医学英文综述的书写.PPT

1、 Function of abstract Types of abstract Structures and contents of abstract Tense, voice and person in abstract Key words Writing tips for abstract Patterns and structures in abstract Translation“The function of the abstract of a scientific paper is to provide an overview of the paper so that the re

2、aders know the main story and a few essential details of your work without reading the hole text of the paper. The abstract should make sense both when read alone and when read with the paper.” - URMSMJ 让读者尽快了解论文的主要内容，以补足文体信息的不足 为科技情报文献检索数据库的建设和维护提供方便 中文科技文章的英文摘要还可以起到与外国同行进行学术交流的作用根据内容的不同, 摘要可分为以下三大

3、类：报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道-指示性摘要。 1）报道性摘要(informative abstract)：也称信息型摘要或资料性摘要。其特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论。通常, 这种摘要可部分地取代阅读全文。 2）指示性摘要 (indicative abstract)：也称为说明性摘要、描述性摘要（descriptive abstract）或论点摘要（topic abstract）。一般只用二、三句话概括论文的主题, 而不涉及论据和结论, 多用于综述、会议报告等。此类摘要可用于帮助读者决定是否需要阅读全文。 3）报道-指示性摘要(informative-indicati

4、ve abstract)：以报道性摘要的形式表述一次文献中信息价值较高的部分, 以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分。Autonomously functioning thyroid adenoma in a male with thyroxine-binding globulin excess: a case reportA male with thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) excess and an autonomously functioning thyroid adenoma is presented. The problem of diagnosing

5、hyperthyroidism in the presence of TGB excess is discussed. The utility of the Thyrotropin-releasing hormone test (TRH) is emphasized.Late development of colorectal cancer subsequent to pelvic irradiationTwo cases of irradiation-associated carcinoma of the colon are reported and literature reviewed.

6、 The clinical courses and operative difficulties in treating these patients are emphasized. The necessity for life-long follow-up examinations with proctoscopic and barium enema evaluations in high risk patients is stressed. Irradiation-associated carcinoma of the colon occurs almost exclusively in

7、women, but should be investigated in patients of either sex who live for long periods after pelvic irradiation.资料性摘要：告诉读者研究的总体情况，使他们了解研究的目的、材料、方法、结果、结论以及存在的问题。资料性摘要分为传统型或非结构式（non-structured）和结构式(structured)两大类型。 据报道，现代医学期刊杂志论文中约有60%的资料性摘要采用结构式的写作格式。Parenteral nutrition-induced gallbladder disease: A

8、 reason for early cholecystectomy Patients who receive long-term parenteral （不经胃肠的）nutrition have an increased incidence of both calculous and acalculous cholecystitis. 【研究背景用现在时表述】In an attempt to establish guidelines for clinical management of patients with TPN-induced gallbladder disease, we have

9、 reviewed the records of 35 patients who have undergone cholecytectomy for this problem since 1976 at the UCLA Medical Center.【目的用过去时或现在时表述】 The mean age of the 23 adults and 12 children who had cholecystectomy was 29.1 years. Forty percent of these patients required emergency cholecystecotmy. 【材料和方

10、法 - 过去时表述】The overall operative morbidity was 54 percent, and the hospital mortality was 11 percent. Significant factors contributing to this high rate of complications included a delay in diagnosis, especially in the young children, and increased operative difficulty due to extensive adhesions and

11、intraoperative hemorrhage. 【结果 - 过去时表述】 Our analysis suggests that patients receiving long-term TPN should have a program of ultrasound surveillance for gallbladder formation, elective cholecystectomy when stones first appear, and consideration of cholecystectomy at the time of laparotomy performed

12、for other reasons. 【结论 - 时态视具体情况】 Whether TPN-induced gallstones can be prevented through daily stimulated gallbladder emptying awaits results of future studies. 【前瞻性说明 - 现在时或将来时表述】 非结构式摘要的主要缺点是：段落不明，给编辑、审稿、阅读及计算机处理带来诸多不便。 1974年4月，加拿大McMaster 大学医学中心的Dr R Brian Haynes首先提出建立临床研究论文的结构式摘要。在 Dr Edward J

