2022年2022年国际贸易实务英文版第三版知识点及模拟题

1、精选学习资料 - - - 欢迎下载国际贸易实务 下划线为重点记忆和懂得,无的为一般记忆和明白chapter one1. 国际贸易概念： international trad e is also known as worl d trade、 foreign trad e、 overseas trade. it refers to the process of fair and d eliberate exchange of goods or services between two or more countries、 involving the use of two or more curre

2、ncies.besides、 internationaltrade concerns trade operationsofboth importand exportand includes the purchase and sale of bothvisibl e and invisibl e goods.2. 国际贸易产生的缘由： （明白）1) resource reasons natural resource、 human resource and technology2) economicreasonseconomicbenefits、comparativeadvantageand ec

3、onomies of scale3) other reasons politicalreasons、 differencesin tastes、 preferencesand consumption patterns3. 国际贸易与国内贸易的不同：in particular、 international trad e is more subject to:1) language habits and cultural differences2) foreign laws、 customs and regulations or international rules3) exchange rat

4、e fluctuations and interest rate4) higher level of political、 financial and transportation risks5) more complex business procedures thereforemanagers need a broader range of management skills4. 国际贸易的分类：1从货物流向（ direction of cargo fl ow ）分: export trad e、 import trad e and transittrade 过境贸易 2从参加的贸易方（

5、the number of participants）分： direct trad e、 indirect trad e and entrepot trad e转口贸易 转口贸易 ：entrepot trade refers to the transaction which involves importing goodsfromoverseas forfurtherprocessing orassemblingand the re-exportingthe goods abroad. 转口贸易又称中转贸易或再输出贸易,为指国际贸易中进出口货物的买卖, 不为在生产国和消费国之间直接进行,而为通

6、过第三国转手进行的贸易；对于第三国来说, 就为转口贸易, 与过境贸易的最大区分在于货物的全部权会发生转移,并且只涉及一个贸易方；国际上有很多中转地,如新加坡,香港, 鹿特丹等3）从商品形式（ form of goods ）分： 有形贸易（ visibl e/tangibl e goods trade）和无形贸易（ invisibl e/intangibl e goods trade）4按结算方式（ the settlement instrument ）分：易货贸易（ barter trad e）和 自由结汇贸易（ free-liquidation trad e）5. 进出口贸易的程序： exp

7、ort and import procedures:general speaking、 fromthebeginningtotheend of a transaction、the whol e operation und ergoes four stages:1) the preparation of a transaction2) the negotiation of the contract3) the performance of the contract精品学习资料精选学习资料 - - - 欢迎下载4) the settlement of disputes其中其次个环节： negoti

8、ation can be conducted in two forms:in words face-to-face negotiation or negotiation through telephonein writing business correspondence which includ es letters、 faxes、 e-mails fourmainsteps:询 盘 enquiry、发 盘 offer、仍 盘 counter-offer、接 受acceptancechapter two国际贸易术语1.三种贸易术语的说明规章（three sets of rul es）1) 1

9、932 年华沙牛津规章（ warsaw-oxford rules 1932 ）2) 美国对外贸易修正案1941 （ revisedamericanforeigntrade definitions 1941 ）3) 2000 年国际贸易术语说明通就（international rul es for the interpretation of trade terms 2000）2. incoterms2000的具体内容（e.f.c.d 组的划分, 重点在 f.c 类）（这个不知道怎么写,看书本p34-42 ）3. 装运合同术语和到货合同术语区分shipment contract:起运前交付（ th

10、e delivery will happen at the timeor before the time of shipment ）如： e f c 类arrival contract : 到达目的地后交付（ deliver at the time of arrival）5.象征性交接合实际交接symbolicdelivery:买方并没有实质性的接受到货物,而为通过一系列运输单据 证明其交接；（ the buyer does notphysicallyreceive the goods、 the deliveryis proved by the submission of transport

11、document by the seller to the buyer）只意味着买方同意了买方交货的事实, 并不代表买方接受了该批货物就为与合同一样的货物；actual delivery: the buyer or hisagent physically receivesthe goods upon the time of deliverychapter three出口商品的价格1.出口商品价格的表达（expression of export price ）the standard format of a price in international trade has four compon

12、ents通常一个标准出口价格包括四个部分：货币（a code of currency ）金额（a number indicating the price）数量单位 （a unit for measuring quantity） 贸易术语（ a certain trade term ）例如：usd22.5/piece cif new york这为一种出口价格的表现形式,在纽约市用cif 贸易术语进行交易,每件货为22.5 美元2. 价格的运算fob 价格：以出口国货币运算fob= total cost + profit以外国货币运算fob= total cost + profit/ exchan

