语言学必考名词解释

1、语言学必考名词解释1. Langue: refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech com mun ityLan gue: the lin guistic compete nee of the speaker.2. Design feature: are features that define our human Ianguages, such as arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, cultural transm

2、ission, etc.3. Synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but notn ecessarily, the prese nt), as its point of observati on. Most grammars are of this ki nd4. Arbitrariness: one design feature of human Ianguage, which refers to the face that the forms of lin guistic sig n

3、s bear no n atural relati on ship to their meaning.5. Duality: one design feature of human Ianguage, which refers to the property of hav ing two levels of are composed of eleme nts of the sec on dary. Level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.6. Displacement: one design

4、 feature of human Ianguage, which means human Ian guage en able their users to symbolize objects, eve nts and con cepts which are not prese nt c in time and space, at the mome nt of com muni catio n.7. Compete nee: Ian guage user' un derly ing kno wledge about the system of rules.8. Prescriptive

5、: the study of a Ianguage is carried through the course of its history.Prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be, i.e. lay ing dow n rules for Ian guage use.9. Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular Ian gu

6、age.10. Assimilati on: the cha nge of a sound as a result of the in flue nce of an adjace ntassimilatio n.sound, which is more specifically called.” con tact ” or ” con tiguous11. Connotation: a term in a contrast with denotation, meaning the properties of the en tity a word deno tes.12. Refere nce:

7、 the use of Ian guage to express a propositi on, meaning the properties of the en tity a word deno tes.Refere nce: the use of Ian guage to express a propositi on ,i.e. to talk about things in con text.13. Sense: the literal meaning of a word or an expression, independent of situatio nal con text.14.

8、 Linguistic determinism: one of the two points in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, i.e. Ian guage determ ines thought.15. Parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances).16. Interlinguage:the type of Ianguage constructed by second or foreign Ianguage' s native Ianguage.17. Tra nsfer: the

9、 in flue nee of mother ton gue upon the sec ond Ian guage. Whe n structures of the two Ianguages are similar, we can get positive transfer of facilitation; when the two Ianguages are different in structures, negative tran sfer of in fere nee occurs and results in errors.18. Perlocutionary act: the a

10、ct performed by or resulting from saying something, it ' the consequenee of, or the change brought about by the utteranee.19. Hyponymy: a relation between tow words, in which the meaning of one word (the superord in ate) is in cluded in the meaning of ano ther word(the hyp onym)20. Alloph one: a

11、ny of the differe nt forms of a phon eme (eg. <Th>is an allopho neof /t/in En glish. Whe n /t/occurs in words like step, it is un aspirated<t>.Both<Th>a nd <t>are alloph ones of the phon eme/t/.21. Error analysis: is the process of determining the incidenee, nature, cause and

12、 con seque nee of un successful la nguage22. Utteranee: 1.A spoken word, statement, or vocal sound 2.The action of saying or express ing somethi ng aloud the simple uttera nee of a few platitudes 3.A nunin terrupted cha in of spoke n or writte n Ian guage23. Interferenee: a process more commonly kno

13、wn as negative transfer, which occurs when an L1 patter is different from the eounterpart pattern of thetarget la nguage.24. Predication analysis: is a way to analyze the meaning of sentences. A sentence composed of a subject and predicate, is a basic unit for mea ning an alysis iscalled predication

14、, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence25. Cohesion: refers to the way in which text“ hang together ” ; to the resourceswith in Ian guage that help relate ideas and in formatio n and make linksbetwee n differe nt parts of a text26. Polysemy: words have two or more than two senses27.

15、Speech act: refers to an action performed by the use of an utteranee.28. Lin guistics: gen erally, it is defi ned as the scie ntific study of the Ian guage29. Phon etics: is the study of product ion of speech sounds30. Sema ntics: is gen erally defi ned as the study of the meaning of lin guistic un

16、its. to be more specific, the meaning with which linguistists are concerned is defined as linguistic semantics语言学考试范围1. Does the traffic light have duality? Explain the reasons.2. IC analyzes the sentence structure with brackets or a tree diagram.Lovely Jane ran away.3. What are Leech ' s seven

