华北理工大学土木工程毕业设计总摘要中英1

1、河北联合大学本科毕业设计说明书中英摘要 题目：唐山市中山宾馆设计 学 院： 建筑工程学院 专 业： 土木工程 班 级： 08土木3班 姓 名： 史 知 广 学 号： 200804010305 指导教师： 韩 建 强 2012年5月 25日毕业设计说明书摘要中文1. 结构设计说明主要是设计依据，抗震等级，地基情况及承载力，防潮抗渗做法，活荷载值，材料等级，施工中的注意事项，选用详图，通用详图或节点，以及在施工图中未画出而通过说明来表达的信息。如混凝土的含碱量不得超过3kg/m3等等。2. 各层的结构布置图2.1 现浇板的结构设计 (1) 现浇板的配筋(板上、下钢筋，板厚尺寸)。板厚一般取120、

2、140、160、180或120、150、180。尽量用二级钢，包括直径10的二级钢，直径12的受力钢筋，除吊钩外，不得采用一级钢。钢筋宜大直径大间距，但间距不大于200，间距尽量用 200。(一般跨度小于6.6米的板的裂缝均可满足要求)。跨度小于2米的板上部钢筋不必断开，钢筋也可不画，仅说明钢筋为双向双排8200。板上下钢筋间距宜相等，直径可不同，但钢筋直径类型也不宜过多。顶层及考虑抗裂时板上筋可不断，或50%连通，较大处附加钢筋，拉通筋均应按受拉搭接钢筋。板配筋相同时，仅标板号即可。一般可将下部筋相同和部分上部筋相同的板编为一个板号，将不相同的上部筋画在图上。当板的形状不同但配筋相同时也可编

3、为一个板号。应全楼统一编号。(2)现浇挑板阳角加辐射状附加筋(包括内墙上的阳角)。现浇挑板阴角的板下宜加斜筋。顶层应采用现浇楼板，以利防水，并加强结构的整体性及方便装饰性挑沿的稳定。外露的挑沿、雨罩、挑廊应每隔1015米设一10mm的缝，钢筋不断。尽量采用现浇板，卫生间做法可为70厚+10高差(取消垫层)。8米以下的板均可以采用非预应力板。L、T或十字形建筑平面的阴角处附近的板应现浇并加厚，双向双排配筋，并附加45度的4根16的抗拉筋。现浇板的配筋建议采用PMCAD软件自动生成，一可加快速度，二来尽量减小笔误。配筋计算时，可考虑塑性内力重分布，将板上筋乘以0.80.9的折减系数，将板下筋乘以1

4、.11.2的放大系数。值得注意的是，按弹性计算的双向板钢筋是板某几处的最大值，按此配筋是偏于保守的，不必再人为放大。支承在外圈框架梁上的板负筋不宜过大，否则将对梁产生过大的附加扭距。一般：板厚>150时采用10200；否则用8200。(3)板配筋图应注意以下几点：1.单向板是按塑性计算的，而双向板按弹性计算，宜改成一种计算方法。2.当厚板与薄板相接时，薄板支座按固定端考虑是适当的，但厚板就不合适，宜减小厚板支座配筋，增大跨中配筋。3.非矩形板宜减小支座配筋，增大跨中配筋。4.房间边数过多或凹形板应采用有限元程序验算其配筋。(4)雨蓬、阳台、挑檐布置和其剖面详图。注意：雨棚和阳台的竖板现浇

5、时，最小厚度应为80，否则难以施工。竖筋应放在板中部。当做双排筋时，高度 <900，最小板厚100；高度>900时，最小板厚120。阳台的竖板应尽量现浇，预制挡板的相交处极易裂缝。雨棚和阳台上有斜的装饰板时，板的钢筋放斜板的上面，并通过水平挑板的下部锚入墙体圈梁(即挑板双层布筋)。挑板挑出长度大于2米时宜配置板下构造筋，较长外露挑板（包括竖板）宜配温度筋。挑板内跨板上筋长度应大于等于挑板出挑长度，尤其是挑板端部有集中荷载时。内挑板端部宜加小竖沿，防止清扫时灰尘落下。当顶层阳台的雨搭为无组织排水时，雨搭出挑长度应大于其下阳台出挑长度100，顶层阳台必须设雨搭。挑板配筋应有余地，并应采