13、ge rate精品学习资料精选学习资料 - - - 欢迎下载cfr价格： cfr= fob + ocean freightcif 价 格 ： cif=fob + ocean freight +insurance premium insurance premium =cif *1+markup *premium rater cif=cfr / 1-markup*r包含佣金（ commission ）的价格：commission c = contract value * commission rateprice including c = net price / 1c rates net pric

14、e = price including c 1- c ratesprice including c指的为 fob 或 fca 条件下的价格折扣价：discount = contract price * discount rateactual price = contract pricediscount= contract price * 1- discount rate3. 价格评估的两个指标：出口利润率（export profit margin） :export profit margin = export revenue fobexport cost fobexport revenue f

15、ob公式中用的为fob 价格,即不包含运费保险费的价格,并且使用的为出口国货币；反映的为一单位的销售额能赚取多少的利润,越大越好出口换汇成本（export cost for foreign exchange）:export cost for foreign exchange =export cost in local currencyexport revenue in foreign currency该指标反映的为要赚取一单位的外国货币需要花费的本国货币成本,越小越好4. 定价的四个步骤：（要求能够知道概念和判定）询盘：a potential client asks for informati

16、on from the counterpart to his intentionin buying or selling of a certain commodity.发盘： a sufficiently d efinite proposal ad dressed to one or more specific persons for concluding a contract、 necessarily indicating the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance.仍 盘 ： areplytoanofferw

17、hichcontainsadditions、limitationsofothermodifications.接受：an unconditional statement made formally by or an action conducted bythe offeree indicating assent to an offer or counter-offer.参考书上 67-72 页的几个 examplechapter four商品条款1. 品质条款：注： cisg 规定,假如一项商品交易既凭描述性买卖又凭样品实物买卖,那么卖方必需使交货的商品同时符合这两个条件1）商品质量用文字说明表

18、示（sale by description ）凭规格买卖（ sale by specification）: 用商品质量的如干指标,如大小.容量.成分等凭等级买卖（sale by grade ） : 如一级二级,大中小号等精品学习资料精选学习资料 - - - 欢迎下载凭标准买卖（sale by standard ） : 采纳一些组织如iso 制定公布的标准；有两种主要的标准：良好平均品质f.a.q （多适用于农产品销售）和上好可销品质g.m.q（多适用于木材,冷冻类产品）凭品牌和商标买卖（ sale by brand name or trade mark ） 凭产地买卖（ sale by ori

19、gin）凭说明书和图样买卖（ sale by descriptions or illustrations）2）商品质量用实物样品表示（sale by sampel ）凭卖方样品买卖（ sale by sellers sample）: 卖方供应原样,买方挑选,卖方需留样（ duplicate ）凭买方样品买卖：又叫来样制作,但简洁产生工业产权纠纷凭对等样品买卖（ sale by counter sample） :对等样品又叫回样 a returned sample 或确认样 a confirmed sampl e、 为卖方依据买方来样仿制的样品； 为防止纠纷,需由第三方或公证机关进行“封样” （

20、 sealed sample）a counter sampl e is a replica mad e by the seller of the sampl e provid ed、 normally by the buyer. it is also called a returned sampl e or a confirmed sampl e.2. 品质条款的留意事项（必需在合同中注明）1）品质机动（ quality latitud e）: means the permissibl e range within which the quality of the goods d eliver

21、ed by the seller may be fl exibly controll ed. 为指对特定质量指标在肯定幅度内可以机动；2）品质公差（quality tol erance）: refers to the quality d eviation recognized、 which allows the quality of the goods d elivered to have certain difference within a range.为指答应交付货物的特定质量指标在公认的肯定范畴内的差异；3）保证条款（ safeguard clause） : 爱护卖方防止受到因工业产权

22、和学问产权而受到不应当的控告 3.计量方法（ measuring quantity ）国际贸易中主要使用的度量衡制度有四种：公制metricsystem、美制 u.s.system ,英制 british system 和国际单位制 international system of units.主要单位有：重量（ weight ） :ton、gram、kil ogram、pound、ounce.留意： ton有 metric ton1000kg、long ton1016kg和 shortton907kg之分,合同中假如未注明,很简洁产生纠纷；容积（ capacity）: gallon、 lite