13、Huth创导下，美国内科学记事（Annuals of Internal Medicine）在国际上率先采用了全结构式（full-structured）摘要。 Haynes所提出的全结构式摘要包含8个要素： 1. 目的（Objective）：说明论文要解决的问题 2. 设计（Design）：说明研究的基本设计，包括的研究性质 3. 地点（Setting）：说明进行研究的地点和研究机构的等级 4. 对象（Patients, participants or subjects）：说明参加并完成研究的病人或受试者的性质、数量及挑选方法 5. 处理（Interventions）：说明确切的治疗或处理方法

14、6. 主要测定项目（Main outcome measures）：说明为评定研究结果而进行的主要测定项目 7. 结果（Results）：说明主要客观结果8. 结论（Conclusion）：说明主要结论，包括直接临床应用意义 Objectives: To determine whether a computerized decision support system for initiation and control of oral anticoagulant improves quality of anticoagulant control achieved by trainee docto

15、rs Design: Randomized control trial Setting: District general hospital in North London Subjects: 148 inpatients requiring start of Warfarin (华法灵/苄丙酮香豆素) treatment Interventions: Management by trainee doctors (to achieve therapeutic range of international normalized ration of 2 to 3) with indirect as

16、sistance from computerized decision support system (intervention group) or without such assistance (control group) Main outcome measures: Median time to therapeutic range, stable dose, and firast pseudoevent (excessive international normalized ratio after therapeutic range had been reached) and pers

17、on time spent in the therapeutic range Results: 72 patients were randomized to the intervention group and 76 to control group. Median time to reach international normalized ratio of 2 was not significantly different in the two groups (3 days). Median time to achieve a stable dose was significantly l

18、ower in intervention group than in controls (7 days v 9 days, p0.01) without excessive overtreatment or undertreatment with anticoagulant. Patients in intervention group spent greater proportion of time in therapeutic range, both as inpatients (59% v 52%) and outpatients (64% v 51%). Conclusions: Th

19、e computerized decision support system was safe and effective and improved quality of initiation and control of Warfarin treatment by trainee doctors. 与 非 结 构 式 摘 要 相 比 ， 全 结 构 式 摘 要 观 点 更 明 确 （ m o r e explicitness），信息量更大（more information），差错更少（fewer errors），同时也更符合计算机数据库的建立和使用要求。但其缺点也是显而易见的，即烦琐、重复、

20、篇幅过长, 而且不是所有研究都能按以上8个要素分类的。于是更多的杂志扬长避短，采用半结构式（semi-structured）摘要。 半 结 构 式 摘 要 也 称 为 四 要 素 摘 要 ， 包 括 ： 目 的（objective/purpose/aim）、方法（methods）、结果（results）和结论（conclusion），例如： Purpose: Autopsy studies have shown that pregnancy results in physiologic pituitary（垂体的）enlargement. We used magnetic resonance

21、imaging (MRI) to corroborate these findings in vivo. Patients and Methods: Based on gestational age, 32 normal primigravid (初产的) patients were divided into three groups: Group I (n=11), less than 12 gestational weeks; Group II (n=10), 13 to 26 gestational weeks, and Group II (n=11), 27 gestational w

22、eeks or more. The pituitary dimensions and volumes in these groups were compared with those in 20 healthy nulliparous（未经产的）women (control group). Results: MRI measurements showed a significant increase in pituitary volume in Group I, II and III when compared with the control group (p0.05). At the en

23、d of pregnancy, the hypothysis had increased 2.6mm in vertical, anteroposterior, and transverse dimensions, with overall increase of 136 percent when compared with that of the control group. Conclusion: Baseline measurement of the normal enlargement of the pituitary gland that occurs during pregnanc

24、y could prove useful when evaluating pregnant patients with suspected pituitary tumors or lymphocytic hypothysitis. 采用何种摘要形式要根据各杂志的具体要求而定。目前国内许多杂志正从非结构式摘要向半结构式摘要过度。 在国外，为节省篇幅，有些期刊对上述结构式摘要进行了适当简化，如New England Journal of Medicine， 采用背景（background）、方法（methods）、结果（results）、结论（conclusions）4个方面；The Lancet

