Lesson 2 Legal Profession2

1、法律英语1Lesson TwoLegal Profession法律职业法律职业法律英语2If there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers.Charles Dickens, British novelist倘若世上没有坏人，也就不会有好的倘若世上没有坏人，也就不会有好的律师。律师。英国小说家英国小说家 狄更斯狄更斯 CC法律英语3Background attorneyjudgeprosecutorLaw teachertransfer freely Harlan Fiske Stonelaw profession法律英语4法律

2、英语5Part 1 The BarBar法庭中将公众与法官、律师法庭中将公众与法官、律师及其他诉讼参与人分隔开的及其他诉讼参与人分隔开的隔板隔板。后来用于通指法律职业或律师职业。后来用于通指法律职业或律师职业。美国律师协会美国律师协会法律英语6法律英语7律师律师美国美国LawyerAttorneyAttorney at-lawCounselorCounselor at-law英国英国Barrister诉讼律师诉讼律师大律师，出庭律师大律师，出庭律师Solicitor非诉律师非诉律师诉状律师，事务律师诉状律师，事务律师法律英语8Listen to the record and think:Wha

3、t are the basic requirements for admission to practice law in U.S. ?The Multistate Bar Exam is a national Bar examination, isnt it?What kind of requirement is to be fulfilled after passing the bar examination before one can be admitted to the bar?4.An American lawyer, generally, can not practice in

4、the states other than the state where he has been admitted, can he?5. What activities is a lawyer permitted to engage in besides practicing law?6. Who is Harlan Fiske Stone? 法律英语9法律英语107. American legal profession does not have the distinction between barristers and solicitors, does it?8. What is th

5、e American lawyers domain?Questions1.What are the basic requirements for admission to practice law in U.S. ?2.The Multistate Bar Exam is a national Bar examination, isnt it?法律英语11法律英语12The regulation of the legal profession is primarily the concern of the states, each of which has its own requiremen

6、ts for admission to practice. 对法律职业的管制主要是州政府的事。对法律职业的管制主要是州政府的事。各州都有自己的各州都有自己的允许律师执业允许律师执业的条件。的条件。CONCERN major concern, deep conerngrowing concern, mounting concerncommon concern, widespread concern a going concern红火的公司红火的公司法律英语13法律英语14Most require three years of college and a law degree. Each stat

7、e administers its own written examination to applicants for its bar. 三年大学三年大学法律学位法律学位书面考试书面考试administer 管理，实施管理，实施administer upon a estate管理遗产管理遗产adiminster a decree执行命令，实施政令执行命令，实施政令administer justice执法，惩处，行使审判权执法，惩处，行使审判权administer relief实施救济实施救济法律英语15applicant 申请人申请人applicant creditor 请求还款的债权人请求还

8、款的债权人applicant for insurance 要保人，投保人要保人，投保人application for registration 申请登记人申请登记人法律英语16bar n.(法庭或议会的法庭或议会的)围栏，法庭，律围栏，法庭，律师（业，界）；阻却因素，抗辩事由师（业，界）；阻却因素，抗辩事由bar association律师协会律师协会bar admission examination律师资格考试律师资格考试case at bar 处于审理之中的案件处于审理之中的案件trial at bar 会审（由合议庭而会审（由合议庭而不是独任法官审理不是独任法官审理案件）案件）priso

9、ner at the bar正在法院受审的罪犯正在法院受审的罪犯法律英语17bar v.禁止、阻止禁止、阻止to bar a debt by the statute of limitations 按有关时效的法规而被免除债务按有关时效的法规而被免除债务the defendant filed a bar 被告提交了中止诉讼申请被告提交了中止诉讼申请法律英语18法律英语19Almost all states, however, make use of the Multistate Bar Exam, a day-long multi-choice test, to which the states

10、 adds a day-long essay examination emphasizing its own law.各州律师联考各州律师联考州综合问答题州综合问答题法律英语20The Multistate Bar Examination (MBE) is a six-hour, two-hundred question multiple-choice examination covering contracts, torts, constitutional law, criminal law, evidence, and real property. 法律英语21A substantial

11、fraction of all applicants succeed on the first try, and many of those who fail pass on a later attempt. 大多数申请人都可以通过第一次考试，大多数申请人都可以通过第一次考试，而且许多失败者都会在下一次考试中而且许多失败者都会在下一次考试中通过。通过。inquiry 调查调查inquiry court 调查委员会调查委员会inquiry notice推定通知推定通知inquiry position查询台查询台inquiry procedure调查程序调查程序inquiry sheet询价单询价

