internationaltrade国贸知识点

1、Contents of a contract1 quality of the goods 货物品质2 specification 规格 Composition成分content容量、含量purity纯度strength强度size尺寸3 quantity of the goods 货物数量4 mode of packing 包装种类5 terms of price 价格条款6 mode of shipment 运输方式7 insurance 保险8 mode of payment 付款方式9 inspection 检验条款10 arbitration 仲裁条款11 force majeure

2、不可抗力12 claim 异议索赔Descripti on of goods 货扌苗 Quan tity of goods specificati on quality of the goodsChapter1 international tradeComparative cost 比较成本opport unity cost 机会成本Trade protectionismBarrier 贸易壁垒 tariff barrier 关税壁垒i protect ion tariff 保护关税 保护关税是为保护本国工农业发展， 保护国内市场， 对进出口商品征收高额的进 口税。ii revenue tar

3、iff 财政关税It is designed to raise money for the government.财政关税亦称收入关税， 是保护关税的一种由政府发起的以财政收入为目的而征 收的关税。 non-tariff barrier非关税壁垒Import surtax 进口附加税 countervailing duty 反补贴税 anti-dumping duty 反倾销税 variable levy可变税Types of tariff:Specific duty 从量税Definition:Which are levied at the rate of so much per unit,

4、pound,kilo or gallon. ad valorem duty 从价税 mixed or compo und duty 复合税Alternative duty 选择税Non-tariff barriers:Quota 配额制Definition:Which is a quantitative restriction that is expressed in terms of either physical quantity or value.import license 进口许可证Definition:Which is an official permission of an im

5、port that is forbidden without a lice nse.voluntary export restraints 自动出 口限制Foreign exchange control 夕卜汇管制9state monopoly of import and export 国家垄断专营 government procurement policy 政府采购业务 adva need deposit进口押金制 tech nical sta ndards进口技术标准 health &sanitary regulations 保健与卫生条例 packaging and labeli

6、ng regulations 包装与标签规定 minimum price 进口最低价Chapter 2 terms of deliveryTerms of delivery1 measuring unit 计量单位 eg: ton, meter, kilometer2 unit price 单位价格 eg: how much, price or rate3 category of currency 计价货币 eg: RMB, Euro,USD4 trade term 价格术语 eg: FOB, CIF,CFRCostportIn sura neeofFreightdesti nati onUS

7、D600per M/TCIFNew YorkTTTT3.category2.u nitl.measuri ng4.trade termOf curre ncypriceunitGroup FFCA Free Carrier（. named place）货交承运人（指定地点）FAS Free Along Ship（.named port of shipment）装运港船边交货（指定装运港） FOB Free on Board（.named port of shipment）装运港船上交货（指定装运港） The limitation of FOBThe obligation that who sh

8、ould bear the cost of loading the Ship is not clear.Derived FOB1 FOB liner terms（FOB 班轮条件）（un der liner practice, the ship owner or buye）2 FOB Under Tackle（FOB 吊钩下交货）（ the seller should deliver the goods with in reach of ship's tackle the buyer is resp on sible for lift ing the goods onto the sh

9、ip）3 FOB Stowed （FOB 理舱费在内）（the seller）4 FOB Trimmed （FOB 平舱费在内）（the seller）5 FOB Free in （船方不负责装船）（the seller）Group CDerived CFR, CIFCFR1 CFR liner Terms（CFR 班轮条件）（under liner practice, the ship owner or the sell2 CFR Ianded （CFR 卸至码头）（the seller, which may invoIve Lighterage and Wharfage： refers t

10、o a group of wharves, and a wharf refers to a landing place or pier where ships can tie up in order to be loaded or unloaded）.3 CFR FO（船方不负责装卸）（the seller）4 CFR Ex Ships Hold （CFR 舱底交接） （the buyer）CIF Cost, I nsura nee and Freight（named Port of desti natio n）成本，保险加运费（指定目的港）Commission 佣金 port of dest