25、则采用背景（background）、方法（methods）、发现（findings）和解释（interpretation）4个方面。JAMA（The Journal of American Medical Association）的研究性论文基本上采用结构式摘要，其摘要的全部项目包括9项：背景（context）、目的（objective）、策划（design）、地点（setting）、参与者（participants）、介入手段（interventions）、主要措施（major outcome measures）、结果（results）、结论（conclusion）。作者可根据需要选用其中项

26、目或将相关项目合并。无论是传统的一段式摘要，还是结构式摘要，实际上都是按照逻辑次序发展而来，没有脱离IMRAD的范畴。一篇摘要并不一定非要包罗背景、目的、策划、方法、结论等全部内容，其中研究过程与结果以及作者结论是关键性的。所以，有的资料性摘要只写研究过程与结果，或只写结论。但大多数资料性摘要同时写出这两方面的内容。置于研究背景与目的以及对未来的展望，相对来说比较次要，可随作者的需要决定。总之，没有一成不变得格局。Low Dosage Clonidine in Menopausal FlushingIn an open evaluation of low-dose clonidine ther

27、apy in patients with symptoms of menopausal flushing, 12 of 17 patients who completed the 12-week trial noted an improvement in their condition; this improvement was marked in eight patients. The greatest improvement was noted in the perimenopausal group of women whose dose requirement was 25mg thre

28、e times a day. Postmenopausal women tended to be more refractory to the therapy and required larger doses for the relief of symptoms.Alcohol use, myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death and hypertensionStudying coronary risk factors, this article concludes that: regular use of alcohol may protec

29、t against major coronary events; regular use of three or more drinks is probable risk factors for hypertension; the relations of alcohol use to coronary disease, hypertension and cardiomyopathy are disparate.Malignant hypertension and cigarette smokingThe smoking habits of 48 patients with malignant

30、 hypertension were compared with those 92 consecutive patients with non-malignant hypertension. 33 of the patients with malignant and 34 of the patients with non-malignant hypertension were smokers when first diagnosed. This difference was significant, and remained so when only men or black and whit

31、e patients were considered separately. Results suggest that malignant hypertension is yet another disease related to cigarette smoking.Impaired pancreatic polypeptide release in chronic pancreatitis with steatorrhoeaPancreatic polypeptide (pp) is newly discovered hormonal peptide localized in a dist

32、inct endocrine cell type in the pancreas. PP circulates in plasma and in normal subjects levels rise substantially on the ingestion of food (mean rise 138 pmol/l). In 10 patients with chronic Mammary cancer growth kinetics and intervals between screeningThe purpose of this study was to consider the

33、time interval for periodic mammographic screening for breast cancer. One hundred fifteen breast cancers occurring in Angiosarcoma of the heartTwo cases of angiosarcoma of the heart are described. In one the tumor, which arose from the right atriumEfficacy of calcifediol in renal osteodystrophyThe re

34、sults are in agreement with previous reports on small numbers of patients. Although no direct comparison studies are available, it would seem that calcifediol offers some advantages over other forms of vitamin D therapy in these patients. Ultimately, comparative studies will be required to determine

35、 the relative efficacy and convenience of the various forms of vitamin D that are now being developed for use in patients.Doctors and Patients: Gender Interaction in ConsultationBackground: Method: Results: Conclusion: Medical students did not behave in a gender-neutral way in the consultation. Ther

36、e is a powerful interaction between a students gender and a patients gender. This warrants further investigation in the real clinical situation because it has implications on the outcomes of the consultation.资料性摘要有时也掺杂描述性摘要的写法，即对部分内容不详细叙述，而是按通报性摘要的写法提示一下。Modification and application of anterior skul

37、l base microsurgery with navigation systemObjective: To investigate the accuracy and safety of the modified techniques in anterior skull base microsurgery with navigation system.Methods: Operation was performed upon 42 patients with benign and malignant tumor of anterior skull base involving both ce

38、rebral cranium. Arrangement was designed for stable maintenance of the headset with dynamic reference frame to avoid disturbance during emission of encoded infrared signal. Six reference points were used, distributed in the parietal, frontal, zygomatic, maxillary, and mastoid regions. The STN naviga

39、tion system and SMN surgical microscope navigator were used to provide virtual pointer, virtual approach route and virtual contour as an orientation for stereotaxic guidance during surgery.Results: The modified technique could keep the accuracy of surgical guidance within 1-1.5mm in comparison with

