食品英语例句复习

1、Unit 1单词：scatter v.分散tea set n.茶具pottery n.陶瓷porcelain n.瓷器teapot n.茶壶liqueur n.利口酒，烈性酒fragrance n.芬芳，香气rim n.边缘impure adj.不纯的foam n.泡沫mellow adj.醇香consistency n.浓度，密度/一致性 consistent 一致的 consist 由组成limpid adj.清澈的savor n.滋味 flavor n.风味Wulong（black dragon）tea 乌龙茶ferment v.发酵astringent adj.味涩的1.You can

2、 see teahouse scattered on streets like cafes in the west. It has such a close relationship with Chinese that in recent years a new culture related to tea is rising up in China，which has a pleasant name of “Tea Culture”.scatter adj.分散的，散乱的翻译：你可以看到街道上的茶馆就像西方的咖啡馆一样星罗棋布。这和近年来中国兴起的一场与茶相关的新型文化有密切关系。这种文化被

3、称为“茶文化”2.People often use spring water，rain and snow water to make tea，but the spring water and rainwater in autumn are considered to be the best，while rainwater in rain seasons is also perfect. Usually，Chinese will put special emphasis on the quality and the taste of the water for tea, insisting th

4、at fine water should be pure, sweet, cool, clean and flowing. spring water n.泉水 emphasis n.重点 flowing adj.流动的翻译：人们常用泉水，雨水和雪水沏茶，其中泉水和秋季的雨水被认为是最好的，此外，雨季的雨水也不错。通常，中国人特别强调茶水的质量和味道，坚持认定优质的水应该是纯净，清甜，凉爽，干净和流动的。3.Tea is always served immediately to a guest in a Chinese home. Serving a cup of tea is more tha

5、n a matter of mere politeness；it is a symbol of making the guest feel at home and a way of extending welcome and showing respect to the visitor.serve v.服务 mere adj.仅仅的 extending welcome 表示极度欢迎翻译：在中国人的家里，茶水通常立即用来招待客人。奉上一杯茶不仅仅表达了一种礼貌的礼仪，还是一种让客人感到宾至如归的象征和一种对客人表达极度欢迎和尊重的方法。4.The water is continually pou

6、red even when it overflows, so as to get rid of impure materials and foam, and to make mellow tea. After the lid is put on the teapot, boiling water is poured onto the teapot. In this way, the tea will swell in no time.overflow v.溢出 impure adj.不纯 foam n.泡沫 mellow adj.醇香 lid n.盖子 teapot n.茶壶 swell v.

7、膨胀 impure materials 杂质 in no time 马上翻译：将水持续不停地倒入茶壶中，使其溢出，以带出茶水中的杂质和泡沫，以及使茶水变得更加醇香。盖上茶壶的盖子后，用沸水浇烫茶壶。这样，茶叶会马上膨胀。5.It is poured with a circular motion into each cup so that the color and the consistency of the tea in all the cups are the same. To avoid creating foam and scattering the fragrance of tea,

8、 the teapot should be held close to the teacups.consistency n.浓度 fragrance n.香味 circular motion 圆周运动 held v.放置翻译：以圆周运动的方式将茶水倒入每一个茶杯中，使得所有的茶杯中茶水色泽和浓度一致。为了避免制造泡沫和使茶香扩散，茶壶应放置在茶杯周围。Unit2单词：maze n.迷宫；carbohydrate n.碳水化合物essential adj.必需的whereby adj.凭借，通过metabolize v.新陈代谢intravenous adj.静脉内的vein n.静脉，血管vi

9、tal adj.至关重要的，生命的optimum n.最适宜的facet n.（平）面intake n.摄入量identify v.识别fascinate v.迷住macronutrient n.常量营养素micronutrient n.微量营养素ascorbic acid 抗坏血酸thiamine 硫胺素，维B1 amine = 胺riboflavin 核黄素，维B2 flavin = 黄素niacin = nicotinic acid 尼克酸，烟酸pyridoxine 吡哆醇（素），维B6folacin = folic acid 叶酸biotin n.生物素macroelement 常量元

10、素microelement 微量元素sodium 钠potassium 钾phosphorus 磷phosphorous 磷的，含磷的lactate v.分泌乳汁，哺乳chronic adj.长期的，慢性的abnormality n.反常standpoint n.观点，主场in between 在中间get along 生存1.The person who wants to find the answer to the question “What should I eat for good nutrition?” might easily become lost in the maze of