12、单法律英语223.What kind of requirement is to be fulfilled after passing the bar examination before one can be admitted to the bar?法律英语23法律英语24In all, over forty thousand persons succeed in passing these examinations to the bar in their respective states. 每年各州有每年各州有4万多人通过律师考试。万多人通过律师考试。No apprenticeship i

13、s required either before or after admission. 在进入律师行业之前或之后不需要有在进入律师行业之前或之后不需要有实习期。实习期。法律英语25The rules for admission to practice before the federal courts vary with the courts,在在联邦法院执业联邦法院执业的要求各州不同。的要求各州不同。but generally those entitled to practice before the highest court of a state may be admitted bef

14、ore the federal courts upon compliance with minor formalities. 在在州最高法院州最高法院执业的人办理了一些执业的人办理了一些无关无关紧要的手续紧要的手续后就允许在后就允许在联邦法院联邦法院执业。执业。be entitled to 有资格，有权去做有资格，有权去做entitled party 有资格者，权利人，所有权人有资格者，权利人，所有权人法律英语264.An American lawyer, generally, can not practice in the states other than the state where

15、he has been admitted, can he?法律英语27法律英语28A lawyers practice is usually confined to a single community for, although a lawyer may travel to represent clients, one is only permitted to practice in a state where one has been admitted. 律师通常在一个地区执业律师通常在一个地区执业可以代表当事人到其他州办理事务可以代表当事人到其他州办理事务只能在获准开业的州从业只能在获准

16、开业的州从业法律英语29 It is customary to retain local counsel for matters in other jurisdictions. 在其他管辖区在其他管辖区雇佣雇佣当地律师当地律师是一种是一种惯例惯例。有些州曾把有些州曾把“本州居民本州居民”规定为申请律规定为申请律师资格的前提条件。但联邦最高法院在师资格的前提条件。但联邦最高法院在19851985年裁定这种规定为非法。此外，在年裁定这种规定为非法。此外，在美国担任律师的人美国担任律师的人并不必须是美国公民并不必须是美国公民。 法律英语30One who moves to another state

17、 can usually be admitted without examination if one has practiced in a state where one has been admitted for some time, often five years. 如果一个人如果一个人已经执业已经执业5 5年以上年以上，那，那么当他移居到另外一个州的时候，么当他移居到另外一个州的时候，通常通常不用再参加该州的律师资格考不用再参加该州的律师资格考试试就可以就可以获准执业获准执业。 5. What activities is a lawyer permitted to engage in

18、 besides practicing law? 法律英语31法律英语32A lawyer may not only practice law, but is permitted to engage in any activity that is open to other citizens.从事律师业务从事律师业务参加任何其他公民可以参加的活动参加任何其他公民可以参加的活动法律英语33It is not uncommon for practicing lawyer to serve on boards of directors of corporate clients, to engage

19、in business, and to participate actively in public affairs. 执业律师在企业客户的董事会中工作、从事商业或执业律师在企业客户的董事会中工作、从事商业或者积极参与公共事务都是很平常的事情。者积极参与公共事务都是很平常的事情。board 委员会，部委员会，部board resolution 董事会决议董事会决议board member董事会成员董事会成员board meeting董事会会议董事会会议board minutes 董事会会议记录董事会会议记录board of auditors审议委员会审议委员会board of inquiry调

20、查委员会调查委员会board of arbitration 仲裁委员会仲裁委员会board of appeals复议委员会复议委员会法律英语34法律英语35A lawyer remains a member of the bar even after becoming a judge, an employee of the government or of a private business concern, or a law teacher, any may return to private practice from these other activities. 律师即使在成为法官、

21、政府或者私人律师即使在成为法官、政府或者私人企业集团的雇员或者法律教师之后仍企业集团的雇员或者法律教师之后仍然是律师协会的会员，他们可以辞掉然是律师协会的会员，他们可以辞掉这些其它事务，回头开始私人执业。这些其它事务，回头开始私人执业。法律英语36 A relatively small number of lawyers give up practice for responsible executive positions in commerce and industry. 为了在工商业中担任重要的执行职务而放弃执为了在工商业中担任重要的执行职务而放弃执业的律师人数相对较少。业的律师人数相对