6、用大直径大间距钢筋，给工人以下脚的地方，防止踩弯。挑板内跨板跨度较小，跨中可能出现负弯距，应将挑板支座的负筋伸过全跨。挑板端部板上筋通常兜一圈向上，但当钢筋直径大于等于12时是难以施工的，应另加筋。2.2 楼梯的结构设计楼梯梯段板计算方法：当休息平台板厚为80100，梯段板厚100130，梯段板跨度小于4米时，应采用1/10的计算系数，并上下配筋相同；当休息平台板厚为80100，梯段板厚160200，梯段板跨度约6米左右时，应采用1/8的计算系数，板上配筋可取跨中的1/31/4，并且不得过大。此两种计算方法是偏于保守的。任何时候休息平台与梯段板平行方向的上筋均应拉通，并应与梯段板的配筋相应。梯

7、段板板厚一般取 1/251/30跨度。2.3 梁的结构设计梁上有次梁处(包括挑梁端部)应附加箍筋和吊筋，宜优先采用附加箍筋。梁上小柱和水箱下, 架在板上的梁, 不必加附加筋。可在结构设计总说明处画一节点，有次梁处两侧各加三根主梁箍筋。 当外部梁跨度相差不大时，梁高宜等高，尤其是外部的框架梁。当梁底距外窗顶尺寸较小时，宜加大梁高做至窗顶。外部框架梁尽量做成外皮与柱外皮齐平。梁也可偏出柱边一较小尺寸。梁与柱的偏心可大于1/4柱宽，并宜小于1/3柱宽。折梁阴角在下时纵筋应断开，并锚入受压区内La，还应加附加箍筋梁上有次梁时，应避免次梁搭接在主梁的支座附近，否则应考虑由次梁引起的主梁抗扭，或增加构造抗

8、扭纵筋和箍筋。（此条是从弹性计算角度出发）。当采用现浇板时，抗扭问题并不严重。梁净高大于500时，宜加腰筋，间距200，否则易出现垂直裂缝。挑梁出挑长度小于梁高时，应按牛腿计算或按深梁构造配筋。尽量避免长高比小于4的短梁，采用时箍筋应全梁加密，梁上筋通长，梁纵筋不宜过大。2.4柱的结构设计柱详图：地上为圆柱时，地下部分应改为方柱，方便施工。圆柱纵筋根数最少为8根，箍筋用螺旋箍，并注明端部应有一圈半的水平段。方柱箍筋应使用井字箍，并按规范加密。角柱、楼梯间柱应增大纵筋并全柱高加密箍筋。框架结构中的电梯井壁采用粘土砖砌筑，不采用砖墙承重。应采用每层的梁承托每层的墙体重量。梯井四角加构造柱，层高较高

9、时在门洞上方位置加圈梁。2.5基础的设计基础平面图及详图:混凝土基础下应做垫层。当有防水层时，应考虑防水层厚度。抗震缝、伸缩缝在地面以下可不设缝，连接处应加强。但沉降缝两侧墙体基础一定要分开。新建建筑物基础不宜深于周围已有基础。如深于原有基础，其基础间的净距应不少于基础之间的高差的1.5至2倍，否则应打抗滑移桩，防止原有建筑的破坏。建筑层数相差较大时，应在层数较低的基础方格中心的区域内垫焦碴来调整基底附加应力。独立基础偏心不能过大，必要时可与相近的柱做成柱下条基。柱下条形基础的底板偏心不能过大，必要时可作成三面支承一面自由板(类似筏基中间开洞)。两根柱的柱下条基的荷载重心和基础底板的形心宜重合