11、 informational corridors, confused by the wealth of technical information provided by scientists or mislead by simplistic answers provided by those with products to sell.maze n.迷宫 corridor n.走廊 simplistic adj.过分简单的翻译：想找寻“应该吃什么才会有好的营养”这一问题的答案的人们很容易陷入知识的迷宫，被科学家们提供的丰富的科技信息所迷惑，或者被销售员们简单的回答所误导。2.Somewher

12、e in between is some reasonable, commonsense information that we can use to guide us our quest for sound nutrition monsense adj.常识的/commonly adj.常用的 quest v.探寻 sound adj.健康的，健全的翻译：在那些信息当中含有一些有道理的常识，我们可以利用它们来指导我们寻找健全的、正确的营养知识。3.To begin with , we need to learn some definitions of commonl

13、y used nutrition terms and find out what sorts of guidelines are available to help us measure the quality of our diets and to develop healthful eating patterns.definition n.定义 term n.术语 guideline n.准则 eating pattern n.饮食结构翻译：首先，我们需要学会一些常用营养学术语的定义并找出分类的标准，以便帮助我们衡量我们饮食的质量和制定健康的饮食结构。4. These nutrients

14、are categorized as fats, proteins, carbohydrates (sugars and starches), minerals, vitamins, and water. They are called essential nutrients because we cannot get along without them. We need them for energy, for building and maintaining body tissue, and for regulating body processesthe three essential

15、 functions of foods in the body.categorize n.分类 starches n.淀粉 maintain v.维持 tissue n.组织 regulate v.调节翻译：这些营养素可以分类为脂肪，蛋白质，碳水化合物（糖类和淀粉）、矿物质、维生素和水。他们被称为必需营养素，因为我们不能离开它们独立生活。我们需要利用它们提供能量，构成和维持机体组织，调节机体生理过程，这是食物在人体中的三种基本功能。5.Nutrition might be defined as the process whereby we obtain the essential nutrie

16、nts and use them to make many other substances our bodies need. This process would include eating and digesting food and absorbing and using, or metabolizing, the nutrients it contains.obtain v.获得 substance n.物质 digest v.消化 absorb v. 吸收 metabolize v.代谢，消化翻译：营养可以定义为依靠人类获得必需营养素并利用它们制造人体所需的其他物质的过程。这一过程

17、包括摄入和消化食物以及吸收和利用（或者代谢）食物中的营养素。We can obtain all of the essential nutrients from food. However, it is possible to obtain nourishment without eating and digesting food, for example, the nutrients are injected directly to our veins as in intravenous feeding.nourishment n.营养翻译：我们可以从食物中获得全部的必需营养素。尽管如此，我们

18、也可以不通过食物的摄取和消化获得营养，例如，静脉进食就是将营养准确地注射进入人体的静脉中。6.The term good nutrition implies that we are obtaining from our food all of the essential nutrients in the amounts needed to keep our bodies functioning and to maintain optimum health.term n.术语 imply v.意味着 optimum adj.最适宜的 in the amounts needed 适量翻译：营养良好

19、这一术语意味着我们从食物获得为保持机体正常生理功能和维持机体最佳健康状态的适量的全部的必需营养素。7.Yet nutrition science in its broadest sense has many more facets：the influence of sensory factors of flavor, color, and texture of food on eating behavior; the psychological, cultural, emotional, and social aspects of food intake; and even the econo

20、mics of food availability and consumer behavior in the purchase of food.broadest sense 广义 sensory adj.感觉的 flavor n.风味 texture n.质地 availability n.粮食供应翻译：然而，从广义上看，营养学还包括许多的方面：对食物的风味，色泽，质地等感官因素对人类饮食行为的影响；摄食的心理，文化，情绪和社交活动等状态；甚至包括食物供应的经济性和购买食物时消费者的态度。8.In some instances, medical researchers seeking the

21、cause of a particular disease found that the problem was due to a deficiency of a single substance, and that when this substance was added to the diet, the symptoms of the disease disappeared.instance n.情况 deficiency n.缺乏 substance n.物质 symptoms n.症状翻译：在某些情况下，医药学研究者在寻找一种特殊疾病的病因时发现，问题出现在于缺乏单单某一物质，并且当

22、这物质加入病人的膳食中，这种疾病的症状马上消失。9.Nutrients might be divided into two genial categories based on the amount that we need. These are the macronutrients(carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and water), which we need in relatively large amounts and the micronutrients(mineral elements , and vitamins), which we need i