22、较少。6. Who is Harlan Fiske Stone?法律英语37法律英语38The mobility as well as the sense of public responsibility in the profession is evidence by the career of Harlan Fiske Stone who was, at various times, a successful New York lawyer, a professor and dean of the Columbia School of Law, Attorney General of th

23、e United States, and Chief Justice of the United States. 律师律师教授教授院长院长总检总检察长察长首席大首席大法官法官法律英语39Harlan Fiske Stone1872- 1946Distinguished jurist Harlan Fiske Stone was born on October 11, 1872 in Chesterfield, New Hampshire. 著名法理学家著名法理学家法律英语40After graduating from Amherst College in 1894, he continued

24、on to Columbia University from which he received his law degree in 1898. The next year he was admitted to the New York bar. 加入纽约律师协会加入纽约律师协会法律英语41In 1910 Stone became the dean of the Columbia Law School. In 1924 he was appointed by President Coolidge to be Attorney General. 哥伦比亚大学法学院院长哥伦比亚大学法学院院长司法部

25、长（总检察长）司法部长（总检察长）法律英语42In 1925 he was nominated to the Supreme Court. While on the Court, Stone was a strong supporter of President Roosevelts New Deal legislation. Roosevelt appointed Stone Chief Justice in 1941. Stone died in 1946 at the age of 73.最高法院法官最高法院法官罗斯福新政罗斯福新政最高法院首席大法官最高法院首席大法官7. America

26、n legal profession does not have the distinction between barristers and solicitors, does it?法律英语43法律英语44There is no formal division among lawyers according to function. 律师没有按职责的正式划分。律师没有按职责的正式划分。英国：英国：Barristers：出庭律师出庭律师、大律师、诉讼律师大律师、诉讼律师Solicitors：诉状律师诉状律师、小律师、非诉律师小律师、非诉律师 法律英语45there is no branch o

27、f profession that has a special or exclusive right to appear in court, nor is there a branch that specializes in the preparation of legal instruments. 美国：美国：出庭代理诉讼出庭代理诉讼准备法律文书准备法律文书attorney既不存在拥有特别或者专有出庭权的职业群体，也没有专门制作法律文书的职业群体。instruments 文契，票据，（正式）文文契，票据，（正式）文件件instruments record (土地产权土地产权)登记文件登记文件

28、instruments pledge抵押契据抵押契据instruments of payment支付票据（作为支付支付票据（作为支付手段的票据）手段的票据）instrument of acceptance 接受书接受书instrument of accession 加入书，就职书加入书，就职书instrument of credit信用证书信用证书法律英语468. What is the American lawyers domain?法律英语47法律英语48 The American lawyers domain includes advocacy, counseling, and draf

29、ting. Furthermore, within the sphere broadly defined as the “practice of law” the domain is exclusive and is not open to others. 代理诉讼，出庭辩护；代理诉讼，出庭辩护；咨询服务；咨询服务；起草文书；起草文书；律师实务律师实务法律英语49 In the field of advocacy, the rules are fairly clear: any individual may represent himself or herself in court but,

30、with the exception of a few inferior courts, only a lawyer may represent another in court. 出庭辩护：出庭辩护：当事人本人当事人本人代理律师代理律师法律英语50The lines of demarcation are less clear in the areas of counseling and drafting of legal instruments, as for example between the practice of law and that of accounting in the

31、field of federal income taxation. 咨询服务与起草法律文件之间的划分不咨询服务与起草法律文件之间的划分不明确。明确。就联邦所得税，律师执业与会计执业划就联邦所得税，律师执业与会计执业划分不清。分不清。法律英语51 However, the strict approach of most American courts is indicated by a decision of New Yorks highest court that a lawyer admitted to practice in a foreign country but not in New

32、 York is prohibited from giving legal advice to clients in New York, even though the advice is limited to the law of foreign country where the lawyer is admitted. 纽约最高法院的一个裁决表明了大多数美国纽约最高法院的一个裁决表明了大多数美国法院的严格标准，该裁决认为，一个获准在法院的严格标准，该裁决认为，一个获准在外国而非纽约州执业的律师不得对纽约州客外国而非纽约州执业的律师不得对纽约州客户提供法律咨询，即使该意见仅限于提供该户提供法

