国际贸易课件第一章

1、Copyright 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 第一章第一章Introduction 绪论绪论Copyright 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-2Preview 预览，本章内容概要预览，本章内容概要 What is international economics about? 国际经济学的主要内容 International trade topics (国际贸易主题) Gains from trade (贸易所得), patterns

2、 of trade (贸易模式), effects of government policies on trade (政府政策对贸易的影响)-国际贸易三大主题 International finance topics (国际金融主题) Balance of payments (国际收支平衡), exchange rate determination (汇率决定), international policy coordination and capital markets (国际政策协调和资本市场)-国际金融四大主题 International trade versus (与) finance

3、Copyright 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-3What Is International Economics About?国际经济学的主要内容国际经济学的主要内容 International economics is about how nations interact through: (国际经济学是关于国家之间怎样通过.相互作用:) trade of goods and services (商品服务贸易), flows of money (资金的流动), and investment (投资). Internat

4、ional economics is an old subject, but continues to grow in importance as countries become tied more to the international economy. 国际经济学是一门古老的学科, 但随着国家与国际经济的联系更加紧密，国际经济学的重要性持续增长。 Nations are now more closely linked than ever before. 国家现在比以往任何时候都联系得更紧密。Copyright 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All right

5、s reserved.1-4What Is International Economics About? (cont.) 国际经济学的主要内容（续）国际经济学的主要内容（续） International trade as a fraction of the national economy has tripled for the U.S. in the past 40 years. 在过去的40年中，美国的国际贸易占国民经济的比重增长了两倍。 Both imports and exports fell in 2009 (2009年美国的出口和进口都下降了). Compared to the U

6、.S., other countries are even more tied to international trade. 与美国相比，其他国家与国际贸易联系更加紧密。Copyright 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-5Fig. 1-1: Exports and Imports as a Percentage of U.S. National Income 图图1-1: 出口和进口占美国国民收入的百分比出口和进口占美国国民收入的百分比Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis 数据

7、来源：美国经济分析局Copyright 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-6Fig. 1-2: Exports and Imports as Percentage of National Income in 2007图图1-2: 2007年出口和进口占国民收入的百分比年出口和进口占国民收入的百分比Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentCopyright 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserv

8、ed.1-7Gains from Trade 贸易所得贸易所得Several ideas underlie the gains from trade. (构成贸易所得的真正原因)When a buyer and a seller engage in a voluntary transaction, both can be made better off. 当一方买家和一方卖家进行自愿交易时，双方都能够获益。 Norwegian consumers import oranges that they would have a hard time producing. 挪威的消费者进口橙子,因为他们

9、很难生产橙子。1. The producer of the oranges receives income that it can use to buy other things that it desires. 橙子的生产者获得收入并用这些收入去购买所需要的东西。Copyright 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-8Gains from Trade (cont.) 贸易所得（续）贸易所得（续）How could a country that is the most (least) efficient producer of

10、 everything gain from trade? 在生产每一种产品上都有优势或劣势的一个国家，怎么在贸易中有所获得？Countries use finite resources to produce what they are most productive at (compared to their other production choices), then trade those products for goods and services that they want to consume. 国家用有限的资源生产她们最有生产效率的产品(相对其它产品的生产)，然后用这些产品去

11、进行贸易获得她们所需要的商品和服务。 Countries can specialize in production, while consuming many goods and services through trade. 各国可以使生产专业化, 同时通过贸易消费许多的商品和服务。Copyright 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-9Gains from Trade (cont.) 贸易所得（续）贸易所得（续）Trade benefits countries by allowing them to export good

12、s made with relatively abundant resources and imports goods made with relatively scarce resources. 贸易通过使国家出口用相对丰裕的资源生产的产品并进口用相对稀缺的资源生产的产品。When countries specialize, they may be more efficient due to larger-scale production. 当国家专业化生产后，因为更大的规模化生产，这些国家可能会变得更加有效率。Countries may also gain by trading curre

13、nt resources for future resources (international borrowing and lending) and due to international migration. 国家也可能通过用当前的资源去交换未来的资源（国际借贷）并且由于国际移民而获得收益。Copyright 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-10Gains from Trade (cont.) 贸易所得（续）贸易所得（续） Trade is predicted to benefit countries as a who

14、le in several ways, but trade may harm particular groups within a country. 贸易预计使国家作为一个整体在几个方面受益，但也可能损害一个国家中的特定团体。 International trade can harm the owners of resources that are used relatively intensively in industries that compete with imports. 国际贸易会对那些只在进口竞争行业中相对密集使用资源的所有者产生不良的影响。 Trade may therefo