23、n relatively small amounts.genial adj.适宜的 relatively adj.相当的翻译：根据人体的需要量，营养素被分为恰当的两大类：人体需要量极大的营养素，被称为常量营养素（碳水化合物，脂肪，蛋白质和水）和人体需要量极小的营养素，被称为微量营养素（矿物质和维生素）10.Once a nutrient is identified, one of the principal research efforts of nutrition scientist is to determine how much of it is needed by people at

24、various ages and stages of life. Initial studies usually are conducted with laboratory animals, but the information developed in these studies cannot be applied directly to humans since peoples needs often are quite different from animals needs.research efforts 研究工作 stages of life 生长阶段 Initial studi

25、es 初步研究 laboratory n.研究室翻译：一旦一种营养素被确定，营养学家主要的研究工作是确定在不同年龄段和不同生长阶段的人们对这营养素的需求量。初步试验通常用实验动物进行研究，但从这些研究获得的数据不能够直接应用在人体，因为人体的需要量常常不同于动物的需要量。11.Human nutrition studies, on the other hand, are time-consuming, costly, and difficult to conduct, especially because of the problems of controlling variables and

26、 possibly causing harm to the individuals involved.conduct v. 进行 variables n.变量 翻译：在另一方面，人类营养学是耗时长，费用大，以及难以进行，特别是在控制变量和可能对有关人员造成伤害的问题上存在困难。12.However, the data on human and animal needs currently available are used by nutrition scientists to establish estimates of the amounts of essential nutrients

27、per day that will meet the needs of most health persons.data v.数据 establish v.建立 estimate v.预算翻译：尽管如此，营养学家运用目前可利用的关于人类和动物营养素需要量的数据来预算绝大多数健康人类每日必需营养素需要量的估计值。13.They are recommendations, not average requirements, for satisfactory levels of intake of essential nutrients for population groups of average

28、, health people. They do not take account of special needs certain individuals may have due to genetic make-up, metabolic disorders, chronic infections, and other abnormalities, which may result in their needing different levels of nutrients.recommendation n.推荐 satisfactory adj.满足 take account of 顾及

29、，考虑 genetic make-up 基因构成metabolic disorders 代谢紊乱翻译：这些标准是为了满足人群组的平均健康水平者对必需营养素摄入水平的推荐量，而不是平均需要量。他们并不考虑特定人群由于基因构成，代谢紊乱，慢性感染和其他会引起不同营养水平需要的反常因素等造成特殊需求。14.In other words, the RDA exceeds the requirements of most individuals to ensure that the needs of nearly all are meet. For this reason, a person who c

30、onsumes a diet that provides less than the RDA for one or more essential nutrients is not necessarily getting a diet that is nutritionally inadequate.exceed v.超过 necessarily 必定地 inadequate adj.不充分的翻译：换句话说，RDA标准超过大多数个体的需要量，以确保可以满足几乎所有人的需要量。为此，一个人的饮食提供一种或多种必需营养素低于RDA标准，他的膳食不一定是营养不足的饮食。15.What can be c

31、oncluded, however, is that the farther the intake of an essential nutrient falls below the RDA, the greater the probability of nutritional inadequacy. On the other hand, if an individual is getting all the essential nutrients at or above the RDA level of his or her age, chances are good that the die

32、t is nutritionally adequate.conclude v.断定 inadequacy n.不充足 adequate adj.充足的翻译：可以肯定的，不管如何，必需营养素的摄入越低于RDA标准，营养摄入不足的可能性越高。另一方面，个体获得的全部必需营养素等于或高于他/她这个年龄段的水平，他的膳食是营养充足的的可能性越高。16.Another factor considered when the RDA are established is the availability of the nutrient and factors that affect how efficien

33、tly it is used in the body. For some nutrients, such as iron, absorption or use in the body may be incomplete; so the RDA needs to be set high enough to allow for this.consider v.考虑 be considered as 被认为 availability n.利用率 iron n.铁翻译：在RDA标准被建立时，考虑的其他因素是营养素的利用率和影响其在人体中的利用效率的因素。对于某些营养素如铁，在体内的吸收和利用并不充分；

34、因此考虑到这种情况RDA标准需要设定的足够高。Unit12单词：canning n.罐头制造cannery n.罐头食品厂acidity n.酸度heat-resistant adj.耐热 resistant adj.抵抗的 consistent adj.一致的 receipt n.收据spray n.喷雾agitating screen n.振动筛revolving screen n.旋转筛 revolve n.旋转 involve v.包含blast n.一阵precede v.优于 exceed v.超过maturity n.成熟mesh n.网孔floating n.浮选 float

