Lecture 4 Edward and Franklin课件

1、Lecture 4Edwards FranklinMajor writers in the post- Revolutionary PeriodQuiz for the Age of Reason What is the time span of the age of reason and revolution? Elaborate the literature features of this period. Name the representative authors in this period and their primary works.Edwards FranklinBenja

2、min Franklin(1706-1790) Jonathan Edwards(1703-1758)Edwards and Franklin They were contemporaries, came from the same parent stock, the Puritanism of New England; they represented the whole of the colonial mind of America. religious idealism (理想的宗理想的宗教信仰教信仰)levelheaded common sense(明智冷明智冷静的判断力静的判断力)E

3、dwards and Franklin Revolutionary Period (1775-1783)v “The Age of Reason”v “American Enlightenment”Content 1. Historical Background 2. Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758) - the first modern American and the countrys last medieval man 3. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) -Jack of all trades1. Historical Backgro

4、und American Revolution The Enlightenment American Revolution Strict rules made by English government prevented the economic development of the colonies. It was unfair. So American Independence War broke. 1775 - Lexington, beginning of the Independence War June 4th, 1776 -Thomas Jefferson, Declarati

5、on of Independence 1778 - alliance with France, turning point for American army 1778 - English army surrendered 1783 - formal recognition from Britain government The Enlightenment Originated in Europe in the 17th century Resources: Newtons theory; Deism（自然神教派，宗教与启蒙精神相结合的产物）; French philosophy (Rouss

6、eau, Voltaire) Enlightenment Leading doctrines Significance Representatives Influence on literature Patterns of thinking in America in 18th C.Leading Doctrines of Enlightenment Natural goodness of human beings Perfectibility of human race Emphasis on reason (beliefs to be accepted on the basis of re

7、ason: atheism, deism) Equality before the law and the right to individual liberty Tolerance Universal brotherhood of all rational beings Science/progressALL REVOLUTIONARY LEADERS IN AMERICA WERE STRONGLY INFLUENCED BY ENLIGHTENMENT. APPLIED TO THE CREATION OF THE NEW NATION, SOCIETY. human nature is

8、 deprived impossible to perfect human beings; since human nature is bad, cant perfect society and world; pessimistic human nature is basically good possible to perfect human beings; cultivate nature, follow our mind-perfect nature, perfect the world Against superstition and try to avoid the supernat

9、ural; believe human reason can understand everything; nothing is beyond comprehension. very optimisticPuritanismEnlightenment In the 18th century, people believed in mans own nature and the power of human reason. With Franklin as its spokesman, the 18th century America experienced an age of reason.

10、Words had never been so useful and so important in human history. People wrote a lot of political writings. Numerous pamphlets and printings were published. These works agitated revolutionary people not only in America but also around the world.Significance accelerating social progress freeing peopl

11、e from the limitations set by prevailing Puritanism making spiritual preparation for American RevolutionRepresentatives Benjamin Franklin Thomas Paine Thomas JeffersonInfluence on literature In form: imitating Greek and Roman classical（古典主义）writers In content: utilitarian功利的实利的tendency (for politica

12、l or educational purpose) patterns of American thinking in the 18th century Newtons Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687) John Lockes Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) Rousseaus Social Contract(1762)The proper study of mankind is man_Alexander Popepersistent Calvinist belief

13、s: original sin, predestination, etc.2. Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758) 1. Life 2. Analysis 3. His Ideas1. Life Experiences In 1716, at the age of 13, admitted to Yale, graduated four years later In 1723, took his M.A. in Yale In 1729, after 3 years assistant to his grandfather, named to be the ministe

14、r of the church of Northampton an important figure in “Great Awakening”Literary Terms : Great Awakening Great Awakening is a series of religious revivals that swept over the American colonies about the middle of the 18th century. It resulted in doctrinal changes and influenced social political thoug

15、ht. In New England it was started (1734)by the rousing 使觉醒的使觉醒的preaching of Jonathon Edwards. dismissed from his position because of fierce religious controversy at that time lived and meditated in solitude wrote some books Died of a smallpox inoculation in 1758Major Works The Freedom of the Will(17