23、r、 bushel.个数（ number ）: piece、 package、 pair、 set、 gross、 dozen、 head、 case、 barrel、 drum、 bag.长度（ length ）: yard、 meter、 foot、 centimeter.面积（ area）: square yard、 square meter、 square foot、 square inch.体积（ volume） : cubic yard、 cubit meter.4. 重量的运算方法：1毛重 gross weight : 商品连同包装的重量2净重 net weight :商品本身重

24、量3) 条件重量conditionedweight ：thedryweightofcommodityplusthe standard moisture content涉及含水分问题标准回潮率（ standard regain rate ） : the ratio between the water content andthe dry weight of the goods、 which is accepted in the world market or agreed精品学习资料精选学习资料 - - - 欢迎下载upon by the sell er and the buyer实际回潮率（a

25、ctual regain rate ）: the ratio between the actual regaining watercontent in the goods and the actual dry weightconditioned weight= dried net weight *1 + standard regain rateactual weight* （ 1+standard regain weight ）=1+ actual regain weight4) 理论重量 theoreticalweight ： whenthetotalweightoftheproductis

26、calculated bymultiplyingthetotalquantityandthe unitweight、ratherthan measured actually. 适用于固定规格和体积的商品；5法定重量 legalweight ：the weightof goods includingtheimmediate、inner、 or direct packing of the goods.通常法定重量为征收关税的依据；5. 包装的类型1包括裸装货（ nude cargo） 、 散装货 bulk cargo ,包装货 packed cargo2 运输包装（ transportpackin

27、g ）又称shippingpacking、outerpacking、big packing、 is mainly ad opted to facilitate cargo transportation.包装容器 container: case、 drums、 bags、 bales、 crate .包装方法（ method of packing ）: 单位包装（ unit packing ）和集中包装 collective packing. 其中集中包装主要由托盘 pallet、 集装包 flexible container 和集装箱container.chapter five国际货物运输1.

28、 班轮和租船运输 1）班轮运输（ liner transportation ）:为在肯定航线上,在肯定的停靠港口,定期开航的船舶运输；班轮运输的特点： 班轮四固定船期固定（ regular scheduled departure ） 、 航线固定（ specified route ） 、 停靠港口固定（ routes with fixed base ports ）和 运费率相对固定（ comparatively fixed freight rates ） 班 轮 的 种 类 ： 工 会 同 盟 班 轮 （ conferenceliners ） 和 非 工 会 同 盟 班 轮（ non-conf

29、erence liners ） 货物由承运人负责配载装卸并承担费用（包括如速遣费和滞期费等额外费用） 运费的构成（ composition of liner freight）: 基本运费（ basic freight ）和附加费（ surcharges and additionals ）total freight = total quantity x basic rate x 1+surcharge /additional rates基本运费的运算标准重量吨 w weight ton体积吨 m measurement ton w/m 重量和体积,取高者 note: 1wt=1mt基于商品价值a

30、.v.依据商品 fob 价值的百分比收费 w/mor a.v. 重量.体积.价值比较,取最高费率者,要先将w.m 换算成basic rate 再比较；留意单位 unit/head精品学习资料精选学习资料 - - - 欢迎下载最低费率 minimum rate 对于数量太小的货物设定最低费率暂时议定运价open rate 对于大宗价值低无包装的货物参考书本 p121 页例题附加费和附属费（明白）surcharge 附加费 beyond our controlbunker surcharge bunker adjustment factor / baf燃油附加费15% of the costcur

31、rency surcharge currency adjustment factor / caf货币贬值附加费port congestion surcharge港口拥挤附加费 transshipment surcharge转船附加费 deviation surcharge绕道附加费port surcharge港口附加费additionals附属费under our controlheavy lift additional / extra charges on heavy lifts超重费over 5m/tlengthy cargo additional/extra charges on ove

32、rlengths超长费over 9mbulky cargo additional超大费over 6cbmadditional on direct直行附属费not at basic port、 volume over 1000 m/t additional on optional discharging port选卸港附属费 additional for alternation of d estination变更卸港附属费2）租船运输（ charter transportation） :定程租船（ voyage charter ）定期租船（ time charter ）光船租船（ bare bo

33、at charter/d emise charter ） 定程和定期租船的区分（明白）p121f.i.o free in and out: the ship-owner d oes not bear loading and unl oading cost2. 其他运输方式1）航空运输airtransportation:运费运算与海洋运输中的一样,只为单位不同note: 6000cm3=1kg2）铁路和大路运输railway transportation and road transportation 3）国际多式联运i.m. t internationalmultimodaltransport