35、v.浮动trimming n.修整 trim v.修整blemish n.瑕疵，缺点 = shortageslice v.切片dice v.切成方块状halve v.对半分 half 一半peel v.削皮mash v.捣碎off-color adj.颜色不佳的，变色的blanching n.热烫，预煮live steam n.新鲜蒸汽 steam n.蒸汽arrest v.阻止suppress v.抑制，压制occlude v.使闭塞，吸留exhaust v.排气，耗尽；n.废气 exhaust emission 废气排放 seam n.接缝filled can n.实罐（有内容物）stra

36、in n.应力，张力runway n.滑道top v.高于spice n.香料starch n.淀粉brine n.卤水thickening agent n.增稠剂 thick adj.厚的 thicken v.使变厚 agent v.中介note n.香韵，香型incorporate v.掺入USDA = United States Department of Agriculture 美国农业部FDA = Food and Agriculture Organization 联合国粮农组织vacuum n.真空container n.容器atmospheric adj.大气的headspace

37、 n.顶隙bulging n.胀罐 paneling n.瘪罐altitude n.高度condense v.冷凝interlock v.连锁lid n.盖 lip n.嘴唇curl n.卷边flange n.翻边，凸缘closing machine n.封口机 sealing machine 封罐机close-fitting adj.紧身的tin plate n.镀锡铁皮 tin n.锡 plate n.金属块 iron n.铁thread n.螺纹lug cap n.四旋盖 cap n.盖heat processing n.热处理 processing v.处理，加工batch-proce

38、ss v.批加工 batch n.批量hermetic adj.密封的spoilage n.食物损坏sterilization n.杀菌 sterilize v.杀菌cooker n.炊具retort n.杀菌锅viscous adj.黏性的whole-kernel adj.整粒的 kernel n.颗粒penetrate v.穿入，渗透convection n.传送，对流hydrostatic cooker n.流体静压蒸煮锅flame sterilization n.火焰杀菌overcooking n.过度蒸煮chlorine n.氯，氯气sterile adj.无菌的label v.贴标

39、签casing n.装箱 case n.箱carton n.硬纸盒，纸板箱labeling machine n.贴标签机17.The acidity of vegetables is generally much lower(i.e. high pH value)than that of fruits, and they may contain more heat-resistant soil organisms than fruits. In addition, many vegetables require more cooling than fruits to develop their

40、 most desirable flavor and anism n.有机体 cooling n.冷却 desirable adj.满意的 texture n.质地翻译：蔬菜的酸度通常低于水果（即高pH值），而且它们比水果含有更多耐热性的土壤微生物。另外，为了获得更好的口味和质地，许多蔬菜比水果需要更需要冷藏。18.Vegetables are washed by high-pressure sprays or by strong-flowing streams of water while being passed along a moving belt or on a

41、gitating or revolving screens. With certain products, washing is preceded by a dry-cleaning treatment in which adhering soil and other fine materials are mechanically removed by revolving or agitating screens or by strong air blasts.flowing stream n.溪流 moving belt n.移动带 adhering v.粘着 fine materials

42、n.细小材料翻译：在沿着移动带运输或振动筛或旋转筛时，用高压喷雾或强流水柱清洗蔬菜。对于某些产品，水洗前进行干洗处理，通过旋转筛或振动筛或强空气对流对产品中沾有泥土和其他细小的物质机械地处理。19.Sorting for size is accomplished by passing the raw foods through a series of moving screens with different mesh sizes or over differently spaced rollers. Separation into groups according to degree of

43、ripeness or perfection of shape is done by hand.roller n.滚筒 ripeness n.成熟翻译：根据大小分类是让生鲜食品通过一系列网眼大小不同的移动筛或通过不同间隔的滚筒来完成的。根据成熟度和外形的完好度进行分类则通过手工完成。20.In each of these steps the raw vegetable is continuously inspected, but a final inspection is made to pick out mashed or broken pieces, pieces of food that

44、 are off-color, and any foreign matter that may have passed the cleaning, washing, and trimming operations.inspect v.检查翻译：在每一道工序中，生鲜蔬菜都要不停地进行检查，但还需要最后的检查工序检出粉碎，破碎的部分，脱色的部分以及其他经过清洁，清洗，修整工序后仍存在的异物。21.Blanching of vegetables serves to expel air and gases, to inactivate enzymes and thus arrest changes i

45、n flavor, and to soften the product so that more may be filled into the container. Proper blanching, by removing occluded gases, also reduces strain on the seams of cans during processing, particularly where the filled cans are not thermally exhausted.expel v.排除 inactivate 使不活动 Proper adj.适当 thermal