11、ination 目的港 port of shipment 运输港Export procedure 出口清关 tran sport docume nt 运输单据 in sura nee docume nt 保险 单据CPT Carriage Paid To（.named place of destination）运费付至（指定目的地）（CPT术语适用于各种运输方式，特别是多式联运multimodal tran sport）CIP Carriage and In sura nee Paid To（. named place of desti nation运:费，保险费 付至（ .指定目的地）Gro

12、up DDAF Delivered At Fron tier （. named place）=即 卩边境交货（指定地点）（采用 DAF 术语成交， 双方要在两国边境确定一个交货地点， 并在 DAF 术语后 面加以说明。）DES Delivered Ex Ship（.named port of destination）=M上交货（指定目的港）（DES通常称作目的港船上交货，在 DES后注明目的港的名称。和 CIF相比， 卖方不仅要承担正常的运费， 保险费，还要负担如转船， 绕航等产生的额外费用， 因此在交货地点， 风险划分界限， 责任和费用的负担等问题上与 CIF 都有区别。） DEQDeliv

13、ered Ex Quay（named port of destinatio门）=码头交货（指定目的港）（该术语后面要加注双方约定的目的港的名称）DDU Delivered Duty Unpaid（.named place of destination）二未完税交货（.指定 目的地）（卖方交货地点在进口国内，术语之后注地点）DDP Delivered Duty paid（.named place of destination）完税后交货（指定目的 地）（和 DDU 属于同一类型的术语，区别是：办理货物进口手续的责任和费用，包 括进口税由卖方承担。 ）Chapter 3 cargo packagi

14、ng,stowage and markingTypes of packagingouter packaging 夕卜包装（transport packaginginner packaging 内包装 （sale）i baleii bagsiii barrel/drumiv box/casev glass containervi cart onvii crate/skelet on caseTypes of mark shipp ing marks 运输标志 in formatio n marks in dicative marks指示标志Chapter 4tran sportShipper（发

15、货人）un der FOB buyer（托运人）Lun der Group CsellerCharter party（con tract）The ship-ow nerParcel post 快递 container集装箱 multi-modal transport 多式联运1 tramps不定期船Or Shippi ng by Charteri ng 租船运输It can be broken into voyage charter and time charter.voyage charter定程租船？（指按航次租用船舶）1 un der a charter party, the ship

16、owner provides a specific ship for a particular cargo for an on ly sin gle voyage from one or more load ing port to one or more discharg ing parts.voyage charter 定程租船?2 in order to finish the job quickly, collect more bus in ess, and earn more money un dervoyage charter,laytime（装卸时间）or laydays（装卸时间）

17、,demurrage滞期费）,and dispatch （速遣费）terms must be emphasized by the ship owner in the charterparty （con tract）.voyage charter 定程租船?How to calculate laytime or laydays, demurrage, and dispatch?There are three ways:1 running or consecutive days（按连续工作日算）ii working days （按正常工作日算）iii weather working days （按

18、好天气工作日算）Time charter 定期租船2 Fright Rates for liner （班轮运费）Liner freight rates is made up of basic freight rates and surchargesor adjustment factors.Basic freight rates is collected in the following ways:weight ton按重量吨计收，即按货物的毛计收。在运价表中用“W ”表示。measurementton按尺码吨计收，即按货物的体积计收。在运价表中用“M ”表示。Ad Valorem按从价运费计

19、收，通常按FOB货价的百分比计收，在运价表中用“A.V.” 表示。W/M or Ad Val是船公司在重量吨，尺码吨和从价费三者中最高的一种计收。Ope n rate议价Port con gesti on surcharge港 口拥塞附加费Alteration of destination surcharge 变更卸货港附加费Deviati on surcharge 绕航附加费Heavy lift additional 超重附加费Over-length additional;and 超长附加费Hold and tan k（船舱）clea ning charge for liquid cargo

