电气工程概论_第六章_电工新技术

1、 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件1 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件2新理论、新原理新材料新技术等离子体物理放电物理电磁流体力学直线电机超导材料永磁材料半导体材料微电子计算机放电应用核聚变磁流体发电磁流体推进磁悬浮列车超导电工永 磁电机与 磁体光电应用电力电子微 电子 专用 设备数控与机电控制电工装置CAD电 磁场 数值 计算 基础主要分支图6-1 电工新技术的分类 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件3图6-2 液氦温区低温超导材料NbTi导线 ANHUI UNI

2、VERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件4图6-3 液氮温区高温超导材料Bi系带材 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件51911年荷兰科学家昂纳斯（H. Kamerlingh Onnes）在测量低温下水银电阻率的时候发现，当温度降到-269附近，水银的电阻突然消失。超导态的两个基本性质： 一是 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件6图6-4 超导体的完全抗磁性现象 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件7 图6-5 83MW超导发电机超导转子（左）与试验车间

3、（日本） ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件8图6-6 5MW船用高温超导推进电动机 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件9图6-7 5MW船用高温推进电动机结构图 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件10图6-8 300kW超导单极电动机（武汉712所等）图6-9 由超导电动机作动力的吊舱式螺旋推进器（图片来源：ABB公司） ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件11 图6-10 500kW, 6600/3300V高温超导变压器（日本

4、）图6-11 26kW高温超导变压器（中国科学院电工研究所等） ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件12 图6-12 2000A高温超导电缆结构云电英纳超导电缆公司 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件13图6-13 30m长、35kV、2kA高温超导电缆云电英纳超导电缆公司 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件14 图6-14 超导储能装置的储能线圈图6-15 2 MJ超导储能设备（德国） ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件15 图

5、6-16 日本超导磁悬浮列车 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件16 超导在电气工程领域的其他应用 超导电磁线圈：应用于托克马克装置、磁流体发电机等； 超导磁悬浮轴承：无机械摩擦，稳定好。p ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件17 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件18图6-17 托克马克装置原理（环形核聚变反应装置） ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件19图6-18 基于托克马克的核聚变电站原理 ANHUI UNIVERSIT

6、Y OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件20 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件21图6-19 磁流体发电原理与试验装置（日本） ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件22图6-20 磁流体发电用超导磁体（中国科学研究院电工研究所） ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件23图6-21 日本超导磁流体推进船 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件24 （a） （b）图6-22 等离子推进器（a）结构示意图 （b）“SMART-1 号”

7、探测器等离子推进器的喷口 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件25图6-23 风力发电站与电力系统并网 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件26图6-24 海上风力发电机正在安装（丹麦） ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件27主要有三种： 一是使太阳能直接转变成热能，即光热转换， 如太阳能热水器； 二是使太阳能直接转换成电能，即光电转换， 如太阳能电池； 三是使太阳能直接转变成化学能，即光化学转换， 如太阳能发电机。 1945年，美国贝尔电话实验室制造除了世界上第一块 实用

8、的硅太阳能电池，开创了现代人类利用太阳能的 新纪元。 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件28图6-25 太阳能发电的四种方式（a）槽型抛物面（b）菲涅耳透镜（c）盘形抛物面-中心接受器（d）分布平面塔式接收器 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件29图6-26太阳能热发电站图6-27 塔式太阳能热电站 原理示意图 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件30图6-28 太阳能光伏电池阵 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件31 超导长定子

9、永磁长定子常导短定子常导长定子电动式长定子电磁式短定子电磁式长定子永磁式长定子图6-29 磁悬浮列车分类 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件32 图6-30 日本超导磁悬浮列车 的转向架图6-31 日本超导磁悬浮列车 的导轨结构 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件33 图6-32 Transrapid原理 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件34 图6-33 日本名古屋常导磁悬浮列车（Linimo） ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理

10、课件35 图6-34 德国柏林永磁半悬浮列车 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件36燃料电池的雏形是1839年由英国科学家格罗夫（William Robert Grove，1811-1896）提出的（当时称为“气体伏打电池”）。图6-35 燃料电池的外部结构图 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件37图6-36 为计算机供电的燃料电池 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件38p 第一代燃料电池，碱性燃料电池，效率最高，但成本昂贵；p 第二代燃料电池，磷酸型燃料电池，技术先进