34、ation:meansthe carriage of cargo from the place of sell ers in one country to the site of the buyersinanothercountryby at least two modes of transportationonthe basis of a multi-modal transportation contract. only one multi-modal transportation operator only one multi-modal transportation contract o

35、nly one freight rate4） 集装箱运输:containerizationis a method of distributing merchandise in a unitizedformadoptinganinter-modalsystemwhichprovid esapossible combination of sea、 road and other mod es of transportation.特点：高效率,安全,节约成本精品学习资料精选学习资料 - - - 欢迎下载集装箱种类variety in service involving one operator use

36、 of special equipmentlow risk of damage and pilferage substantial cost savingsdry cargo container干货集装箱 refrigerated/reefer container冷冻集装箱 tanker container油罐集装箱car container车辆集装箱精品学习资料精选学习资料 - - - 欢迎下载集装箱运输服务 整箱装（ fcl）和拼箱装（ lcl）服务 cy to cy service、 cfs to cfs service、 dr to dr service、 dr to cfs serv

37、ice and cfs to dr service（集装箱场 cy、 集装箱货站 cfs、 自有集装箱 dr）p127运费运算fcl: by the capacity（依据集装箱容积）lcl: similar to liner service （与班轮运输相像）3. 海运提单 bill of lading1提单的作用和功能functions a receipt of the goods 承运人签发给托运人的货物收据 evidence of the contract of carriage货物运输合同的证明 a document titl e to the goods 货物全部权凭证2）提单的种

38、类装运提单 shippedb/l 和备运提单（ received b/l ） : 两者之间的区分可能考简答装运提单为指承运人在货物已经装上指定船舶后所签发的提单；必需注明装船日期和具体船只名称； issued by the shippingcompany after goods shipped on boardthedesignatedvessel. indicatingdate ofshipmentand name ofthevessel备运提单为指承运人已收到托运货物等待装运期间所签发的提单； 没有具体的装船时间和船舶名称； goods being received but not yet

39、 loaded ,is a confirmation of goods handed over to ship owner absence of date of shipment and name of the vessel、 difficult to anticipate date of arrival、 hence not favorabl e by buyer联系： when words such as“goods shipped on board s/s red star on may 10、2021 ”a dded andsigned by the carrierorthe agen

40、t on thereceivedb/l 、 it becomes a shipped b/l 清洁提单（ clean b/l ）和不清洁提单（ unclean b/l ）清洁提单为指货物在装船时表面状况良好,承运人在提单上不带有明显宣称货物 或包装有缺陷状况的文字或批注的提单；a clean b/l refers to one which d oes notdeclare a defective condition of the exterior packing of goods.不清洁提单为指承运人在签发的提单上带有明显宣称货物或包装有缺陷状况的文字或批注的提单； an unclean b/

41、l is the one that contains unfavorable notation about the apparent condition of the cargo.记名提单（ straight b/l ）、 不记名提单（ bearer b/l ）、指示提单（ order b/l ）精品学习资料精选学习资料 - - - 欢迎下载记名提单为指提单上的收货人栏内填明特定收货人名称的提单；made out to adesignated consigneeonly the named consignee is entitl ed to the cargo not transferable

42、不记名提单（ open or blank b/l ） : 指提单上的收货人栏内不写明特定收货人名称的提单； the consignee box l eft blank oropen、 or bearing thewording“tobearer”至持有人 can be transferred withoutendorsement thereforewithhigh risk, unfavorabl e in international trad e指示提单为指提单上的收货人栏内填写“凭指示”或“凭某某人指示”字样的提单 ； made out to the order of a named pe

43、rson ,no definiteconsignee、“toorder ” “ toorderof theshipper”or “ toorder of theconsigneei”ns teadnegotiable and transferable,but need endorsement,widely used in internationaltrade直运提单（ direct b/l ）和转船提单 transshipment b/l直运提单为指货物装上船后,中途不再换船而直接驶往目的港卸货所签发的提单；转船提单 involving additional charges、 longer t

44、ime and higher risks in transit、 therefore unfavorabl e to the buyer acceptable only when there is no direct service正本提单（original b/l ）和副本提单（ copy b/l ）正本提单为指提单上有承运人或其代理人签名盖章并注明签发日期的提单 valid only after being singed by the shipping company or its agent showing“ original” and the number of the signed

