydrogen fluorideHClhydrogen chlorideHBr hydrogen bromideHI hydrogen iodideH2S hydrogen sulfideH2Se hydrogen selenideH2Te hydrogen telluride对于其它族的非金属氢化物，在化学式中写在后面，可加后缀ane，氮族还

7、可加 -ine举例： PH3: phosphine或 phosphane AsH3: arsine或 arsaneSbH3: stibine或 stibaneBiH3: bismuthaneCH4: methaneSiH4: silaneB2H6: diborane2.3 、无氧酸命名规则： hydro- 词根 -icacid举例：HCl: hydrochloric acidH2S : hydrosufuric acid2.4 、 含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子化学专业英语用前后缀的不同组合显示不同价态的含氧酸和含氧酸根阴离子，价态相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子具有相同的前缀，不同的后缀。高某酸 per

8、-ic正酸 ic亚酸 -ous次酸 hypo-ous高某酸根 per-ate正酸根 ate亚酸根 -ite次酸根 hypo-ite其它的前缀还有ortho- 正 meta-偏 thio-硫代举例： HClO4perchloric acidClO4- perchlorate ionHClO3chloric acidClO3-chlorate ionHClO2chlorous acidClO2-chlorite ionHClOhypochlorous acid ClO-hypochlorite ionH2SO4sulfuric acidH2SO3sulfurous acidHNO3nitric a

9、cidHNO2 nitrous acidHPO3 metaphosphoric acidS2O32- thiosulfate ion2.5、盐正盐：根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。如 FeSO4 iron(II) sulfate KMnO4 potassium permanganate酸式盐：同正盐的读法，酸根中的读做hydrogen ，氢原子的个数用前缀表示。如 NaHCO3: sodium hydrogencarbonate或 sodium bicarbonateNaH2PO4: sodium dihydrogenphosphate复盐：同正盐的读法，并且阳离子按英文名称的

10、第一个字母顺序读。如 KNaCO3: potassium sodium carbonateNaNH4HPO4: ammonium sodium hydrogenphosphate。2欢迎下载精品文档水合盐：结晶水读做water 或 hydrate如 AlCl3?6H2O: aluminum chloride 6-water或 aluminum chloride hexahydrateAlK(SO4) 2?12H2O aluminium potassium sulphate 12-water三、物理性质（ physical properties）colour : colourless, red-

11、brown, violet-black, purple-black, pale yellow,dark brownsmell: odourless, pungent, penetrating, offensive, choking, bitter,sour,sweetstate:solid,liquid,gas,gaseous,oily,crystalline,uncrystalline,molten, fusedsolubility: soluble, insoluble, slightly soluble, very soluble ,density: heavy, light , les

12、s dense, denser, greatly denser, slightly denser, about the same densehardness: hard, soft , ductile, malleabletoxicity: toxic, poisonousmelting point, boiling point: high, lowconductivity: electronic conductivity ; thermalconductivity ; conductor ; insulator; semiconductor四、化学性质(chemical properties

13、)stability: stable , unstable, reactive, unreactiveredox property: oxidizing ability, reducing ability, oxiding agent(oxidant),reducingagent(reductant),oxidation,reduction,oxidationstate,valence,strong, weakacid-base property: acidic, basic, strong, weak, monobasic acid, monoacidicbase,五、化学方程式（Chemi

14、cal Equations）1、 反应名称combination；decomposition；displacement；doubledisplacement；redoxreaction；nonredoxreaction； disproportionation； neutralization； exothermicreaction;endothermic reaction; reversible reaction; forward reaction; reverse reaction;spontaneous reaction; nonspontaneous reaction2、 反应条件heat

15、;burn;ignite/ignition;electrolyze/electrolysis;under/atambient/room temperature; under standard pressure; with/in the prescence of a catalyst3、 读法3.1 nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to form ammonia at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst.1 mol nitrogen reacts with 3 mol hydrog

16、en to form 2 mol ammonia at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst.。3欢迎下载精品文档3.2 nitrogen combines with hydrogen to form ammonia at high temperatureand pressure with the presence of a catalyst.ammoniadecomposes tonitrogenandhydrogenathightemperatureandpressure with the presenc

17、e of a catalyst.3.3 Reactionbetween nitrogen and hydrogen athigh temperature and pressurewith the presence of a catalyst gives ammonia.At high temperature and pressure, reaction of nitrogen with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst takes place.六、化学计算(Chemical Calculation)1、 化学术语atomic mass/weight

18、; molecular weight; amount (of substance); mole; numberof moles; molar mass; molar volume; concentration; molarity ; excess agent; limiting agent ； reactant; product; yield;2、 数学术语×÷运算名称additionsubstractionmulplicationdivision动词读法add substract(ed)?frommultiply(ied)?by divide(d)?by介词读法plusm

19、inustimesover运算结果sumdifferenceproductquotient0.001o/zero point o o one2/3two thirds equals/is equal to is approximately equal to less than greater thanx2 x squared;x3 x cubed ;x-10 x to the minus tenth power100oc one hundred degrees centigrade5% five percent (by mass,volume)（）round brackets/parenthe

20、ses square/angular bracketsbraceslinear planar trigonal square tetrahedral七、 化学实验（ Chemical Experiments）1、 实验用品 ( equipments / apparatus )烧瓶 round-bottom/florence flask锥形瓶 (conical) Erlenmeyer flask三角漏斗 funnel长颈漏斗 thistle tube试管架 test-tube rack集气瓶 bottle ; glass jar滴定管 burette烧杯 beaker玻棒 glass rod洗瓶 wash bottle干燥管 drying tube试管刷 test tube brush温度计 thermometer火柴 match酒精灯 burner石棉网 wire gauze。4