11、，实用；p 第三代燃料电池，熔融碳酸盐型（MCFC）电池，效率比磷酸 型高，燃料也不仅仅限于氢气，是一种大容量发电燃料 电池；p 第四代燃料电池，固体电解质型燃料电池（SOFV），性能优 良，电解是固体，因此免去了腐蚀和溢漏的危险；p 第五代燃料电池，聚合物电解质型薄膜燃料电池（PEMFC）， 与氢能源关系十分密切；p 最近又出现了生物燃料电池，具有功率大，体积小，效率 高，成本低等优点。 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件39图6-37 瑞士1955年试制的 飞轮储能轨道试验车图6-38 飞轮储能系统 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECH

12、NOLOGY整理课件整理课件40p 飞轮储能的应用 电力调峰 电动车辆飞轮电池 飞轮储能-再生制动系统 风力发电系统不间断供电 卫星姿态控制 大功率脉冲放电电源 其他应用 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件41图6-39 电力系统中的飞轮储能装置 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件42 图6-40 英国Bristol的新型 纯飞轮供电有轨车 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件43 图6-41 德国采用飞轮储能装置 的LIREX混合动力轻轨列车图6-42 美国内燃机发电机

13、-飞轮 储能混合动力公交车ATTB ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件44图6-43 轨旁飞轮储能再生制动系统 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件45 图6-44 卫星姿态控制用飞轮系统 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件46 图6-45 航天飞机电磁发射示意图 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件47脉冲功率技术的基础是冲击电压发生器，也叫马克斯发生器或冲击机，是德国人马克斯（E.Marx）在1924年发明的。图6-46 马克斯

14、发生器 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件48目前，脉冲功率技术的发展方向是提高功率水平，具体的主攻方向是：提高储能密度，研制大功率和高重复率的转换开关，向着高电压、大电流、窄脉冲、高重复率的方向发展。脉冲功率技术的应用： 强激光的研究 强脉冲X射线 核电磁脉冲 高功率微波武器电磁炮 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件49轨道炮线圈炮磁悬浮发射器 磁悬浮加速托架磁悬浮间隙电枢线圈 驱动线圈线圈 电枢（等离子体）电流图6-47 电磁发射装置 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理

15、课件50图6-48 国外研制的电磁炮 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件51（Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems， MEMS），是融合了硅微加工、光刻铸造成型和精密机械加工等多种微加工技术制作的集微型传感器、微型执行器以及信号处理和控制电路、接口电路、通信和电源于一体的微米（10e-6m）尺寸微型机电系统。 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件52图6-49 微机电系统电机和一根头发的对比（显微图）图6-50 微机电系统继电器（放大图） ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TEC

16、HNOLOGY整理课件整理课件53图6-51 微机电系统陀螺仪 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件54图6-52 封装好的微机电系统产品 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件55图6-52 微机电系统卫星（概念图） ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件56 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件57 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件58 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLO

17、GY整理课件整理课件59Liquid Helium region low temperature superconductive material NbTi wire ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件60Liquid Nitrogen region high temperature superconductive materialBi series tapes ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件61 A momentous discovery by Dutch scientist in 1911, that

18、the resistance of the mercury turned to zero when the temperature below -269. It is a phenomenon displayed by some materials when they are cooled below a certain temperature, known as the superconducting critical temperature, Tc. : high Tc superconductor Below Tc, superconducting materials exhibit t

19、wo characteristic properties: Zero electrical resistance; Full diamagnetism (Meissner Effect). When the superconductor below its critical temperature，and a magnet is brought near to it, the inner magnetic field intensity of the superconductor is completely expelled to zero, behaving as a full diamag

20、net. ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件62 Meissner EffectA superconductive disk on the bottom, cooled by liquid nitrogen, causes the magnet above to levitate. The floating magnet induces a current, and therefore a magnetic field,in the superconductor, and the two magnetic fields repel to levitat

21、e the magnet. ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件63 83 MW superconducting rotor and its test plant (Japan) ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件645MW HTS ship propulsion motor ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件655MW HTS ship propulsion motor structures ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件6

22、6300kW superconducting homopolar motor（712 institute of Wu Han, China）Superconducting motor podded propeller ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件67 500kW, 6600/3300VJapan HTS transformer26kW HTS transformer(Institute of electrical engineering Chinese academy of science) ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOL

23、OGY整理课件整理课件68 2000A HTS cableInnopower superconductor cable Co., Ltd., Beijing ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件6930m length、35kV、2kA HTS cables system ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件70 SMES coilGermany 2 MJ SMES ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件71 Japan superconducting Maglev train

