地球科学概论考研大纲

1、地球科学概论考研大纲( Introduction to earth scienceexamination outline )Introduction room 112We should grasp and understand the thought of "historical comparative law" (realistic principle) and the research significance of earth science. ZhangwuTo study the objects, contents, characteristics and res

2、earch methods of geosciences. JackiecommonChapter 1 earth tests in the universeThe key to master the geoid and the ecliptic, the concept of road. 33623039Understand the features of various terrains and landforms, and the composition of submarine geomorphic units. KaoyangjUnderstanding the earth is a

3、 part of the universe, the Milky way, the solar system, the structure of the earth and the moon, the laws of the earth's revolution around the sun, Kepler's three law, the basic parameters of the earth, and the features of the earth's surface. KaoyantjstudyThe second chapter, the outer s

4、phere of the earth, Siping Road,Tongji UniversityTo understand the earth's outer layer (including the meaning of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere); classification of material composition and group atmosphere of the atmospheric motion dynamics, atmospheric circulation and its causes; the ty

5、pe of water (according to the existing form, the environment). Network inspectorUnderstanding of the atmosphere, the stratosphere and troposphere - layered structure of middle layer warm layer, mesosphere; grasping the form and definition of basic types of movement of water; groundwater; formation o

6、f glaciers and glacier types. Masonic networkThe key to grasp the concept of Coriolis force, rivers, flood, flow, tide, tidal force, permeable layer, water resisting layer, vadose zone water, diving, water table, water pressure. No. 4833623037The third chapter, the inner circle of the earthUnderstan

7、ding the material characteristics and composition of each state within the spheres of the earth; earth pressure, density, internal gravity, temperature, magnetic field; visual identification according to the minerals; according to the chemical composition of the mineral partition type; gravity anoma

8、ly and gravity equilibrium; three rock types (sedimentary rocks, igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks) concept; composition magnetic field (magnetic field, magnetic field,magnetic anomalies change). studyUnderstanding the structure and division of the inner sphere of the earth; crustal types (oceanic

9、 crust, continental crust) and their layered structures. 021-Master the Moho, Gutenberg, asthenosphere, lithosphere, geothermal gradient (temperature gradient), magnetic field intensity, magnetic declination, inclination, mineral, rock, cleavage, hardness, rock structure, rock structure concept. Roo

10、m 112JackieThe fourth chapter is geological age and geological functionTo understand the types of geological processes, can be divided into the surface geology (exogenic process) and internal geological processes (internal force geological); surface geological processes can be divided into weatherin

11、g,erosion,transportation, deposition, Cheng Yan; internal geological processes can be divided into magmatism, metamorphism, tectonic movement; Determination of isotope geology principle age.Understanding the method of determining relative geological age (stratigraphicsequence law, fossil sequence la

12、w, cuttinglaw between geological bodies) and the division of geological age units and their basis.Grasp the geological age, stratigraphic and fossil concepts, the division of geological year representatives and their biological characteristics.The fifth chapter is weathering and denudationUnderstand

13、 the factors that affect weathering; the product of weathering.Understand the types of weathering (including physical, chemical, and biological weathering) and different forms of weathering;The structure of the weathering crust; ground water (rivers, flood, sheetflood) process and characteristicsof

14、erosion, theerosion of the river is the key, including erosion and lateral erosion, river erosion datum, erosion under the influence of inhibition on the landform - deepened and extended, V shaped Valley Valley, river, river side erosion effect on the landform change - bend, Kotani Kahiro, oxbow lak

15、e and river capture; karst and karst landform; inhibition of glaciers (planing way mining effect, erosion of the glaciated landform features) (cirque, horn, glacial Valley (U Valley) the blade (fin); ridge ridge) eolation way (Chui Yang and abrasion) and wind erosion landform. Sea and sea landscape

16、bedrock coast.Master of weathering, weathering, soil, erosion, river erosion, flood erosion, groundwater flow washing, latent corrosion and glacier erosion, wind erosion, planing sea concept.The sixth chapter deals with the transport and sedimentation To understand the transport characteristics of d