46、ly adv.未热处理地翻译：蔬菜通过热烫以排除空气和气体，使酶失活来防止口味的变化，以及软化产品使其能够更多地装入容器中。适当的热烫可以排除产品内滞留的气体，同时减少加工过程中在罐头接缝处的应力，特别是在未经热力排气的实罐的接缝处。22. Rails compared the volumes of water required for blanching several vegetables by microwave, hot air, steam, and hot water. He found that for all tested vegetables hot-air blanchin

47、g used by far the least water, followed by microwave, steam, and water blanching.volumes of 几种，一些翻译：Rails对比了几种的蔬菜用微波热烫，热空气热烫及蒸汽热烫和热水热烫所需要的水量。他发现在所有被测试的蔬菜中用热空气热烫所用的水量最少（远少于其他的热烫），其次是微波热烫，蒸汽热烫和水热烫。23.The container is filled with the solid product and then usually topped with a liquid, which can be jui

48、ce, water, or water containing other ingredients complementing the flavor, texture, or color of the produce.solid adj.固体的 ingredient n.原料 complement v.补充翻译：容器中先填充固体产品，再在顶部灌满液体，这液体可以是果汁，水或者含有补充产品口味，质地或色泽的成分的水。24.Sucrose is added to canned vegetables to enhance the flavor of the product, to blend with

49、 other flavor notes, and to suppress the effects of undesirable compounds. Although a slightly sweet taste is desirable in some vegetables(e.g. corn, tomatoes, green peas, and beets), added sucrose acts as a seasoning agent rather than as a sweetener.sucrose n.蔗糖 blend v.混合 compound n.化合物 seasoning

50、agent 调味剂翻译：蔗糖加入到罐头蔬菜中可以提高产品的口味，和其他口味香型融合，以及抑制不需要的化合物带来的影响。虽然一点轻微的甜味在一些蔬菜受人欢迎（如玉米，番茄，绿豆和甜菜），但蔗糖的添加更多作为调味剂，而不是甜味剂。25.Canned vegetables are regulated by USDA and FDA standards that relate to the produce itself and all the dry and liquid ingredients that are incorporated into the brine.regulate v.管理 in

51、gredient n.原料翻译：罐头蔬菜是由美国农业部和粮农组织中与产品本身及加入浓盐水的干物质和液体成分有关的标准来管理控制的。26. The vacuum helps to keep the can ends drawn in, reduces strain on containers during processing, and minimizes the level of oxygen remaining in the headspace. It also helps to extend the shelf life of food products and prevents bulg

52、ing of the container at high altitudes. drawn in 向内凹进 shelf n.架子翻译：真空有助于罐头两端向内凹进，减少加工过程中容器的应力，以及使顶隙中滞留的氧气水品降到最小。真空同时帮助延长食品产品货架期和防止容器在高海拔地方发生容器胀罐现象。27.With products that cannot be filled hot, it may be necessary to pass the containers through a steam chamber or tunnel just ahead of the sealing machin

53、e to expel gases from the food and raise the temperature. Vacuum also may be produced mechanically by sealing containers in a chamber under a high vacuum. Sometimes, just before sealing the container, the air in the headspace is replaced with steam, which condenses after processing and thereby creat

54、es a vacuum.chamber n.室 tunnel n.隧道 sealing n.密封 mechanically adv.机械地翻译：对于不能热封罐的产品，有必要让容器置于封罐机前的通过蒸气室或蒸汽隧道以排除食物中的气体和提高温度。真空也可以在高真空度室中封罐机械产生。有时候，在封罐前，顶隙中的气体被蒸汽所替代，从而使蒸汽在随后的冷凝加工过程中产生了真空。28.In sealing lids on mental cans, a double seam is created by interlocking the curl of the lid and flange of the ca

55、n. Many closing machines are equipped with creating vacuum in the headspace either mechanically or by steam-flow before lids are sealed.seam n.接缝翻译：金属罐封盖过程中，由于罐盖的卷边和罐头的翻边相互扣合产生了双重接缝。许多的封口机都配备在封口前通过机械的方法，或通过蒸汽流在顶隙产生真空的功能。29.Their Orbitort Pressure Sterilizer batch-processes up to 600 institutional-si

56、zed cans at a normal operating pressure of 1.7atm.institutional-sized 常规规格 operating adj.操作翻译：他们的Orbitort压力杀菌机可以在标准操作压力1.7atm下批量加工高达600个常规规格的罐头。30.Since it is vital for canning processes to be exact for every size of container as well as for every type of product, precise information about the rate of heat penetration