24、 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件72 Applications in electrical engineering Superconducting coil: Tokamak device, Magnetohydrodynamic Power Generation Superconducting Maglev bearing: No mechanical friction, Steadyp ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件73 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件7

25、4Principle of Tokamak device(Toroidal nuclear fusion device)Deuterium-Tritium-Helium ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件75Tokamak fusion reactor power plant ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件76 ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件77Principle diagram of MHD power generator and test devices A

26、NHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件78Superconducting magnet of MHD power generator(Institute of electrical engineering Chinese academy of science) ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件79Japan superconducting MHD propulsion ship ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件80 （a） （b）Plasma MHD propeller（

27、a）Structure sketch map （b）Propeller spout of “SMART-1” detector ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件81Wind power plant and grid connected ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件82Offshore wind power generation being installed（Denmark） ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件83Three principles： 1）Phot

28、othermal conversion, using the sun to heat water and produce steam to run electrical turbines, such as solar water heater; 2）Photoelectric conversion, converting solar energy to DC electricity, such as solar cells; 3）Photochemical conversion, chemical energy being generated from solar energy. Four m

29、ethods to collect solar energy, showed in the figures as follows: ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件84Four methods of solar generation(a) Parabolic trough (b) Fresnel lens (c) Solar dishes (d) Solar power towers ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件85Solar thermal power stationSolar power tower

30、 sketch map ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件86Solar photovoltaic arrays (PV arrays) ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件87 超导长定子永磁长定子常导短定子常导长定子电动式长定子电磁式短定子电磁式长定子永磁式长定子Maglev trains classification ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件88 are two types of Maglevs: ones that use like magnets wh

31、ich repel each other and ones that use opposing magnets that attract with each other. Ones that use repelling magnets are called Superconducting Maglevs, while Electromagnetic Maglevs use opposing magnets.How does a Maglev Train work?Each project is developing its own version of Maglev but the main

32、difference rests on the way the magnetic field is generated.u The German model and the Japanese HSST (High Speed Surface Transport) use Electromagnetic Suspension (EMS). China in its Shanghai Maglev uses German technology. EMS uses the attractive magnetic force of a magnet beneath a rail to lift the

33、 train up. u The Yamanashi Maglev (Japan) and the projected Florida Maglev use Electrodynamic Suspension (EDS). EDS uses a repulsive force generated by the interaction between the magnetic fields in the train and the rail to push the train away from the track. u The project in Los Angeles (Indutrack

34、) uses Permanent Magnet EDS. ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件89 Superconducting Maglev bogieSuperconducting Maglev track ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件90 Principle of Transrapid ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件91 Normal conducting maglev-Linimo in Nagoya, JapanHSST: High Speed Su

35、rface Transport ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件92 Berlin permanent magnet half levitating train, Germany ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件93British physicist William Robert Grove, 1811-1896, produced the first fuel cell in 1839 ( called “Gas Voltaic battery” at that time).Fuel cell exter

36、ior structure ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件94Fuel cell as Computer power supply ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件95 p First generation, alkaline fuel cell (AFC), high efficiency but cost much;p Second, phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC), advanced and very practical;p Third, molten carbon

37、ate fuel cell (MCFC), higher efficiency than PAFC, used to generate strong power;p Fourth, solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), used solid electrolyte, avoids the danger of electrolytes corrosion and leakage;p Fifth, proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), closely related to hydrogen energy;p In recent

38、ly, there appeared a new type fuel cell called microbial fuel cell (MFC), large power, small size,and high efficiency. ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件96Switzerland flywheel energy storage track test vehicle in 1955Flywheel energy storage system ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件97p Applic

39、ations Power grid peak shaving Electric vehicles flywheel battery Flywheel energy storage-regenerative braking system Wind power generation systems uninterrupted power supply Satellite attitude control Discharging pulsed high power supply Other applications ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件98Fl

40、ywheel energy storage device in power system ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件99 Bristol new tramcars with flywheel power supply ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件100 Germany hybrid power light rail train “LIREX” with flywheel energy storageAmerica internal combustion engine generatorflywhe

41、el energy storage hybrid public transit “ATTB” ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件101Flywheel energy storage-regenerative braking system beside the track ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件102 Flywheel system of Satellite attitude control ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件103 Space shuttle electromagnetic launch ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY整理课件整理课件104Pulsed Power Technology developed from impulse voltage generator,al