10、，基础底板可做成梯形或台阶形，或调整挑梁两端的出挑长度。采用独立柱基时，独立基础受弯配筋不必满足最小配筋率要求，除非此基础非常重要，但配筋也不得过小。独立基础是介于钢筋混凝土和素混凝土之间的结构。面积不大的独立基础宜采用锥型基础，方便施工。 独立基础的拉梁宜通长配筋，其下应垫焦碴。拉梁顶标高宜较高，否则底层墙体过高。底层内隔墙一般不做基础，可将地面的混凝土垫层局部加厚。考虑到一般建筑沉降为锅底形、结构的整体弯曲和上部结构和基础的协同作用。基础底板混凝土不宜大于C30，一是没用，二是容易出现裂缝。英文Graduation design, the abstract of the specifica

11、tion1. The structure design descriptionsMainly design basis, the seismic grade, and the bearing capacity of the foundation, moistureproof anti-permeability practices, live load value, material level, the matters of attention in the construction, choose map, general map or nodes, and not draw in cons

12、truction and to express the information through that. Such as concrete containing the alkali amount must not exceed 3 kg/m3, and so on.2. Each layer of the structure arrangement2.1 the structure design of the site casting integratedThe site casting integrated reinforcement (board, reinforced, thickn

13、ess size). Thick generally take 120, 140, 160, 180 four dimensions 120 or, 150, 180 three dimensions. As far as possible with second-class steel including diameter lower than 10 second-class steel, the stress of the 12 quartile diameter reinforced, in addition to the hook, and shall not in steel. Re

14、inforced appropriate large diameter large gap, but spacing is not more than 200, span as far as possible with 200. (general span of less than 6.6 meters of crack all can meet the board request). Span of less than two meters upper plate steel don't have to disconnect, reinforced also don't dr

15、aw, that only reinforced for two-way double row 8 200. Board fluctuation reinforced spacing is equal, diameter can be different, but the type also shoulds not be too much steel diameter. Top and consider crack on board when bars constantly, or 50% connectivity, a large additional reinforced, pull th

16、e muscle all should press tensile lap steel. Reinforcement plate is at the same time, the only number panels can. The same can be generally will be reinforced and the upper part of the same board made up for reinforced a plate number, will not the same upper muscle painted on chart. When the board o

17、f different shapes butCast-in-situ carry board with radial additional reinforcement Yang Angle (including on the inner wall of Yang Angle). Cast-in-situ carry board Yin Angle of the board should be inclined reinforcement and under. Top should use cast-in-situ floor, and waterproof, and strengthen th

18、e integrity of the structure and convenient pick the stability of the ornamental along. Exposed the pick, rain cover, along the corridor should pick every 10 15 meters have a set of 10 mm seam, reinforced constantly. The site casting integrated as far as possible, toilet can be for 70 thick practice

19、 + 10 difference (cancel the cushion layer). 8 meters below board should be adopted the prestressed board. L, T cross or building plane Yin in the corner near the site and thick plate should be, two-way double row of reinforcement, and additional 45 degrees 4 root of 16 tensile load. The site castin

20、g integrated reinforcement recommended PMCAD software automatically generate, can speed up, and secondly to reduce error. Reinforcement calculation, can consider the plastic internal force distribution of heavy, will board muscle multiplied by 0.8 0.9 reduction coefficient under the plate steel mult

21、iplied by 1.1 1.2 magnification coefficient. It is worth noting that, according to the elastic calculation of steel plate is a two-way board several maximum, according to the reinforcement isBoard reinforcement figure should pay attention to the following: 1. ChanXiangBan is calculated according to

22、the plastic, and two-way board according to the elastic computation, appropriate to a calculation method. 2. When thick plate and touched plate, plate bearing according to the fixed end is considered appropriate, but plate is not proper, appropriate reduce reinforcement plate bearings, increase the

23、midspan reinforcement. 3. The rectangular plate should reduce bearing reinforcement, increase the midspan reinforcement. 4. The room number too much or hollow plate should be using the finite element program checking its reinforcement.Rain loose, balcony, pick eaves arrangement and its profile map.

