宾语和同位语从句

1、名词性从句的关联词引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：连 接 词：that, whether ,if （不充当从句的任何成分）连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which连接副词：when, where, how, why1.引导名词性从句的关联词有；连接词that, if, whether; 连接代词who, what, which; 连接副词when, where, how, why等。1.1 that连词that本身没有意义，在从句中不担任任何句子成分，在宾语从句中有时可省略。 I hear (that) he has join

2、ed the football club. That light travels in straight line is known to all. It so happens that I know the man. Is it certain that they will win. 1.2 whether和if 做连接词1.2.1 whether可以连接所有的名词性从句，而if只能引导宾语从句。 I didn't know whether he would attend the concert.（宾语从句，可用if代替whether） The question is whether

3、 it s worth trying.（表语从句，不可用if代替whether） Whether she comes or not makes no difference.（主语从句，不可用if代替whether） He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.（同位语从句, 不可用代替）1.2.2 whether引导的宾语从句可作介词的宾语，而if则不能。 It all depends on whether they will support us. (不用if) Ryan was worrying about whet

4、her he had hurt her feelings. (不用if)1.2.3 if既可引导直接宾语从句，也可引导间接宾语从句。如果用if会引起歧义，应避免使用if，而用whether。 Please let me know if you want to join us. （if从句可被看成是宾语从句，if表示是否） Please let me know if you want to join us. （if从句可被看成是条件状语从句，if表示如果） Please let me know whether you want t join us.（为避免引起歧义，可用whether表示是否）1

5、.2.4 从句后有“or not”时 I wonder whether he will come or not. 1.2.5后接动词不定式时。Can you tell me whether to go or to stay?1.3 who, whom, whose, what, which连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which等在从句中既起连接作用，同时又担当主语、宾语、定语、表语等成分。No one knows who he was waiting for. We are worrying about what we should do next. Tell me

6、 whose house it is. Let me know which train you will be arriving on. 1.4 where, when, how, why连接副词where, when, how, why等在从句中既是连接词，又作状语。 I don't know where we are going to have the meeting. She always thinks of how she can work well. What I am anxious to know is when we can visit the museum. 比较：w

7、hen引导的时间状语从句和名词性从句中的不同时态。 Please let me know when you arrive.（when引导时间状语从句，用一般现在时来表示将来。） Please let me know when you will arrive.（when引导的是宾语从句，从句中用一般将来时。）1.5 whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever, whoever连接代词whoever = anyone who任何人, 无论谁；whatever =anything that凡是.，无论什么；whichever = anything that无论那一个

8、, 任何一个；whomever = anyone whom （whoever的宾格形式）。 Whoever comes to the club is welcome. Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well. They ate whatever they could find on the deserted island. You may do whatever you will. I'll take whichever book interests me. Whosever book is overdue will be

9、fined. 比较：连接代词whoever在宾语从句中作主语，whomever作宾语从句中宾语。 You may offer the book to whoever wants it. （此句中不能使用whomever，因为whoever在宾语从句中作wants it的主语） You may offer the book to whomever you like（whomever在宾语从句中作you like的宾语）1.6 “疑问词+不定式” 的功能：在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等成分。1.6.1 作主语How to give advice in English is what I am try

10、ing to learn. 1.6.2 作宾语 作动词的宾语We have to start somewhere if we want to learn how to write plays. 作介词的宾语We had better learn to make the right choices about what and how to eat. When you are trying to advise someone about what to do or what not to do, you can use should / ought to or sh

11、ould not /ought not to. 1.6.3 作表语My question is where to find the answer. 1.6.4 从以上可以看出，“疑问词+不定式”构成的短语在句中相当于“名词”，因此有些可以转化成相应的从句。I am not sure how to behave at the dinner table.= I am not sure how I should behave at the dinner table. 这种结构中，疑问代词须接及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语(who, which除外)I don't know wh

12、at to talk. （×）I don't know what to talk about. （）We haven't decided who (which) to go. （） 这种结构中的疑问副词后要接不及物动词；若接及物动词, 要有动词的宾语。I don't know how to talk. I wonder if you could tell me how to do it. (不能说: . how to do.)1.7注意：1.7.1 wonder 后面的宾语从句I wonder if (whether) 意为“想知道，不知道，纳闷

13、”，可表示婉转的请求。I wonder if you can help her.I wonder that从句意为 “对.感到惊讶”I wondered that nobody believes the news.1.7.2 doubt （名词、动词）后面的同位语从句或宾语从句：肯定句中一般用if 或whether引导，在否定句和疑问句中用that引导。I doubted if whether he really knew the answer.I have no doubt that she was ill yesterday.= I dont doubt that she was ill

14、yeaterday.Do you doubt that she was ill?There is no doubt that he was ill.1.7.3 sure后面的宾语从句I am sure 后面的宾语从句用that引导，但也可以省略that.I am not sure 后面用whether, if wh-疑问词引导。I am sure that he won the game.I am not sure ifwhether he won the game.I am not sure when he arrived in Beijing.I am not sure where he

15、will go.1.8 that 和what 做连接词时的区别That 不做任何成分，而what 做主语，宾语，表语等。What I want is money and food. That he is still famous is a fact. 3. 宾语从句在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。3.1 连接词3.1.1 that 引导的宾语从句I hear (that) the president will visit our school next month.3.1.2 whether/if 引导的宾语从句(此两个引导词的区别见连接词部分说明)I didn't know wh

16、ether / if he would attend the concert.3.1.3 what, which, who, whom, whose 引导的宾语从句After the examination, we dont know what we should do.I cant tell which one is right. He was not sure who was right./ whose cloth it was. 3.1.4 when, where, why, how引导的宾语从句I dont know when and where we will go. I dont

