lecture 13-转类

1、转类法（转类法（conversion）Zero derivation1. 名词形容词化名词形容词化名词定语（名词定语（noun attribute）lDanger zone危险区lDepth charge深水炸弹lHate mail攻击性信件lTrouble spot可能发生麻烦的地点名词定语的特点名词定语的特点l1). 按照名词定语与被修饰词之间的语义关系，分为a, b, c三种情况l2） 按照名词定语的语法作用，分为a, b, c, d四种情况1）按照名词定语与被修饰词的语义关系）按照名词定语与被修饰词的语义关系a. 名词定语表示逻辑上的主体或客体名词定语表示逻辑上的主体或客体l例如：lA

2、 department decision: a decision which the department makeslDrug addict: a person who is addicted to drugb. 名词定语表示状语，被修饰词表示动作，名词定语表示状语，被修饰词表示动作，或反之或反之lImpulse buying (buying on impulse)lInstrument flying (flying by means of instruments) 仪器飞行lInsulation tape (绝缘胶布）: tape by means of which one insulat

3、es electrical connectionsc. 名词定语表示同位关系名词定语表示同位关系lThe supplier countrylA recipient country 受援国lHis lawyer relativelA member statelInterceptor plane截击机lKiller sharklConveyor belt 传动带2）按照名词定语的语法作用分类）按照名词定语的语法作用分类a. 替代形容词或分词定语替代形容词或分词定语例如：lPrestige university/prestigious universitylRebel soldier/rebelli

4、ous soldierlRace hatred/racial hatredlAffluence society/affluent society富裕社会lSpark plug/sparking plug火花塞lLaunch pad/launching pad发射台lLead car/leading car前导车，头车Watch out!lBankruptcy lawyer处理破产诉讼的律师lEconomy measure节约措施lEfficiency expert 研究提高工作效率的专家lBankrupt businessman破产的商人lEconomic measure经济措施lEffici

5、ent worker工作效率高的工人Watch out！lObesity specialist肥胖病专家lRiot police防暴警察lCapacity audience满座的观众lObese specialist胖专家lRiotous police闹事的警察lCapacious room宽敞的房间b. 替代带替代带s的属格定语的属格定语lThe John report/Johns reportlWorker participation/workers participationlThe James novels/Jamess novelslThe Pentagon decision/the

6、 Pentagons decisionlDonor blood/donors bloodlConsumer boycott/consumers boycott(抵制)c. 替代作定语用的介词短语替代作定语用的介词短语lAccident victimslOpinion molderslStatistics expertlCanada wheatlHegemony articlelNote: 舆论制造者l霸王条款lVictims of the accidentlMolders of opinionlExpert in statisticslWheat from CanadalArticle abo

7、ut hegemonyd. 替代分词短语或不定式短语或定语从句替代分词短语或不定式短语或定语从句lKnife boy: boy holding a knifelPresidential nominees acceptance speech: speech showing the Presidential nominees acceptance总统候选人接受提名的演讲lSurface vessel: vessel which moves on lInvestment money: money which is set apart for investment2. 形容词转化为名词形容词转化为名词

8、lThe poorlThe richlThe unemployedlThe incrediblelThe learned表示一类的概念表示一类的概念lThe sick and wounded were to be evacuated from the combat area.lThese books are intended for the deaf and mute.以以s, se, sh, ch结尾表示民族的形容词转结尾表示民族的形容词转为名词，与定冠词连用，指整个民族为名词，与定冠词连用，指整个民族lThe Chinese are an industrious people.lThe D

9、anish are a seafaring nation.表示抽象概念，指具有某种特点的东西表示抽象概念，指具有某种特点的东西lIt is highly important to distinguish between the false and the true.lIn his choice of diction he has a taste for the quaint（奇怪的，古雅的，离奇有趣的） and the picturesque(图画般的，生动的，独特的).最高级形容词转为名词最高级形容词转为名词lYou will get a definite answer from him o

10、n Saturday at the latest.lHe was at his best when talking about music.过去分词构成的形容词转为名词过去分词构成的形容词转为名词lThe deceased死者lThe accused被告lThe deserted被遗弃的人lThe condemned被定罪的人notel上述名词化的形容词前都带the, 但也有例外。在表示两个相对概念的词并列时，the可省lBoth old and young took part in the run.lWell stand by you through thick and thin.l固定词组

11、中，不带the，如：The World Trade organization is called WTO for short.完全转类的形容词带有名词的一切特性完全转类的形容词带有名词的一切特性lThere is only one black in my class.lHe was a moderate.lMany classics are now available in bookstores.lHe preferred moderns like Miro and Klee他喜欢像米罗和克里那样的现代画家。lNasty讨厌的人，让人不快的事lCrazy疯子，怪人lCreative具有创造性的

12、人lConsumable消耗品lDisposable 用后被扔的瓶子、罐子等lGaylReturnable可退回的啤酒饮料瓶子等lKissinger learned about “The Times” exclusive when he got off the plane.lJohn has taken on some heavies before.约翰曾经跟一些亨头较量过（heavy有影响的要人）lThe raids(搜捕) are netting 35 illegals a day in Chicago.3. 名词和动词相互转类名词和动词相互转类l（1）名词转化为动词是现代英语中极为普遍的

13、现象，也叫名词动用。其使用范围日趋广泛，经常出现在不同语体和不同语境中，例如：lThis proposal was fathered by John.l“So get visaed up in Paris, then fly down by Air Afrique.”这样你可以在巴黎签证，然后乘非航的班机南下。lThey are being taught how to brainstorm their way to conclusions concerning subjects ranging from world affairs to specific engineering problem

14、s.lA government study targets earnings from tourism at $ 140 million by 1980. （把定位目标）政府的一份调查报告中提出一个指标，lThe newspaper headlined his long record of accomplishments. 各家报纸以头条新闻报道了他所取得的丰硕成果。（2）动词转化为名词，分）动词转化为名词，分3种情况种情况la. 有些动词转化为名词表示一种具体的或在特定场合下表现出来的行动或行为，例如：lHe likes a quiet smoke after supper.lHe was

15、admitted to the university after a three-year wait.lShall we go for a spin（兜风） in a car?l常与动词have, take, give搭配，例如：lHe had a delightful bathe in the river.lHe took a close look at the machine.lYou are getting married, I imagine. Ill give your friend another push or two.b. 有些动词转为名词表示一种行动的结果有些动词转为名词表示一种行动的结果lA find（发现物，尤指猎物、矿藏）lA spitlThis film is a remake.lSe