15、re affect the distribution of income within a country. 贸易因此可能影响到一个国家内的收入分配。 Conflicts about trade should occur between groups within countries rather than between countries. 贸易冲突应发生在国家中的不同团体之间，而不是不同国家之间。Copyright 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-11Patterns of Trade 贸易模式贸易模式 Differe

16、nces in climate and resources can explain why Brazil exports coffee and Australia exports iron ore. 气候和资源的不同可以解释为什么巴西出口咖啡，澳大利亚出口铁矿石。 But why does Japan export automobiles, while the U.S. exports aircraft? 但为什么日本出口小汽车，同时美国出口飞机？ Why some countries export certain products can stem from differences in:

17、为什么某国出口某产品可能源自.方面的不同: Labor productivity (劳动生产率) Relative supplies of capital, labor and land and their use in the production of different goods and services (资本、劳动及土地的相对供给以及他们使用在不同产品和服务上的生产) Copyright 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-12Effects of Government Policies on Trade 政府贸易政

18、策的影响政府贸易政策的影响 Policy makers affect the amount of trade through 贸易制定者通过.影响贸易量 Tariffs (关税): a tax on imports or exports, Quotas (配额): a quantity restriction on imports or exports, export subsidies (出口补贴): a payment to producers that export, or through other regulations (ex., product specifications) t

19、hat exclude foreign products from the market, but still allow domestic products. 或通过其他法规(如产品规格),排除外国产品但仍允许国内产品的市场。 What are the costs and benefits of these policies? 这些政策的成本和收益是什么？Copyright 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-13The Effects of Government Policies on Trade (cont.) 政府贸易政

20、策的影响政府贸易政策的影响 （续）（续） If a government must restrict trade, which policy should it use and how much should it restrict trade? 如果一政府必须限制贸易，会用哪一种政策并且应该限制多少贸易？ If a government restricts trade, what are the costs if foreign governments respond likewise? 如果一政府限制贸易，成本是多少如果外国政府做出同样地回应？ Trade policies are oft

21、en chosen to cater to special interest groups, rather than to maximize national welfare. 贸易政策的选择往往迎合特殊利益集团，而不是国家福利最大化。 Governments tend to adopt tariffs, then negotiate them down in exchange for reduction in trade barriers of other countries. 政府倾向于采取关税，然后协商降低关税以换取减少其他国家的贸易壁垒。Copyright 2012 Pearson A

22、ddison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-14International Finance Topics 国际金融主题国际金融主题 Exchanging risky assets such as stocks and bonds can benefit all countries by diversification that reduces the variability of income another source of gains from trade. 交换风险资产如股票和债券有利于所有国家通过分散投资来降低变化性从贸易中获利的另一个来源的收入。 Mo

23、st international trade involves monetary transactions. 大多数国际贸易涉及货币交易。 Many monetary events have important consequences for international trade. 许多货币的事件对国际贸易产生重要的影响。Copyright 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-15Balance of Payments 国际收支平衡国际收支平衡 Governments measure the value of exports

24、 and imports, as well as the value of financial assets that flow into and out of their countries. 政府衡量出口和进口的价值以及流入和流出国家的金融资产的价值。 Trade deficits, where countries import more than they export in value, may be offset by net inflows of financial assets. 贸易赤字，赤字国家的进口值大于出口值，可能被金融资产的净流入抵消。 The official set

25、tlements balance, or the balance of payments, measures the balance of funds that central banks use for official international payments. 官方结算差额，或国际收支平衡，衡量中央银行使用官方国际支付的资金平衡。 All three values are measured in the governments national income accounts. 所有的三个值在政府的国民账户中被衡量。Copyright 2012 Pearson Addison-Wes

26、ley. All rights reserved.1-16Exchange Rate Determination 汇率决定汇率决定 Exchange rates are an important financial issue for most governments. 对于大多数政府而言，汇率是一个重要的财务问题。 Exchange rates measure how much domestic currency can be exchanged for foreign currency and thus affect: 汇率衡量本币换多少外币，因此影响： how much goods de

27、nominated in foreign currency (imports) cost in the domestic country. 在国内以外币记价的货物（进口商品）成本是多少 how much goods denominated in domestic currency (exports) cost in foreign markets. 在国外市场以本币计价的商品（出口商品）的成本是多少 Some exchange rates change continually (float) while others are fixed for periods of time. 一些汇率持续改变（浮动）而其他的汇率在一定时期内是固定的。Copyright 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-17International Policy Coordination 国际政策协调国际政策协调 In an integrated economy, one countrys economic policies usually affect other countries as well, leading to the need for some degree of policy coordination. 在一体化的经济中，