20、 洗舱附加费4 bill of lading 提单 it can be divided into two kinds accord ing to whether the goods to be shipped on board or not.On Board B/L已装船提单Received for Shipment B/L 备用提单（2）it can be divided into two kinds to see if the cargoes received on board in a good condition or not.Clean B/L 清洁提单Unclean or Dirt

21、y B/L 不清洁提单（3）it can be divided into three kinds to see if it can be n egotiable or not.Straight B/L 记名提单Blank or Bearer B/L 不记名提单Order B/L 指示提单To order 凭指定To order of xx 凭 xx 指定Consignment note 铁路运输货运单Air waybill 空运提单Parcel receipt 邮政收据Ante-dated B/L 倒签提单 Advanced B/L 预期提单Stale B/L 过期提单 Order B/L 指

22、示提单1. clause of shipment? time of shipmentIf a contract concludes under Group C and Group F basis, the time of shipment can be in terpreted astime of delivery（交货期）i shipment at special time span规定在某段时间内装运Eg: shipment during January 1998限（ 1998年 1 月装运）ii shipment some days after receiving L/C在收到信用证后若

23、干天内装运Eg: shipment within 30 days after receipt of L/C限收到信用证后 30 天内装运）? port of shipment 装货港）and port of destination （卸货港）i if a contract concludes under Group C or F basis, port of shipment is a essential factor in the Contract.i if a contract concludes under Group D basis, there is no need for the

24、buyers to focus on port of shipment in the contract negotiation, so the both sides of the contract just focus on port of destination.A: to specify one place as port of shipment or port of destinationEg: Port of shipment: ShanghaiB: to specify a domain as port of shipment or port of destinationEg: Po

25、rt of shipment: EMP（European main port）? advice of shipment装运通知? partial shipment and transshipmen分批装运和转运? more or less clause溢短装条款i variation range（%）数量机动范围ii the option on More or Less溢短装选择权iii how to evaluate the Excessive Pa溢短装部分作价办法RO/RO Vessel 滚装船 A refrigerated ship 冷藏船 A timber ship 木材船An OB

26、O Carrier矿石，散货，石油多用途船LASH载驳船A general or packed cargo vesse多 种用途杂货船A container vessel 集装箱船Chapter 5 Foreig n Excha nge Rate &Con tract Formati on- offerand accepta neeForeig n excha nge rat& 匚率If you compare foreig n curre ncy to goods, foreig n excha nge rate would be the price for selling

27、or buying the foreign currencyQuotatio n外汇牌价Foreig n excha nge rate can be dem on strated in four ways:Direct quotation 直接标价法 1USD=6.67RMBIn direct Quotati on 间接标价法 1RBP=1.6USDUSD quotation美元标价法Method of measuri ng other coun tries curre ncy on the basis of one unit of USD.是指以一定单位的美元为基准折合若干其他国家货币的标价

28、法。Cross quotati on交叉标价法How can it be tran sferred from direct quotati on to in direct quotati on?World market 100RMB=14.66USDDirect quotation 1USD=6.82RMB(RMB - USD)In direct quotation 1RMB=0.14USD(USD 宁 RMB)In in itial stage of con tract n egotiati on, either through corresp ondent excha nge or fac

29、eOffer 发盘 definite offer 实盘f Indefinite offer 虚盘Coun ter-offer 还盘Accepta nee 接受Chapter 6payme nt termsin strume nt of payme ntsMethods ofpayme nts1.1 definition of Bill of Exchange, Draft 汇票汇票是指一个人向另一个人签发的，要求见票时或在将来的固定时间或可以确定 的时间，对某人或其指定人或持票人支付一定金额的无条件的书面支付命令。It invo Ives three parties in draft bus

30、in ess tran sacti on.1. drawer seller,drawer buyer,payee bank onThe real payeepayerrbehalf of himiJ1.3 differe nt types of draft? it can be broken into Banker's Draft(银行汇票)and the Commercial Draft(商业汇 票 ） by different drawer.? it can be broken into Clean Bill（ 光票 ） and Documentary Bill（ 跟单汇票 ） b