40、the accuracy of 4mm or more by the original design, thus guaranteeing the safety of surgery.Conclusion: The modified techniques raise the accuracy and safety of anterior skull base microsurgery. However, the costs remain high.摘要写作时所采用的时态应视表达内容而定，力求表达自然、妥当。写作中可大致遵循以下原则：1. 介绍背景资料时，如果句子的内容为不受时间影响的普遍事实，

41、应使用现在时；如果句子的内容是对某种研究趋势的概述，则使用现在完成时；如果句子的内容是对过去研究的描述，则用过去时。Pneumatic dilatation and surgical myotomy are the two principal methods for treatment of achalasia.The association between systolic blood pressure at admission, clinical characteristics, and outcomes in patients hospitalized for heart failure

42、 has not been well studied.Previously, abnormalities in 5-HT receptor binding in the madullae of infants dying form sudden infant death syndrome were identified, suggesting that medullary 5-HT dysfunction may be responsible for a subset of SIDS cases.2. 在资料性摘要中，介绍本文的主题或内容用一般现在时表达。Three cases of rupt

43、ure of the spleen are described. The diagnosis is discussed.Current opinions concerning tumor biology and clinical characteristics of small cell undifferentiated bronchogenic carcinoma are reviewed. A series of 16 such patients is also presented.3. 目的主导时态：一般过去时。这是因为研究过程中所做的一切已成为过去，在着手研究前要确定的研究目的更应用过

44、去时态。This study was undertaken toThe aim of this study was to correlateIn the present study we sought to assess 如果采用“论文导向”，多使用现在式（如：This paper presents / describes）；如果采用“研究导向”，则使用过去式（如：This study investigated）4. 方法主导时态：一般过去时Researchers designed a questionnaire that inquired about diet and family and

45、personal health historyand the result of surgery were studied in 34 patients of hepatocellular carcinoma.We had concentrated on a vaccine candidate because of its potential in 方法中被动语态的使用频率较高,是因为描述研究方法时,涉及到实验材料、设备等，用这些词作主语，后面的胃语动词自然多用被动语态。5. 结果结果是摘要中最重要，也是最详尽的内容。结果部分主要叙述研究中所获得的资料及所观察到的现象，这一切均发生在作者撰写论

46、文之前，常用一般过去时。如果是叙述客观存在或基本规律，可用一般现在时。These patients had clinical remission after transplantation; the levels of immnoglobulins declined and complements rose up.6.文章的结论源于结果，即是由具体“结果”抽象演绎出的一般性原理，按英语习惯，应该用一般现在时表达。叙述结论或建议时，还可以用臆测动词或may, should, could等助动词。The risk of acute renal failure in children is much

47、 less than the risk reported for adults.We suggest that there are certain niche indications for blocking NF-kappaB in inflammatory bowel disease that offer particular promise.NO-cGMP signal pathway could greatly increase the open probability of the channels.但是，如果作者认为其研究结果不具有一般性而仅仅是本实验的结果，在结论部分可用一般过去

48、时。国际标准ISO214-1976 (E) 文献工作-供出版及文献处理的文摘中指出：“尽量采用主动语态，因为主动语态有助于文字清晰、简洁及有力地表达。然而在提示性以及报道性摘要中，为强调动作承受者，也需被动态动词。”标准强调：“除非采用第一人称可避免语句结构繁琐累赘而更易于理解，一般应采用第三人称。”国际知名期刊Nature、Cell等尤其如此，其中第一人称和主动语态的使用十分普遍。究竟采用何种语态，既要考虑摘要的特点，又要满足表达的需要。一篇摘要很短，尽量不要随便混用，更不要在一个句子里混用。(1) 英文摘要中，编者、著作者，无论单复数，常用复数第一人称We或Authors，以避免文字冗长及

49、动词与动作执行者之间的关系表达不清。我们报道了一例肾盂淀粉样变性与两例膀胱淀粉样变性，并讨论了蛋粉样蛋白形成的免疫学及淀粉样变性的治疗问题。We describe a patient with amyloidosis of renal pelvis and two patients with urinary bladder amyloidosis, and discuss immunology of amyloid formation and treatment of amyloidosis.(2) 用this report, this paper, this study等替代第一人称代词We

