平流层通信,HAP based Wireless Network

1、HighHigh Altitude Platform based Wireless Altitude Platform based Wireless NetworkNetworkPSLIPLGround stationSwitch / GatewayIPHAP散逸层散逸层对流层对流层平流层平流层中间层中间层热层热层(电离层电离层)臭氧层臭氧层大大气气垂垂直直分分层层图图 大气的垂直分层大气的垂直分层垂直分层垂直分层（由下而上）（由下而上）气温变化气温变化特点特点各层特点各层特点对流层对流层平流层平流层中间层中间层热层（电离层）热层（电离层）散逸层散逸层 空气十分稀薄空气十分稀薄气温随高度增加而

2、升高气温随高度增加而递减对流运动显著；水汽、尘埃集中；有复杂多变的天气现象大气水平运动；利于高空飞行气温随高度增加而递减气温随高度增加急剧升高大部分气体以离子态存在；反射波长较短的无线电波高空对流电离层好象一面反射无线电短波的镜子，使无线电短波在地面和电离层之间，能够多次反射而传播到很远的地方。12/13/2021812/13/2021912/13/20211012/13/20211112/13/20211212/13/20211312/13/20211412/13/20211512/13/20211612/13/20212212/13/202123SkyNet, HELIOS and HAL

3、O aerial platforms.12/13/20212412/13/20212512/13/20212612/13/20212712/13/20212812/13/20212912/13/20213012/13/20213112/13/20213212/13/20213312/13/20213412/13/20213512/13/20213612/13/20213712/13/20213812/13/20213912/13/20214012/13/2021Spring 2009, ICT, TUWien41Introduction(1)High Altitude Platforms(HA

4、Ps) Stratospheric Platforms(SPFs)Height 17 22Kmfrom hot-air balloonsAdvantage of Satellite Communication SystemTerrestrial Wireless System平流层通信概述 平流层平台与地面设施通信 平流层平台之间的通信。 平流层平台与卫星网络通信。应用： 宽带无线接入 手机通信 紧急事件或灾难事件中的应用 军事通信优势： 延迟小 覆盖区域大 容量大： 适用性广 系统造价低，通信资费便宜 快速部署12/13/202143平流层飞艇的主要特点：(1)长期驻空能力；(2)大范围定点

5、能力；(3)地面覆盖区域较大；(4)可根据地理条件灵活机动地构建；(5)有效载荷承载能力较强；(6)可重复使用。平流层通信的频段已选定，从平流层平台到地球为472475 GHz，从地球到平流层平台为479482 GHz。该频段业经1997年世界无线电大会(WRC-97)议定，专门用于高海拔平台电台通信。该频段属毫米波，其波长介于微波与光波之间，具有微波和光波的特点，通信设备结构可以做得很小，特别是可以使用小天线，但可以获得很强的方向性。毫米波在传播中受杂渡影响小，对尘埃等微粒穿透能力强，因此有很高的传播稳定性。12/13/202144平流层通信的挑战 平流层大气特性 系统水平需求 资源分配和网

6、络协议 平台稳定 雨雪衰落12/13/202145平流层通信具有重要的军事应用前景由于平流层通信系统具有费用低、可快速部署、地面设备少、使用灵活、回收方便等特点。在战场上空可迅速建立起空中信息收集和交换通道，将战地信息迅速、准确地传输到作战指挥中心从而达到实时指挥作战的目的 另外系统还可以对1 000 km 地段方圆近百万平方公里的地面和天空进行不问断的监视 其主要特点如下：1平流层通信系统特别适用于有限区域、边缘地带以及战役和应急情况下的临时服务2系统的造价和资费较低。3通信平台可以不需要发射器，通过调节自身浮力，就能自行升空并移动到预定位置4与蜂窝网相比，平流层通信可实现视距通信，路径损耗

7、只相当于半径为2km 的蜂窝小区的损耗12/13/202146平流层通信平台1热气球2太阳能飞艇3无人飞机4无人航空工具UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle)5系留航空器(tethered aerostat平流层建立无线通信平台，平台主要由以下部分组成：多气囊蜂窝状结构、并充有氦气的多层蒙皮飞艇；飞艇位置保持系统；通信有效载荷；用于日间供电的综合太阳能电池阵和夜间供电的燃料电池。12/13/202147飞艇是一种有推进装置、利用浮力原理升空、可控制飞行的飞行器 。平流层飞艇的潜在用途是作为近空间信息平台，主要包括：1信息获取。2通信与分发3导航定位，其高精度的定位信息还可用于