24、Note: the canopy and balcony of vertical board cast-in-situ, minimum thickness should be 80, otherwise it is difficult to construction. Vertical steel should be put in central board. As a double row of muscle, highly < 900, the minimum thickness; 100 Height > 900, the minimum thickness of the

25、120. The balcony of vertical board should as far as possible the site, prefabricated baffle the crossings of easily crack. The canopy and the balcony has inclined board, board of the reinforced put on top of the inclined plate, and through the level carry board lower anchor into the wall body ring b

26、eam (namely carry board double cloth muscle). Carry board pick out the length is more than 2 m inappropriate allocation structure steel plate, a long exposed carry board (including vertical board) should be reinforced with temperature. Carry board across the board in the reinforcement length should

27、be more than equal to carry board piece carry length, especially at the end of the carry board a concentrated load. Carry board in at the end of the appropriate and a little along the vertical, prevent when cleaning the dust falling down. When the top of the balcony YuDa for no organization drainage

28、 YuDa piece carry length should be greater than below the balcony piece carry length is 100, top balcony must set YuDa. Carry board reinforcement2.2 the structure of the stairs designThe stairs ladder period of board calculation method: when rest flat thick for 80 100 bedplate, ladder section thickn

29、ess 100 130, ladder period less than 4 m span plates should be used when 1/10 of the calculation coefficient, and reinforcement and the same; When rest flat thick for 80 100 bedplate, ladder section thickness 160 200, ladder board span for about six meters or so, should use 1/8 of the calculation of

30、 the coefficient, board reinforcement desirable 1/3 to a quarter of the cross, and may not be too big. The two methods of calculating tends to conservative is. Any time a rest platform and ladder board of parallel direction for the muscle all should pull through, and should and ladder period of corr

31、esponding reinforcement plate. Ladder board thickness for general take 1/25 1/30 span.2.3 beam structure designBeam have second beam is in (including the pick of the girder ends) should be additional stirrup and hang muscle, appropriate is give priority to the additional stirrup. Beam on the small c

32、olumn and water tank, in front of the plate beam, don't need to add additional muscle. But in the structural design that draw a node in total, a second beam place on each side and three main root stirrup. When external beam span remained, high beam is high, especially the external frame beams. W

33、hen the beam from outside the window top size is lesser, appropriate increase high beams to do the window. External frame beams skin and make skin as far as possible column rewind. Beam can also be wide from column a smaller size edge. The eccentricity of the beam and column can be more than a quart

34、er column wide, and less than a third column is wide. Fold the beam Yin Angle longitudinal reinforcement should disconnect when next, and anchor into the pressure zone La, also should add additional stirrupBeam have second beam, should avoid to second beam lap in the main girder near bearings, or sh

35、ould be taken into account by the second beam the main cause of twist, or increase the structure of longitudinal reinforcement and twisted stirrup. (this is from elastic computation Angle). When the site casting integrated, resistance to twist's not a serious problem.Beam clear height of over 50

36、0, appropriate and waist muscle, span 200, vertical cracks appear easily otherwise. Pick beam length tight little high load, should according to the calculation or by deep beam structure reinforcement. Try to avoid taller than the less than 4 short beam, when all the stirrup should beam encryption,

37、reinforced beam through long, beam longitudinal reinforcement shoulds not be too big.the structure design of the columnThe ground for cylindrical, underground part should instead be square column, convenient for construction. The number of cylindrical longitudinal reinforcement for at least 8 root,

38、stirrup with spiral stirrups, and indicate at the end of the half of the circle should have a horizontal section. Square column stirrup should use the well character hoop, and according to the standard encryption. JiaoZhu, stair column should increase longitudinal reinforcement and whole column high

39、 encryption stirrup.Frame structure of the clay brick masonry wall of the elevator, do not use a brick wall bearing. Should use every layer of the beam of each layer of the wall inside the weight. Ladder and constructional column well four corners, at the higher layer in the position and ring beam a

40、bove.2.4 foundation designconcrete foundation should do under the cushion. When there is waterproof layer should be considered when the waterproof layer thickness.seismic sewing, is adjustable seam below ground level don't set seam, joint should strengthen. But settlement joints based on both si

41、des wall must separate.New buildings should not be based on existing deep around foundation. Such as deep in the original foundation, the foundation of the distance between the net should be not less than the difference between the basic 1.5 to 2 times, or should be a pile of sliding, prevent the destruction of the original architecture. Construction layer is large, should be in low layer of the foundation of the center of the square area mat coke to adjust the basal additional stress violations.Independent foundation eccentric can not be too