17、types of meaning?Con ceptual meaning. Conno tative meaning. Social meaning.Affective meaning.Reflected meaning. Collocativemeaning.Thematic meaning4. What are the differences between modern linguistics and traditi onal grammar?5. Explain surface structure and deep structure.6. What are the major vie

18、ws concerning the study of meaning?7. What are the four maxims of the CP?8. Analyze the structure of a syllable. Give one example to illustrate.9. Explain the two terms“ sense ” and“ referenee ” and what is theirrelati on ship?10. What are the differe nces betwee n errors and mistakes?What are the m

19、ajor views concerning the study of meaningWhat are the major views concerning the study of meaning?(1) The naming theory 命名论-One of the oldest notions converning meanings, and also a veryprimitive one, was the naming theory proposed by the ancientGreek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the li

20、nguistic formsor symbols, in other words, the words used in a Ianguage aretaken to be labels of the objects they stand for. So words are justnames or label for things.命名论是最原始的语义理论，该理论是把词看作所指事物的名称。The limitations of the naming theory:First of all, the naming theory seems applicable to nouns only. Nou

21、nscan be considered as names or labels, but verbs, adjectives, andadverbs, such as “ think ” “ hard ” “ slowly are definitely notlabels of objects.b. Besides, with in the category of nouns, there are nouns whichdenote things that do not exist in the real world at all such as“ ghost ”“drago n ”“ uni

22、cor n ”d also nouns that do not denotecon crete thi ngs, but abstract no ti ons such as“ j 命名“ impulse论只能适用于名词，对于动词、形容词、副词就无法解释了。即使是在爱名词范围内也无法解释世界上本不存在的东西，例如“ghost “ dragon ” “ unicorn之类和一些抽象的概念，例如髙兴joy ”冲动 impulse 等。(2) the conceptualist view 意念论The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct

23、link between alinguistic form and what it refers to (i.e., between Ianguage andthe real world); rather, in the interpretation of meaning they arelin ked through the mediatio n of con cepts in the mi nd.意念论认为词汇与该词汇所指的事物之间的关系不是直接的，而是间接的，是靠人脑中的意念来连接的。词汇是通过意念来指称事物，意念便是词汇的意义。The conceptualist view is bes

24、t illustrated by the classic semantictriangle or triangle of significanee suggested by Odgen andRichards.意念论可由著名的语义三角形来表述。语义三角形是论述和解释语义现象的一种经典理论。Sema ntic tria ngleProposed by Ogde n & Richards in their“The Meaning of MeaningThey saw the relati on ship betwee n the word and the thing it refersto

25、 is not direct. It ' mediated by concept. thought or refereneesymbolrefere ntIn this diagram, the symbol or form refers to linguistic elements(words, phrases), the refere nt refers to the thi ngs in the real world,and thought or refere nee refers toconcept ”e.g. The dog over there looks unfrien

26、dly.The word “ dog ” is directly associated with a certa in con cept in ourmin d, i.e. what adog ” is like, but it is not directly linked to thereferent (the particular dog) in this particular case. Thus, thesymbol of a word signifies thing by virtue of the concept associated with the form of the wo

27、rd in the mind of the speaker of a Ianguage, and the concept looked at from this point of view is the meaning of the word.Ogden and Richards presented the classic “SemanticTriangle ”as manifested in the following diagram, in which the “ symbol or“ form ” refers to the lin guistic eleme nts (word, se

28、n ten ce, etc.), the“ referent refers to the object in the world of experienee, and“ thought or “ reference refers to concept or notion. Thus, the symbol a word signifies “ things by virtue of the “ concept associated with the form of the word in the mind of the speaker of the Ianguage. The “ concep

29、t thus considered is meaning of the word.语义三角形最大的问题在于词语与所指事物没有必然的联 系。同一个事物可能或者可以用不同的词来表示。(3) contextualism 语境论What is contextualism ?“ Contextualism ”is based on thepresumption that one can derive meaning from, or reduce it to, observable con text: the “ situatio nal con text ”nd the “li nguistic con text ”语境论认为语言的意义离不开使用语言的语境，语义存 在与语境之中。语义不是抽象的，它是由语境所决定的。Every uttera nee occurs in a particular spatial-temporal situati on, asthe followi ng factors are relat