33、律咨询，即使该意见仅限于提供该律师获证的该外国法律的咨询。律师获证的该外国法律的咨询。法律英语52A foreign lawyer may be admitted to the bar of one of states and may, even without being admitted, advise an American lawyer as a consultant on foreign law.外国律师可以被一个州的律师协会外国律师可以被一个州的律师协会接接纳为会员纳为会员，甚至在没有被接纳的情况，甚至在没有被接纳的情况下，下，作为外国法律顾问作为外国法律顾问向美国律师咨向美国律师

34、咨询询。法律英语53Part 2 Lawyers in private practice独立开业的律师独立开业的律师Listen to the record and think:1.What are associates in law firms ?1.What are associates in law firms ?2.Why are there greater needs for 2.Why are there greater needs for specialized law practice now than in specialized law practice now than

35、in the nineteenth century?the nineteenth century?3.What is the new sound practice for 3.What is the new sound practice for lawyers in business field?lawyers in business field?1.What are associates in law firms ?1.What are associates in law firms ?法律英语54Among these fifteen lawyers in practice, nine,

36、a clear majority, are single practitioners .在开业的律师中，大多数（在开业的律师中，大多数（9/15）是）是单独执业者单独执业者法律英语55The remaining six practice in law firms, which are generally organized as partnerships. 剩下的剩下的6个人组成律师事务所，一般采用个人组成律师事务所，一般采用合伙制。合伙制。 Four or five of these six are partners and the others are associates, a term

37、 applied to salaried lawyers employed by a firm or another lawyer. 6个人中有个人中有4、5个是合伙人个是合伙人；其他其他1、2个是合作者（非合伙律师），他们受雇个是合作者（非合伙律师），他们受雇于律师事务所或其他律师，领取工资。于律师事务所或其他律师，领取工资。法律英语57This trend toward group practice is relatively recent origin. 合伙开业合伙开业2.Why are there greater needs for 2.Why are there greater n

38、eeds for specialized law practice now than specialized law practice now than in the nineteenth century?in the nineteenth century?法律英语58法律英语59Throughout most of nineteenth century, law practice was general rather than specialized, its chief ingredient was advocacy rather than counseling and drafting,

39、 and the prototype of the American lawyer was the single practitioner. 律师业务是一般化（非专业化）的，而不是律师业务是一般化（非专业化）的，而不是专业化的专业化的主要业务是出庭辩护，而不是提供咨询和起主要业务是出庭辩护，而不是提供咨询和起草文书草文书美国律师的最早形式是单独开业。美国律师的最早形式是单独开业。法律英语60 Marked specialization began in the later part of that century in the large cities near the financial c

40、enters. the work of the lawyer accommodated itself to the needs of clients for expert counseling and drafting to prevent as well as to settle disputes. 19世纪后期，在金融中心附近的大城市，出世纪后期，在金融中心附近的大城市，出现了显著的现了显著的律师专业化律师专业化。律师为了适应客户需要而提供律师为了适应客户需要而提供专业咨询专业咨询和起草文书和起草文书，以防止和解决争议。，以防止和解决争议。法律英语61The best lawyers we

41、re attracted to this work and leadership of the bar gravitated to persons who rarely if ever appeared in courts and who were sought after as advisors, planners, and negotiators. 出类拔萃的律师都被吸引到这一领域，而出类拔萃的律师都被吸引到这一领域，而且律师职业领导的重心转向了那些很少出且律师职业领导的重心转向了那些很少出庭的从事顾问、做计划以及从事谈判的人。庭的从事顾问、做计划以及从事谈判的人。3.What is th

42、e new sound practice 3.What is the new sound practice for lawyers in business field?for lawyers in business field?法律英语62法律英语63 Today the lawyer regards it as sound practice to be continuously familiar with clients business problems and to participate at all steps in shaping of their policies.现在，律师认为

43、不断熟悉客户的业务问题并参现在，律师认为不断熟悉客户的业务问题并参与其政策制定的各个步骤已经成了一种正常、与其政策制定的各个步骤已经成了一种正常、合理的执业形式。合理的执业形式。法律英语64Part 3 House Counsel 专职法律顾问专职法律顾问Listen to the record and think:1.Why concerns want to have their own house counsels?2. Will a house counsel of a company appear in court ?3. What is the house counsels skil

44、l? 4. What actor is the house counsel ideally situated?1.Why concerns want to have their own house counsels?法律英语65Out of every twenty lawyers, two are employed by private business concerns, such as industrial corporations, insurance companies, and banks, usually as house or corporate counsel in the