17、ifferent forces, the change of clastic materials during handling, and the sedimentation in the semi deep sea and deep sea.Understand the handling mode of action (mechanical handling, chemical handling, biological sedimentation handling); mode (mechanical deposition, chemical deposition, biological d

18、eposition); type of fluvial, alluvial characteristics;sediment characteristics of flood and sheet flow; groundwater chemical characteristics of sediments (cave deposits and tufa deposition); glacier the sediment (moraine) characteristics and sedimentary geomorphology; sedimentary type wind (aeolian

19、sand deposits and aeolian deposits) and its characteristics, sedimentary landform wind (sand dunes, loess landform). The sedimentation characteristics of the lakes, the chemical deposition process in arid climate zone Lakes (carbonate stage, sulfate and chloride stage stage and the sand lake stage);

20、 type of sedimentation and sediment characteristics of coastal and shallow water.Grasp the roundness and sorting of clastic sediments, the two element structure of floodplain sediments, the loess, diagenesis, compaction, cementation and recrystallization.The seventh chapter, magmatism and metamorphi

21、smUnderstand the volcano phenomenon; influence factors of metamorphism (temperature, pressure, chemical fluid); transformation of sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rocks and magmatite between nature; common magmatite (volcano clastic rock, Xuan Wuyan, andesite, rhyolite, peridotite, gabbro,diabase, gra

22、nite and diorite porphyrite etc.); regional metamorphic rocks (common slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss, granulite migmatite, etc.); the common contact metamorphic rocks (skarn hornfels, marble, etc.); dynamic metamorphic rocks (common cataclasite and mylonite etc.).According to the understanding of s

23、ilica content magmatite division (ultrabasic rocks, basic rocks, neutral rock and acid rocks); volcano eruption type (fissure type and central type eruption, the center - violent type, quiet type, taper); the product is ejected function (volcano extrusive: gas, liquid (molten lava type, and columnar

24、 joints), solid (volcano - volcano, volcano clastic elastic block, volcano, volcano ash gravel);Volcano topography (structure, type, lava flows and lava cone of the volcano is the product); intrusive (plutonic intrusions (batholith, Yan Zhu), shallow intrusions (sills, dykes, lopolith, Yan Gai); met

25、amorphism (way of recrystallization, metasomatism, metamorphic crystallization for the role of the basic types of metamorphism); (contact metamorphism, dynamic metamorphism, regional metamorphism, migmatization).Master the concepts of magma, magmatism, intrusion, volcanism and metamorphism.The eight

26、h chapter is tectonic movementTo understand the meaning and type of tectonic movement (vertical movement and horizontal movement, orogeny and epeirogeny, tectonic movement, tectonic movementand tectonic movement); performance of tectonic movementsin the terrain and surface features of the tectonic m

27、ovement in the landscape; performance; performance of tectonic movementin the formation of the earthquake; genetic type; seismic geological action.Understanding the relationship between various contact formation (integration, parallel unconformity, angular unconformity) formation and tectonic charac

28、teristics, the tectonic movement of the times; the three elements of rock occurrence (strike and dip angle); the basic elements of fold (nuclear, wing, turning point, axial plane); basic types of folds (syncline and anticline) and its main characteristics (the stratigraphic distribution of symmetric

29、al repeats and the new and old strata); Zhang joints and shear joints of the main features of the fault elements; (fault and fault disk) and fault displacement; fault types (normal fault, reverse fault, strike slip fault) and the main features of the fault; the identification and formation time (not

30、e the fault and fold formation caused by repeated difference, attention by looking at the geological map to determine the formation time of the fault).Master the concepts of river terraces, quasi plains and planation surfaces, geological structures, joints, faults, magnitude and intensity; folds, fa

31、ults and unconformities on geologic maps; methods for reading simple geological maps.The ninth chapter is the geodynamic systemThe understanding of the continental drift theory and the theory of submarine spreading; the division of main plates; the relationship between plate movement and other geolo

32、gical processes.Understand the main ideas of plate tectonics: the boundary types of the plates (separated plate boundaries, convergent plate boundaries (subduction boundaries, collision boundaries), and flat shear (shear) plate boundaries).Master the concepts of Benioff belt, submarine magnetic anomaly bel