17、know why he is absent today. I know how he solved this difficult problem. 上述句子某些往往可以简化为由上述连接词后跟to do 结构。例：I dont know when and where to go. After the examination, we dont know what to do.3.1.5 whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever 等引导的宾语从句You can eat whatever you want to eat. She will give whoever

18、needs help a warm support.You can give the ticket to whomever you like.3.2 宾语从句类别3.2.1 作动词宾语He told us（that）he felt ill. Do you know whose dictionary it is？ He has informed me when they are to discuss the work plan. Give a reading list to whoever comes. 3.2.2 作介词的宾语 He was deeply displeased by what

19、had occurred that day. I am curious as to what he will say. Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it. They were praised or criticized according to how they had done their work. He goes to the library every day except when it is raining. 注意： that引导的宾语从句只用在少数介词后，如：except, in

20、, but等。此时，that不能省略。 I know little about him except that he lives downstairs. He differed from his classmates in that he devoted his spare time to reading. 3.2.3 作形容词的宾语 I am not sure what I ought to do. I'm afraid (that) you don't understand what I said. I'm surprised (that) I didn't

21、 see all that before.3.3 用it作形式宾语 3.3.1常用it来作形式宾语，把真正的宾语从句放在句末，这种情况尤其出现在带复合宾语的句子中，这样做的主要原因是为了保持句子的平衡，避免句子前面部分内容太多而句子后面部分内容太少，从而出现头重脚轻的现象。 We thought it strange that he did not come yesterday. He has made it clear that he will not give in. 3.3.2 由于that引导的宾语从句一般不可以直接作介词的宾语，因此当介词后面需要用that从句作宾语时，一般使用it作

22、形式宾语。 You may depend on it that I shall always support you. I'll see to it that your problem will be dealt with immediately. 3.3.3 在take, hide, see to, insist on, depend on等动词以及一些表示爱好的动词（enjoy, hate, like, love, don't mind, resent 等）之后，形式宾语it后可直接跟宾语从句。I take it that he's not interested i

23、n the book. She hid it that she was married. I don't like it when you look at me like that! 3.3.4 it不能作由连接代词 whoever, whomever, whosever, whatever, whichever引导的宾语从句的形式宾语。 You may do whatever you will. I'll take whichever book interests me. We are ready to offer help to whoever needs it. 3.4

24、宾语从句的语序和其它从句一样，宾语从句必须使用陈述语序，不能用疑问语序。How can I get to the station？Can you tell me？Can you tell me how I can get to the station 3.5 宾语从句中的时态3.5.1 在一般情况下，宾语从句中时态要和主句相一致，尤其是主句为过去时态时。He said that he had lived in Beijing since liberation. He made it quite clear that he preferred to learn English. 3.5.2 有时

25、，宾语从句中时态也可以和主句不一致。 You can't imagine how they were excited when they won the first place in the game. Can you make sure where you have put the gold ring 3.5.3 客观真理和自然规律的内容在宾语从句中时态保持不变。 Mike asked whether the earth moves around the sun. Columbus proved that the earth is round. 3.6 that的省略一般情况下，宾语

26、从句中的that是可以省略的。但下列情况下的that一般不可省略。3.6.1介词后面的that不能省。 Peter is a good student except that he is sometimes careless. 3.6.2两个或两个以上宾语从句其前面的引导词不能省略。 Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened. Jack says (that) he has served here for twenty years and that he is going to retire next month

27、. 3.6.3 that引导的宾语从句位于句首时，that不可省略。That he ever said such a thing I simply don't believe. 3.6.4 主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，that不可省略。He said that, if he could manage it, he would come for dinner. 3.6.5 宾语从句中有其他从属连词时，that不能省略。He told me that if it was necessary they would work all night. 3.7 宾语从句的否定转移3.7.

28、1 在think, consider, believe, suppose, expect, fancy等动词后的宾语从句，如有否定意思，一般要把否定词前移到主句的语上，从句的谓语用肯定的形式。 I don't think he can do it better than me. I don't believe they have finished their work yet. I don't suppose he cares, does he? 3.7.2 在下列情况下，宾语从句不否定转移 . think等词前有副词和表示强调的doI really ex

29、pect he wont fail the examination. I do think that he is not fair. think等词和其他词构成并列谓语 I think and hope that he wont cheat at cards. think等词作为插入语 His decision is not wise, I think. 3.8 使用虚拟语气的宾语从句3.8.1 在suggest insist, order, demand, request, require, command, propose, desire等表示建议、命令、要

30、求、欲望动词后面的宾语从句中，用虚拟语气，即should +动词原形，should常被省略。 He suggested that we should have a further discussion about the final decision. She insisted that they should show her their passports. 3.8.2 在wish后面的宾语从句中需要用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反或难以实现的愿望。How I wish I had learned more! He wishes he would have another chance to g

31、o abroad. 3.9含有宾语从句复合句的反意疑问句3.9.1 反意疑问句一般与主句一致。 He said they were going to help me, didn't he？ She told you that the mat was her own work, didn't she? 3.9.2 当主句的主语为第一人称，谓语动词是think, believe, consider, imagine, suppose, hope 等词时，反意疑问句应与宾语从句保持一致。这时特别要注意否定转移的问题。 I suppose you're serious, are

32、n't you ？(不可用don't I) I don't suppose he's serious, is he (不可用do I)3.9.3 如果主语是第二、第三人称，则疑问句部分与主句一致，且不存在否定转移的问题。 You don't think we can speak English, do you? He thinks he's got the right answer, doesn't he？4. 同位语从句 同位语从句用于对前面的名词作进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容。4.1 同位语从句一般跟在名词advice, demand, fact, hope, idea