45、concerns legal department. 20个律师中有个律师中有2个受雇于个受雇于私人企业私人企业，如工，如工业公司、金融公司、银行。业公司、金融公司、银行。 专职法律顾问，公司法律顾问专职法律顾问，公司法律顾问法律英语66法律英语67 the growth of corporationsthe complexity of businessthe multitude of problem posed by government regulationfirms to have in their employ persons with legal training非常了解企业的非常了

46、解企业的特殊问题和条件特殊问题和条件法律英语68The general counsel (总法律顾问总法律顾问) An officer of the companyServe on important policy making committeesServe on the board of directors. 公司管理人员公司管理人员重要决策委员会重要决策委员会董事会董事会2. Will a house counsel of a company appear in court ?法律英语69法律英语70House counselremain members of the bar 保留律师协

47、会会员身份保留律师协会会员身份entitled to appear in court有资格出庭进行诉讼有资格出庭进行诉讼3. What is the house counsels skill? 法律英语71法律英语72House counselHowever, it is the house counsels skill as advisor rather than as an advocate that is a valued asset. 专职律师的专长是专职律师的专长是法律顾问法律顾问而不是而不是辩护律师辩护律师，这是个珍贵的财富。，这是个珍贵的财富。4. What actor is t

48、he house counsel ideally situated?法律英语73法律英语74Constantly in touch with the employers problem, house counsel is ideally situated to practice preventive law and may also be called upon to advise the company on its broader obligation to the public and the nation.由于不断接触雇主的各类问题，专职法律由于不断接触雇主的各类问题，专职法律顾问的理

49、想定位是预防性法律事务，而且顾问的理想定位是预防性法律事务，而且还可以从公众和国家的角度出发为公司承还可以从公众和国家的角度出发为公司承担更为广泛的（社会）责任提供建议。担更为广泛的（社会）责任提供建议。法律英语75Part 4 Lawyers in Government Listen to the record and think:1.what is the percentage of lawyers in government in American legal profession?2. Why do law graduates go to work for government for

50、 a period of time?3. Why lawyers are discouraged from continuing with their government work?4.Is there any legal training for new lawyers in government?法律英语761.what is the percentage of 1.what is the percentage of lawyers in government in lawyers in government in American legal profession?American l

51、egal profession?法律英语77Two out of twenty lawyers are now employees of the federal, state, county, and municipal governments, exclusive of judiciary. 20个律师中有个律师中有2个个受雇于联邦、州、受雇于联邦、州、县和市镇政府，这中间还县和市镇政府，这中间还不包括法官不包括法官。法律英语782. Why do law graduates go to 2. Why do law graduates go to work for government fo

52、r a period work for government for a period of time?of time?法律英语79法律英语80Many of those entering public service are recent law graduates 许多加入公共服务的是许多加入公共服务的是刚毕业的法学大学生刚毕业的法学大学生。who find government salaries sufficiently attractive at this stage of their careers 政府政府薪水薪水有足够的吸引力有足够的吸引力seek the training th

53、at such service may offer as a prelude to private practice. 锻炼自己，作为锻炼自己，作为私人开业的前奏私人开业的前奏3. Why lawyers are discouraged from continuing with their government work?法律英语81法律英语82 Limitation on top salaries discourage some from continuing with the government. 最高薪水的限制最高薪水的限制使一些人不再为政使一些人不再为政府工作。府工作。法律英语83T

54、he majority serves by appointment in legal departments of a variety of federal and state agencies and local entities. 大多数的政府律师在大多数的政府律师在联邦、州政府联邦、州政府和和地方机构地方机构的的法律部门法律部门任职。任职。法律英语84The United States Department of Justice alone employs more than two thousand, and the Law Department of the City of New

55、York more than four hundred. 美国司法部美国司法部2000多人多人纽约司法局纽约司法局400多人多人法律英语85Others are engaged as public prosecutors. Federal prosecutors, the United States attorneys and their assistants, are appointed by the President and are subordinate to the Attorney General of the United States. 其他政府律师是其他政府律师是检查官检查官

56、。联邦检查官、联邦检查官、美国政府律师美国政府律师和和助理检查官助理检查官由由总统总统任任命，受命于美国命，受命于美国总检察长（司法部总检察长（司法部长）。长）。法律英语86Attorney General总检察长，总检察长，司法部长司法部长John Ashcroft 约翰约翰阿什克里夫特阿什克里夫特法律英语87 The Attorney General, as head of the Department of Justice and chief law enforcement officer of the Federal Government, represents the United