8、城市或区域的数字化，及时地满足城市规划、国土测绘、地籍管理、城乡建设、环境监测、能源开发、交通监控、防灾减灾等多种现代信息化管理的社会需求12/13/202148HAP 之飞艇通信一种崭新的无线通信方式将在新世纪之初投入运行，部分取代卫星通信阿，该项技术的核心，是利用漂浮于地球上空2024 km平流层的飞艇上装载的通信平台，实现信息的传输或转发，其作用如同通信卫星上的转发器或地面微波通信中继站。 飞艇通信的成本，只有地球静止轨道通信卫星的110，是光缆通信的15。有关公司估计一个飞艇通信平台造价为4 000万美元，其中飞艇本身1 000万美元，能源2 000万美元，通信设备l 000万美元，用

9、户资费每分钟几美分由于飞艇漂浮在2024 km的平流层，与静止轨道(高36 000 km)卫星和低中轨道(70011 000 km)卫星相比，飞艇距地面近许多，对地面终端所需功率的要求，自然小得多，有利于实现终端的便携、手持和小型化12/13/202149HAP：飞艇通信飞艇升空比卫星发射简单得多失败的风险性很小，飞艇还具有重复使用和维护非常方便的特点，它只需要每隔几年返回地面补充氦气，并可在地面修理和补充通信设备，其寿命可达数十年12/13/202150需要计算很多参数12/13/202151Introduction(2)Easy to deploy, incremental deployF

10、lexibility, ReconfigurabilityLow cost of operation (comparing to Satellites)Low propagation delayHigh Elevation!Wide area coverageBroadcast/MulticastMobility !BUT, Problems withMonitoring of StationAirship manufacturingAntenna technologyIntroduction(4)HAPs for 3G+ system because ofEasy to maintainEa

11、sy to deployLower path loss4G : Satellite + HAPS = MBMS（ Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service ）Stand alone HAPs for low population with large area. Aerial Vehicles, Key Issues and Spectrum AllocationThree typesPropulsion + unmanned airships(balloons, aerostats)High Altitude Long Endurance Platform

12、s(HALE Platforms) Solar-powered unmanned aircraftManned aircraft(?)Key IssuesAirship HOVERINGGPSDiesel Motors + Solar poweredSpectrum AllocationITU allocates HAPs frequency with 48/47GHz + 600MHzshared with satelliteOR for 3G, 2GHzFor broadband, fixed application 18-32GHzTable 5. Architectures and S

13、ervices I-Network Design-High reliabilityLow power consumptionLighter payloadMax 150KM footprint by ITUMin. 5 degree of elevationRecommended 15+ degree to avoid clutterArchitectures and Services(2) -Network Design-Frequency ReuseCellular architectureHigh Bandwidth for Broadband applicationFixed Chan

14、nel Allocation(FCA)Dynamic Channel Allocation(DCA) HeliNet Network CAPANINA (Communications from Aerial Platform Networks Delivering Broadband communications for all ) Architectures and Services(3) -Network Design-Backhaul links, duplicatedHigh traffic for down linkAsymmetry to uplinkMultiple uplink

15、s for backhaul stationArchitectures and Services(4) -Network Design-Macrocell and microcell architecture (Fig.12)Rural macrocell (Fig.13)Sectoring. (Fig.14) for system capacityArchitectures and Services(5) -Network Design-Ring-shaped Cell Clustering (Fig. 15).Coaxial RingsMulti-beam, controllable an

16、tennaSimpler handoff designCell scanning (Fig. 16) Stratospheric radio-relay Maritime ( Fig.17 ) Architectures and Services -Capacity-BandwidthCell size depends on AntennaDirectional AntennaInterference (Fig.20)Antennas(1)RequirementsHigh frequency for High bandwidthHigh gain, directional antennaMul

17、tibeam antenna with 100+ beamsFig. 34 for footprintBeam controllabilityLow payload and low powerReliabilityAntennas(2)Array of the antenna at 2.2Ghz, 21Km heightWider array with high altitude, narrower array with high frequencyMultibeam Horn(MBH) Digital Beamforming(DBF)Table XApplications and Relat

18、ed Projects(1) - Applications -HAPs is able to RAPID DEPLOYOlympic Game, Pop concert, Rescue managementWideband Internet access, entertainment video, audio, videoconferencing, cellular telephony, digital networkStandalone HAP networkSupplementary network for other terrestrial network Applications an

19、d Related Projects(2) - Applications -HAP can be combined with GSM spec easilyHAP with BASE STATION insideHAP only with REPEATER insideHAP with REPEATER communicates with Reference station which is NOT GSM combatibleHAP ability with GSM: Fig.45Remote control for HAPRelated Projects(1)HeliNet: High A

20、ltitude Very Long Endurance unmanned solar aerodynamic platformBroadband telecommunication servicesRemote sensing1.Navigation/local sation Related Projects(2)2003/ 11 CAPANINA, 6th European Unions Framework HeliNet based120Mbit/s“smart roof” antenna over TRAINmm-wave bandfree space-opticAlso withEng