45、originals normally mad e out in a set of three originals an evidence showing the ownership of goods presented for taking the d elivery of the goods at d estination、 one is used、 the others becomes void automatically副本提单仅供参考和记录之用,注明副本字样； normally only used for referenceor for records.全式提单（ long form

46、b/l ） 和略式提单（short form b/l ）运费付讫提单（ freight prepaid ）和运费托收提单 freight to be collected其他不规范提单到付提单（ stale b/l ）: 指提单签发后超过信用证规定期限才交到银行的提单, 或者收货人不能在船到目的港前收到的提单；倒签提单（ ante-dated b/l ）:提单上签发的日期早于实际起运时间的提单；（晚起运）预签提单（ advanced b/l ）: 在货物仍未实际装载前签发的提单；（不知何时起运）甲板提单（ on-deck b/l ）: 承运人签发的说明货物装于船舶甲板上的提单；3）其他运输单证海

47、上运单（ sea waybill ）：附于提单后,具体说明提单内容,与运输合同一样、不具有全部权作用航空运单（ airwaybill ）: 与海运提单作用几乎一样,理论上不为货物全部权证书铁路运输单据 consignment note rail waybill精品学习资料精选学习资料 - - - 欢迎下载大路承运货物收据road consignment note多式联运单据 multimodal transportation d ocument mtd4. 装船期 time of shipment 和交货期的区分 time of d elivery1) under shipment contr

48、acts、 the symbolic delivery takes place、 so time of shipment is equal to time of d elivery. the time is the one limited for l oading the goods on board vessel or in the hand of the carrier at the port or place of shipment.2) under arrival contracts、 the actual d elivery takes place、 thus、 time of sh

49、ipment isdifferent from time of delivery. time of shipment refers to the time limit for loading the goods on board vessel at the port or place of shipment; time of d elivery refers to the time limit during which the sell er shall deliver the goods to the buyer at the agreed place.5. 分批运（ partial shi

50、pment ）和转运 transshipment 的区分partial shipmentmeans the goods under a contractare to be shippedin more than one lot.分批装运为指一个合同下的货物先后分如干批装运；transshipment means unl oading and rel oading from one vessel to another during the course of ocean carriage fromthe portof loading to the portof dischargestipulat

51、ed.转运为指从装运港至卸货港过程中,进行转装或重装,包括从一运输工具移至另一运输工具的行为；6. 滞期费（ demurrage ）和速遣费 dispatch滞期费为指在规定的装卸期限内,假如租船人未能完成装卸作业,为了补偿船方的缺失,对超过的实践租船人应向船方支付肯定的罚款；demurrageistheamountof moneypaidas a penaltyat an agreed rateby charterer to compensate the ship-owner for his losses in case the charterer fails to have loading

52、 and unloading completed within the lay time.速遣费为指租船人在规定的期限呢,提前完成装卸作业, 就所节约的时间船方要向租船人支付肯定的奖金；dispatchis theamountof moneypaidas a bonus by the ship-ownertothe charterer if they get l oading and unl oading done ahead of schedule.chapter six货物运输保险1. 保险的四大基本原就（ fundamental principl es of cargo insuranc

53、e）：1) 可保利益原就（ the insurabl e interest principl e）可保利益指的为投保人对保险标的具有法律上承认的利益；insurabl e interest isthe interest on insurance subject matter held by the insurant and recognized bylaw、 indicating that the insurant will suffer some financial losses if any maritime risksmaterialize. 投保人对保险标的不具有可保利益的,保险合同无

54、效,这就为 可保利益原就；通常的可保利益形式有货物的全部权.保费.运费等2) 最大诚信原就（ the utmost good faith principle）为指投保人和保险人在签订保险合同以及在合同有效期内,必需保持最大限度的诚心； both parties be faithful and honest in entering into the insurance contract.insurant shall expose all important facts influencing the judgment and evaluation by the insurer to the pe

55、rils.精品学习资料精选学习资料 - - - 欢迎下载3) 补偿原就（ the indemnity principl e）为指当保险标的遭受保险责任范畴内的缺失时,保险人应当依照保险合同的商定履行赔偿义务； in the event of l oss of or damage to the subject matter resulting from an insured peril、 the insurer shall compensate the claimant exactly what the latter has lost in the occurrence of the peril.补偿的范畴不能超过 :（ total ind emnification be limited to）：a) 保险金额 the insurance amount: 110% of the insured valueb) 实际缺失 the actual loss suffe