16、54) The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended(1758) The Nature of True Virtue (1765) Personal Narrative Images or Shadows of Divine Thing All he was trying to do was to restore to his congregation and to his readers the original sense of religious commitment.John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human U

17、nderstanding (1690) “Thus the first capacity of human intellect is, -that the mind is fitted to receive the impression made on it; either through the sense by outward objects, or by its own operations when it reflects on them. This is the first step that makes towards the discovery of anything, and

18、the groundwork whereon to build all those notions which ever he shall have naturally in this world.” Empiricism 经验主义Edwards double identities reflected in his works As the first modern American:trying to reconciling Puritan ideas with the new rationalism of John Lock (knowledge is empirical, its sou

19、rces being the sense) and Newtons mechanical view of the universe“A Christian does not merely rationally believe that God is glorious, but he had a sense of the gloriousness of God in his heart.”“The sense I had of divine things would often of a sudden kindle up, as it were, a in my heart; an ardor

20、of soul, that I know not how to express.”As the last medieval man(1) the spirit of revivalism (信仰复兴运动 )(2) the regeneration(革新,改造/良) of man (3) the sense of Gods overwhelming presence in nature and in the soul (4) the Puritan idealismvpioneer of transcendentalism The first time was when I was a boy,

21、 some years before I went to college at a time of remarkable awakening in my fathers congregation. I was then very much affected for many months, and concerned about the things of religion, and my souls salvation; and was abundant in duties. I used to pray five times a day in secret, and to spend mu

22、ch time in religious talk with other boys; and used to meet with them to pray together. I experienced I know not what kind of delight in religionI had particular secret places of my own in the woods, where I used to retire by myself; and was from time to time much affected. I began to have a new kin

23、d of apprehensions and ideas of Christ, and the work of redemption, and the glorious way of salvation by Him. An inward, sweet sense of these things, at times, came into my heart; and my soul was led away in pleasant views and contemplations of them. my sense of divine things gradually increased, an

24、d became more and more lively, and had more of that inward sweetness. The appearance of every thing was altered; there seemed to be, as it were, a calm, sweet cast, or appearance of divine glory, in almost everything. Gods excellence, His wisdom, His purity and love, seemed to appear in every thing;

25、 in the sun, and moon, and stars; in the clouds and blue sky; in the grass, flowers, trees; in the water, and all natureBefore, I used to be uncommonly terrified with thunder, and to be struck with terror when I saw a thunder rising; but now, on the contrary, it rejoiced me. I felt God, so to speak,

26、 at the first appearance of a thunder storm The soul of a true Christianappeared like such a little white flower as we see in the spring of the year, low and humble on the ground, opening its bosom to receive the pleasant beams of the suns glory, rejoicing, as it were, in a calm rapture, diffusing a

27、round a sweet fragrancy, standing peacefully and lovingly in the midst of other flowers round about, all in like manner opening their bosoms, to drink in the light of their sun. -Personal NarrativeBenjamin Benjamin FranklinFranklin (1706-1790)Warm-up questions: How does Franklin reveal himself to be

28、 a man of the Enlightenment? What does he share with Jonathan Edwards? How is Franklin different from Edwards? What are his attitudes towards Christian religion? How does he make use of religious rhetoric?Benjamin Franklin 1. Life 2. Literary Career Poor Richards Almanac; The Autobiography; 3. Influ

29、ence1. Life “Jack of all trades” “master of each and mastered by none the type and genius of his land” (Melville) Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)Benjamin Franklin, - Americas first great man of letters,” embodied the Enlightenment ideal of human rationality. Franklin recorded his early life in his fam

30、ous Autobiography. In many ways Franklins life illustrates the impact of the Enlightenment on a gifted individual. Self-educated but well-read in John Locke, Joseph Addison, and other Enlightenment writers, Franklin learned from them to apply reason to his own life and to break with tradition-in par