21、landKoreaJapanSwedenUS watchdog ships also.AustraliaIntroduction(1)Helinet(5th Frame work Programme)Scale size of HAP and 3 pilot application1)Broadband communication2)Environmental monitoring3)Remote sensingCAPANINA(6th)Low cost broadband technologyEfficient integrated coverageIntroduction(2) 1. en

22、able high-rate communication (120 Mbps) 2. 60Km + LOS for direct serviceIntroduction(3)Identification of appropriate application and service and associated business modelDevelopment of a system testbed(near-term) fixed user, backhaul for WLAN.(Longer-term) advanced mobile broadband wireless access B

23、roadband Application, Service, and Infrastructure120Mb/s +60Km + LOSSeamlessly integrate with other delivery platformCommunication standardApplication and Service Selection(2)HAP : end to end pathIn isolation from any core network,providing connectivity for private network.(having few but high value

24、 links) 2) Between core networks as point-to-point trunk connections3) In the access network, providing many users with access to core networks(many low value links)CAPANINA of eTOMEnterprise Telecoms Operations MapAerial Platform Configurations and Spectrum Sharing (1)Aerial Platform Configurations

25、 and Spectrum Sharing (2)Work by exploiting the directionality of the user antenna1) Simple Platform2) Ships at different height the wider the higher47/48GHZ, 31/28GHZ ITU allotmentOptical Link CapacityOptical backhaul link10-12millimeter-wave backhaulhigher data rates using millimeter wave band( 1.

26、25Gb/s link )Transfer non-time-critical dataInterplatform links cheaper than ground comm. -450650Km rangeBroadband Trials To Fixed Users From Aerial PlatformDifferent broadband services/applicationsSystem testbed / equipmentSelection of a Broadband Wireless Access StandardHAPS : 1)seamlessly with ex

27、isting communication network 2)Wide adoption among potential usersGood for Specific requirement, particular operating environmentIEEE 802.16SC standardPropagation ImpairmentITU assigned millimeter wave bandRain attenuationScatteringRelatively short, uncluttered linkDropper effect- design of an effic

28、ient radio interfaceHeliNet project Result- develop a suitable channel model including a short-term numerical model- implemented as a fast infrared filter with time-variant coefficients The Radio InterfaceNumerical channel extension for High-speed mobile applicationCutting edge technologyMIMO(multip

29、le Input multiple output)Advanced signal processing Resource and Mobility ManagementGood communication link under rapid movement.- Novel resource allocation strategiesUser - single HAP backhaul link develop: mobility, interface solveefficient spectrumQOS 2. Benefits of HAP Communication1. Large-area

30、 coverage2. Flexibility to respond to traffic demand3. Low cost4. Incremental deployment5. Rapid deployment6. Platform and payload upgrading7. Environmentally friendly3. Satellite-HAP-Terrestrial systemThe system architecture proposed in this work is shown in figure belowUsageUser terminals cannot c

31、ommunication with each other without the necessary use of HAPs forward and return links.HAP-Gateway (HGTW) terrestrial terminal must exists for each HAP coverage area and guarantees communications among users belonging to different HAP coverage areasHGTW links together HAP and satellite layersHAP us

32、age mitigates multipath effects, typical of terrestrial cellular systems, and decrease geostationary satellite propagation delaysThis system scenario consists of tree layersTerrestrial LayerTerrestrial Layeruser terminals, control and management stationsFixed Terminal (FT) and Mobile Terminal (MT)HA

33、P LayerHAP LayerThe stratospheric platform layer hosts the set of HAPs. Since HAPs do not have OBP, they act like simple hubs.GEO LayerGEO LayerSatellite layer uses GEO regenerative satellites that are provided with On-Board Processing (OBP). On-Board Processing (OBP). It can use forward channel bot

34、h towards terrestrial layer and HAP layer.IV. Advantage of the scenario and open issuesAdvantageSimple design and implementationAn HAP layer can he seen as a terrestrial system extension.satellite does not have to manage traffic of a single terrestrial terminal userterminals can be made without grea

35、t financial and design efforts because they do not have the task of interacting directly with the satellite segment.IssueA channel assignment and resource allocation schemes will need to he developed for the HAP scenarioIntegration with terrestrial and/or satellite architectures will also require ca

36、reful planning.Choice of an HAP and GEO layers protocol platform (MPEG, DVB, ATM, IP )Design of an efficient resources allocation and traffic management algorithms.Design of traffic aggregation (integrated and differentiated) techniquesDesign of a centralized Call Admission Control (CAC) algorithmth

37、e previous scenario adding the OBP capabilities over the HAPsIntroduction(2)Introduction(3)Optical free-space point-to-point communication linksCertain application involving HAPsHAPs Location in a cloud free atmospheric altitudeEnabling reliable line-of-sight links between different HAPsMeshed interconnected HAP networkOptical down link to the terre