31、y whether being presented with shipping, commercial and customs document or not.? it can be broken into Sight Draft（ 即期汇票 ） and Time Bill or Usance Bill（ 远期汇 票） by different time arrangement, and the arrangement can be stipulated in the following ways.i at xx days after sight 见票后 xx 天付款ii at xx days

32、 after date 出票后 xx 天付款iii at xx days after date of Bill of Lading 投单签发后 xx 天付款iv at fixed date 指定日期付款Issua nee 出票 prese ntati on 提示accepta nee 承兑 payme nt 付款Dish onored bills and protests拒付 2.1definition for promissory not 本票 是指一个人向另一个人签发的， 保证见票时或定期在可以确定的将来时间， 对某 人或其制定人或出票人支付一定金额的无条件的书面承诺。Commercial

33、 invoiee 商业发票bill of lading 物主权Insurance policy 保单 artificate of inspection 货检证明 cash in adva nee 预付货款Cash with order 订货付现cash payme nt before shipme nt运前付款Remittanee 汇付 i telegraphic transfer （TT）二电汇ii ban ker's dema nd draft （DD）=票汇i mail transfer 信汇Collection Clea n collecti on（2） docume ntar

34、y collect ionD/P docume nts aga inst paymen付 款交单D/P at sight 即期付款交单D/P after sight远期付款交单D/A docume ntary aga inst accepta ne承兑交单Docume ntary Letter of Credit 信用证2.2 difference between bill of exchange and promissory notesi promissory notes is a kind of promises; bill of exchange is kind of orderi th

35、ere are two parties involved in promissory notes, they are the drawer and the payee, there are three parties involved in bill of exchangei the drawer of promissory notes is the payer, no procedure of acceptance, the procedure of usance bill has to through presentation and acceptance.vthe drawer of p

36、romissory notes id the debtor, the drawer of bill of exchange is the creditor.v promissory notes can only be drown one copy, bill of exchange can be drawn a set. Methods of payment-L/CPayme nt aga inst docume nt见单付款I general procedure of transaction L/C:The buyerstep ?the sellerApplicants 申请人Benefic

37、iary 受益人J ?T ?J ? T ? J ? TIssu ing bank 开证行advising bank 通知行Payingbank付款行Jn egotiati ng bank 议付行L/CcanIn a bus in ess tran sacti on, fun cti ons:be broken into several types with different it can be broken into Documentary Credit跟单信用证 and Clean Credit 光票信用 证 by whether it can be presented with ship

38、ping, commercial and customs document or not. it can be broke n into Irrevocable Letter of Credit 不可撤销信用证 and Revocable Letter of Credit 可撤销信用证 by whether it can be amended or canceled or not. it can be broke n into Con firmed Credit 保兑信用证 and Uncon firmed Credit 不保 兑信用证 by whether it has banksconfi

39、rmation or not.Methods of payme nt1 cash in adva nee 预付货款2 letter of credit 信用证3 collectio n 托收4 ope n acco unt记账贸易Chapter 7ocea n marine cargo in sura neeThe In surer(in sura nee compan coverage)In sura nee Broker(middle man)In sured / Assured(compa ny inv olvi ng foreig n trade)Claima ntTypes of r

40、isks1) perils of the sea natural calamities 自然灾害 tsunami, earthquake,heavy weather 海上风险Fortuitous accidents 海上事故 collision,sinking of vessel2)extraneous risks外来风险厂 general extraneous risks一般外来风险 theft pilferage &non-delivery risk 偷窃，提货，不到险 fresh water an d/or rain damage risks淡 水雨林险 shortage ris

41、ks 短量险 leakage risks渗漏险 clash and breakage risks 碰损，玷污险 in termixture and con tam in ati on risks 混杂，玷污险 taint of order risks 串味险 sweat and heat ing risks 受潮，受热险 hook damage risks 钩损险 breakage of pack ing risks 包装破损险? rust risks 锈损险Special extra neous risks 特殊外来风险 failure to delivery risks 交货不到险 ris