31、ticular the old-fashioned Puritan tradition-when it threatened to smother his ideals. AMERICAN DEISMDEISM is a religious philosophy. It believes that religious truth is shown by reason applied to empirical events.Deists believe that Gods greatest gift to humanity is not religion, but the ability to

32、reason. Rejection of reports of miracles, prophecies, and religious mysteries.InventorPrinter statesmanBenjamin Franklin(17061790) printer, editor, inventor, scientist, opened his own print shop for 20 yearsof the lightning rodmade experiment with a kite, proving that lightning was electricitypublis

33、hed the Pennsylvania Gazette (newspaper) Benjamin Franklin（17061790） a member of the group that wrote the Declaration of Independencefounded the first public library, organized the first fire department and the first paid police force, founded a school and a hospital.the great man of letters Autobio

34、graphy自传自传 Poor Richards Almanac 穷穷理查德历书理查德历书 politician, public-spirited citizen, prose writer 2. Literary works (1) Poor Richards Almanac (2) Autobiography 2.1. Poor Richards Almanac was kept being published for a quarter of a century includes poems and essays, a good many adages(格言格言) and wittici

35、sms (妙语连珠妙语连珠) Lost time is never found again, A penny saved is a penny earned, God helps those that help themselves, Fish and visitors stink in three days Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise a book that is published every year giving information for that year “Tr

36、usting too much to others care is the ruin of many; for, as the Almanac says, in the affairs of the world, men are saved, not by Faith, but by the Want of it.” Anti-Calvinist lesson2.2. The Autobiography first of its kind in literature Written when he was 65 An introduction of his life to his own so

37、n Including four parts written in different timePre-reading Discussion What kind of qualities or lesson would you like to pass on to your offspring if you were about to write a letter for them? Explain why. DEAR SON I have ever had a pleasure in obtaining any little anecdotes of my ancestors. You ma

38、y remember the inquiries I made among the remains of my relations when you were with me in England, and the journey I undertook for that purpose. Now imagining it may be equally agreeable to you to know the circumstances of my life, many of which your are yet unacquainted with, and expecting a weeks

39、 uninterrupted leisure in my present country retirement, I sit down to write them for you. And now I speak of thanking God, I desire with all humility to acknowledge that I owe the mentioned happiness of my past life to His kind providence, which led me to the means I used and gave them success. My

40、belief of this induces me to hopeIt was about this time I conceived the bold and arduous project of arriving at moral perfection. I wished to live without committing any fault at any time; I would conquer all that either natural inclination, custom, or company might lead me into. As I know, or thoug

41、ht I knew, what was right and wrong, I did not see why I might not always do the one and avoid the other. But I soon found I had undertaken a task of more difficulty that I had imagined. While my care was employed in guarding against one fault, I was often surprised by another; habit took the advant

42、age of inattention; inclination was sometimes too strong for reason.I included under thirteen names of virtues all that at that time occurred to me as necessary or desirable, and annexed to each a short precept, which fully expressed the extent I gave to its meaning. These names of virtues, with the

43、ir precepts, were:1. Temperance. Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation2. Silence. Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself; avoid trifling conversation. 3. Order. Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time. 4. Resolution. Resolve to perform wha

44、t you ought; perform without fail what you resolve. 5. Frugality. Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself; i.e., waste nothing. 6. Industry. Lose no time; be always employed in something useful; cut off all unnecessary actions. 7. Sincerity. Use no hurtful deceit; think innocently and j

45、ustly, and, if you speak, speak accordingly. 8. Justice. Wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your duty. 9. Moderation. Avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries so much as your think they deserve. 10. Cleanliness. Tolerate no uncleanliness in body, cloths, or habitation.