50、或Authors。我们报道了一种评价睡眠性呼吸暂停的方法，并介绍了用该方法对两例患者详细研究的结果。This paper reports a method of evaluating sleep apnea, and presents two cases fully studied by this method.(3) 表达论文主要内容内容和结论，常用第一人称主动语态。我们报道两例心脏血管肉瘤。We describe two cases of angiosarcoma of the heart.我们的结论是内镜超声对食管癌术前TN病理诊断颇有帮助。We conclude that endosc

51、opic US is useful in preoperative TN staging of esophageal tumors.(4) 在英文摘要中使用第一人称主动语态比较常见，但为了强调动作承受者，突出行为对象，着重客观事实的叙述，一般用第三人称，句中谓语动词常用被动语态。对35例早期胃癌的治疗结果进行了分析。The results of treatment of early gastric carcinoma were analyzed in 35 patients.“我”的表达方法1. “We”We still consider, due to the above, that2. 被

52、动态Two cases of angiosarcoma of the heart are described.3. 用the author代表I， the authors代表weThe author presents the experience withThe authors report their experience with This4. this study, this report, this paper, this articleThis study reports our first years experience ofThis report describes a pat

53、ient withThis article describes the unique behavior of关键词(Key Words)，亦称索引词或主题词，是论文的提示，是论文中常出现的、与主题内容有关的，提醒读者注意的核心词汇，使具有实质意义的检索语言。关键词的选用范围：1）论文标题和摘要中所涉及的主题概念，即核心词；2）作者重点研究或寻求解决的主要问题，即文章论述的重点、研究目的或对象；3）实验或临床研究课题及其直接的研究目的、手段和结论；4）讨论部分的主要内容5）基础理论研究方面的论文应列出反映主要论点和论据的词汇。关键词一般选用名词、名词短语或复合词，而不选用动词、形容词、缩略语等。

54、关键词可能是单词，也可能是短语，如：transforming growth factor.关键词的标引方法：每篇论文标引3 - 10个关键词，使用规范化词语，应尽量选用中国医学科学院信息研究所翻译出版的医学文献索引（Index Medicus, IM）中的医学主题词表(Medical Subject Headings, MeSH)和中国中医研究院图书情报研究所编制的中医药主题词表中所列的词，这两部主题词表共收录正式主题词20,000余条，副主题词90余条及以后每年新增加的主题词或词典提供的规范词。例如：淋巴癌，按照MeSH词表，应译成Lymphoma, 如将其译成Lymph cancer /

55、tumor / cyst，或Lymph carcinoma / neoplasm就不规范。关键词的书写格式：排列关键词时，各词之间可用分号“；”隔开，最末一个词后不加符号；在关键词之间也可不用标点符号。多数医学期刊要求每个关键词的首字母大写，有的要求全部大写。对“关键词”的英文表述，多数医学期刊用“Key Words”，但有些医学期刊用“MeSH”，“Subjective Words / Headings”，“KEY INDEXING TERMS”等。因此，向杂志投稿时，应事先了解其编写要求。44Abstract (1)General Suggestions:It is a “window”

56、that reveals the contents of the manuscript.Except for structured abstracts (more common nowadays), it is a single paragraph.Limited length: 250 wordsIt should summarize each of the main sections of the paper, including the following:the background (1-3 sentences)the hypothesis (1 sentence)model sys

57、tems usedgeneral methodsa short description of the resultsa statement regarding the significance of the workSession 745Abstract (2)General Suggestions:It should be complete and intelligible without reference to the text.Generally, it should be written in the past tense, especially methods and result

58、s .Within the space allowed, all key findings should be included.It should ordinarily be written after a semi-final draft of the manuscript has been prepared.In contrast to a meeting abstract, the abstract for a manuscript should ordinarily not include actual data values.Session 746Abstract (3)Gener

59、al Suggestions:In general, citations should not be included.In general, abbreviations are not included, unless the same, long term is used repeatedly. (Abbreviate at the first use in the text)Terms included in the abstract will be included in various databases for literature searches.Importance of t

60、he Abstract: Its contents can establish the interest of the editor and reviewers and will determine if the reader actually reads the manuscript. Editors will often use the abstract to determine whether the paper should be reviewed for their journal. After the paper is published, readers may read onl