42、ks of war战争险 risks of strike 罢工险 import duty risks 进口关税险 on deck risks舱面险 refectio n risks 拒收险 aflatoxin risks黄曲霉素险Marine losses1) total loss 全损 J actual total loss 实际全损Con structive total loss 推定全损2) partial loss 咅E分损失 J general average共同海损Particular average 单独海损ICC In stitute Cargo Clause 英国协会货物保险

43、条款PICC Ocean Marine Cargo Clauses中国人民保险公司海洋运输保险FPA 平安险(free from particular average1) Only Actual or Con structive Total Loss is recoverable from the in surer result ing from n atural calamities.2) Total Loss or Partial Loss is recoverable from the in surer as a result of sea accide nts. (stra nding

44、, strik ing a reef, etc.)3) total loss or partial loss is recoverable in avert ing the goods duri ng tran sshipme nt.4) It covers the cost from the insured who take action to minimize a loss recoverable un der the Policy.发生承保责任内的危险、被保险人对货物采取抢救的费用；以及卸货引起的损失； 在避难港存艙等所产生的特殊费用。5) It also covers general

45、average and salvage Charges.共同海损的牺牲、分摊和救助费用。WPA 水渍险(with particular average)WPA= FPA + Particular AverageAll risks 一切险All risks = WPA + Gen eral Additio nal CoverageChapter 8 Inspection, Force Majeure & Private Dispute Resolution1 Inspection：It refers to the performance of the relevant local aut

46、horities checking and appraising the goods going out of, or coming into a country.2. Why is the inspection needed in business transaction?It involves the following factors:1) In transit, it is quite often the case that export and import cargoes are subject to damage or shortage because of rough hand

47、ing in loading or unloading, or transporting them for a long distance.2) The quality of the goods received by the buyer may not comply with that in the sales contract.3) The goods may be carrying certain virus or bacteria, or having other problems.3. Where is the inspection carried out in business t

48、ransaction?It is often carried out at port of entry, frontier, border stations and international airports.4. What kind of performance should be included in the inspection?Besides usual checking, It also involves plant or animal quarantine , drug inspection and other controls5. What is the difference

49、 between inspection and quarantine?Quarantine refers to a period of time, during which a vehicle, a person, or material suspected of carrying a infectious disease is detained at a port of entry under enforced isolation to prevent the disease from entering the country.Inspection refers to an act of e

50、xamining, checking, and inspecting relevant goods going out of, or coming into a Country.6. What are the arrangements of time and place for the inspection?1) Shipping Quality and Quantity 离岸品质，离岸重量2) Landed Quality / Quantity 到岸品质、到岸质量 .3) Inspection at the port of shipment and Re-inspection at the

51、port of destination 出口国检验、进口国复检7. What kind of agency perform the inspection?1) state inspection agencies FDA (Food and Drug Administration) 美国食品与药物管理局2) private inspection companies. Underwriter's Laboratory of the U.S 美国保险公司检验室Lloyd ' s surveyor of the UK英国劳埃徳检验行International Wool Secretar

52、iat国际羊毛秘书处8. What kind of Certificates are issued after the inspection:1)Inspection Certificate of Quantity 数量检验证书2)Inspection Certificate of Weight 重量检验证书3) Inspection Certificate of Quality 品质检验证书4) Veterinary Inspection Certificate 兽医检验证书5) Sanitary Inspection Certificate. 卫生检验证书6) Disinfection I

53、nspection certificate 消毒检验证书7) Inspection Certificate on Tank/ Hold 验舱检验证书8) 1 nspecti on Certificate on Damaged Cargo验残检验证书9) 1 nspection Certificate of Health 健康检验证书Chapter 9 DocumentationPre-forma invoice： 形式发票One of its functions is that it can be used as a supporting document to an importer's application for an import license.Customs invoice:海关发票(Consular i