46、 11. Tranquility. Be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable. 12. Chastity. Rarely use venery but for health or offspring, never to dullness, weakness, or the injury of your own or anothers peace or reputation. 13. Humility. Imitate Jesus and Socrates. The Morning. 5 Rise, wa

47、sh and address Question. What good shall I do 6 powerful Goodness! ContriveThis day? 7 days business, and take the resolution of the day; prose- cute the present. 8 9 study, and breakfast 10 work 11Noon. 12 Read, or overlook my accounts, 1 and dine. 2 3 Work 4 5 6 Put things in their places.Evening

48、7 Supper. Music or diversion,Question. What good have 8 or conversation. ExaminationI done today? 9 of the day 10 Night Sleep 4I entered upon the execution of this plan for self-examination, and continued it with occasional intermissions for some time. I was surprised to find myself so much fuller o

49、f faults than I had imagined; but I had the satisfaction of seeing them diminish. -The Autobiography erratum correcting errors in his life perfectionism Post-reading Discussion What Puritan thought is manifested in the work of Franklins Autobiography? How does Franklin embody Enlightenment ideals? W

50、hat is the style of Autobiography?(1) Features a. It is, first of all, a Puritan document. It is Puritan because it is a record of self-examination and self-improvement. (thirteen virtues) b. It is also an eloquent elucidation of the fact that Franklin was spokesman for the new order of 18th-century

51、 enlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free, by nature endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.(2) Style Simple, plainness, the simplicity of diction, syntax and expression clear in order direct

52、and concise (“Nothing should be expressed in two words that can as well be expressed in one.”) (Puritanisms influence) the homeliness of imagery 3. Influence Popular, still well-read today, his values and style influenced lots of Americans American Dream: a success story of self-relianceAssignment R

53、ead Chapter 4 about Romanticism, Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper.The Defence of Fort McHenry 麦克亨利堡保卫战 by Francis Scott Key O say can you see by the dawns early light,What so proudly we hailed at the twilights last gleaming,Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight,O

54、er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming?And the rockets red glare, the bombs bursting in air,Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there;O say does that star-spangled banner yet wave,Oer the land of the free and the home of the brave? 哦，你可看见，透过一线曙哦，你可看见，透过一线曙光，光，我们对着什么

55、，发出欢呼的我们对着什么，发出欢呼的声浪？声浪？谁的阔条明星，冒着一夜炮谁的阔条明星，冒着一夜炮火，火，依然锓风招展，在我军碉堡依然锓风招展，在我军碉堡上？上？火炮闪闪发光，炸弹轰轰作火炮闪闪发光，炸弹轰轰作响，响，它们都是见证，国旗安然无它们都是见证，国旗安然无恙。恙。你看星条旗不是还高高飘扬你看星条旗不是还高高飘扬在这自由国家，勇士的家乡？在这自由国家，勇士的家乡？ On the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep,Where the foes haughty host in dread silence reposes,What i

56、s that which the breeze, oer the towering steep,As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses?Now it catches the gleam of the mornings first beam,In full glory reflected now shines in the stream:Tis the star-spangled banner, O! long may it waveOer the land of the free and the home of the brave

57、. 透过稠密的雾，隐约望见对岸，透过稠密的雾，隐约望见对岸，顽敌正在酣睡，四周沉寂阑珊。顽敌正在酣睡，四周沉寂阑珊。微风断断续续，吹过峻崖之巅，微风断断续续，吹过峻崖之巅，你说那是什么，风中半隐半现？你说那是什么，风中半隐半现？现在它的身上，映着朝霞烂漫，现在它的身上，映着朝霞烂漫，凌空照在水面，霎时红光一片。凌空照在水面，霎时红光一片。这就是星条旗，愿它永远飘扬这就是星条旗，愿它永远飘扬在这自由国家，勇士的家乡。在这自由国家，勇士的家乡。 And where is that band who so vauntingly sworeThat the havoc of war and the b

58、attles confusion,A home and a country, should leave us no more?Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps pollution.No refuge could save the hireling and slaveFrom the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave:And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave,Oer the land of the free and the home of the brave. 都到哪里去了，信誓旦旦的人都到哪里去了，信誓旦旦的人们？们？他们向往的是能在战争中幸存，他们向往的是能在战争中幸存，家乡和祖国，不要抛弃我们。家乡和祖国，不要抛弃我们。他们自己用血，洗清肮脏的脚他们自己用血，洗清肮脏的脚印。印。那些奴才、佣兵，没有地方藏