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1、形容词和副词概述: 形容词是指那些用来描述或修饰名词 (或代词 )的一类词。 一般放在其所修饰的名词之前。 在句中用作定语、 表语、 补语、状语等。多数形容词具有比较等级。副词是用以修饰动词、形容词、句子以及其他副词的词。在形式上,许多 副词带有后缀 ly 。形容词、副词是中学英语重要语法项目,也是中考重要考查内容。中考考点1形容词和副词的原级、比较级和最高级的构成规则、基本句型及其用法。 2形容词作表语和定语的用法。3副词作状语的用法。考点一 形容词1形容词的一般用法1)形容词作表语,表明主语的性质和特征,放在连系动词之后。如:Computers are very useful in our

2、 everyday life Leaves turn yellow in autumn 2)形容词作定语,修饰名词或不定代词,通常放在名词之前,不定代词之后。如:This is an unhealthy diet There is nothing important in today's newspaper注意 由连字符连接起来的复合形容词中的名词只能用单数形式。如: an eight-year-old boy 一个 8 岁的男孩3)形容词作宾语补足语,放在宾语之后,与其构成复合宾语。如:You should keep your classroom clean and tidy I f

3、ound it difficult to get on well with the manager 。(4)数词形容词,表示长、宽、高、深以及年龄。如:five thousand kilometers long 五千多千米长(5)the形容词,表示一类人或物。如: the old 老人(6)表语形容词。这些形容词只能位于系动词后面作表语。如:alone, awake, alive, well( 健康的 ), ill, frightened 等。如:The boy is alone.( 正 )The alone boy is here.(误 )(7)只能作定语的形容词。如: little, on

4、ly( 唯一的 ), wooden, woolen, elder 。My elder brother is in Beijing.( 正 )My brother is elder.( 误 )(8)形式像副词的形容词。如: lonely , friendly, lively, lovely 。(9)多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为:限定词(冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词、数词)描绘词 (大小、长短、形状、新旧、长幼、颜色,材料 ) 名词。如: a famous American medical school 一所非常著名的美国医学院 但要注意的是英语的习惯是一个名词前的形容词一般不要多于三个。如

5、: What a pretty little white horse!Those first few short English stories were not difficult to understand.2形容词的常用句式(1)“ It's adj. of sb不定式”表示“某人做某事”注意 这一句型中常用描述行为者的性格、品质的形容词,如:good, kind, nice, polite, clever, foolish, lazy, careful,careless, right, wrong 等。(2)“ It's adj. for sb不定式”表示“做某事对某人

6、来说”注意 这一句型中常用描述做某事性质的形容词:如important, necessary, difficult, easy, hard, dangerous, safe, useful,pleasant, interesting, impossible 等。考点二 副词1)副词修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,表示动作、状态的特征或某种性质的程度。根据其用途与含义,副词可分为下 列六大类:( 1)时间副词。常用的有: ago,before,now ,then, soon, already, yet 等。( 2)地点副词。常用的有: here, there, up, down,above,belo

7、w, inside ,outside 等。( 3)疑问副词。常见的有: where,when,why, how 等。( 4)程度副词。常见的有: very , much ,so,too, quite, enough 等。( 5)方式副词。多由 “形容词 +ly ”后缀构成。如: carefully , quickly , easily, quietly 等。( 6)频度副词。常用的有: always, often , sometimes, usually , hardly , never 等。2)副词在句中主要用作状语。也可充当定语、表语等。如:It s' snowing heavil

8、y outside (状语,修饰动词)I have never heard such a beautiful voice (状语,修饰动词) unluckily, he failed in this physics exam again(状语,修饰整个句子) He was too excited to say a word (状语,修饰形容词) Class is over(表语)The weather here is different from that of Singapore (定语 )3)程度副词通常位于被修饰的形容词副词之前,但enough 则要放在后面。如:It was much

9、more freezing today than yesterday He ran so fast that I couldn' t catch up with himWe got up early enough to catch the first bus 4)频度副词通常位于行为动词之前,be 动词、助动词和情态动词之后,但一般不放在句末。如:I have never been late for class You must always work like that 5)几个副词同时出现时,其顺序一般为:方式副词+地点副词 +时间副词 (也可位于句首 )。考点三 形容词与副词的区

10、分1形容词用法:系动词形容词;形容词名词。如:He is careful. He is a careful boy.他是个细心的孩子。2副词用法:行为动词副词。如: He writes carefully. 他书写很仔细。考点四 形容词和副词的三级1形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的规则变化(1)一般在词尾直接加 -er 或 -est。如:tall taller tallest, long longer longest(2)以不发音的字母 e结尾的单词在词尾直接加 -r 或-st。如: nice nicer nicest, large lagrer largest(3)以辅音字母 y 结尾的词,把

11、 y 变为 i,再加 er 或 est。如: heavy heavier heaviest, busy busier busiest, funny funnier funniest-er 或 -est。如:(4)在重读闭音节中,末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写这个辅音字母,再加big bigger biggest, hot hotter hottest, thin thinner thinnest , fat fatter fattest(5) 部分双音节词和多音节词分别在原级前加 more 构成比较级,加 most 构成最高级。如: slowly more slowly most slowly,

12、beautiful more beautiful most beautiful important more important most important 2形容词和副词的不规则变化 good/well better best many/much more most ill/bad/badly worse worst little less leastfar farther/further farthest/furthest3三级的用法(1) 原级的用法 只能修饰原级的词有 very, quite, so, too 等。如: The old man is walk on. 那个老人太累了以

13、至于不能再继续走了。 原级常用的句型结构 a“ A v.as形容词原级 /副词原级 as B ”表示“ A 和 B 程度相同”。如: Lucy is as old as Kate. 露西和凯特的年龄一样大。 Tom runs Mike. 汤姆和迈克跑得一样快。b“ A v. not as/so形容词原级 /副词原级 as B” 表示“ A 不如 B ”如: This classroom is that one. 这个教室不如那个大。He doesn't walk as slowly as you. 他走路不像你那样慢。(2) 比较级常用的句型结构 “ A v.(倍数)比较级 than

14、B”表示“ A比B”或“ A比 B几倍”如: Jim is taller than Kate. 吉姆比凯特高。This ball is that one. 这个球比那个大三倍。 “ A v.比较级 thanany other单数名词 (介词短语 )”表示“ A 比同一范围内的任何一个人 /物都”,含义 是“ A 最”。如: Xiaoming is taller than in his class. 小明比他班上其他任何男孩都高。 Xiaoming is taller than(any of)the other boys in his class. Xiaoming is the tallest

15、 boy in his class.小明是他班上最高的男孩。 “ A v.the比较级 of the two ”表示“ A 是两者中较的” 。 如: Look at the two boys. Xiaoming is the two. 看那两个男孩,小明是两个当中较高的那个。 “比较级 and比较级”表示“越来越”如: He is getting 他越来越高了。He does his homework more and more carefully. 他做作业越来越认真了。 “ the比较级, the比较级”表示“越,就越”如:The more, the better. 越多越好。 you w

16、ork , your grades will be. 你越努力学习,你的成绩就越好。 “特殊疑问词 v.比较级, A or B ?”如:Which is bigger, the blue ball or the red one? 哪一个大,蓝球还是红球? 注意 比较级前常用 much, even, still, a little, a bit, a lot, far, any 等词修饰。(3) 最高级常用句型结构 “主语 v.the最高级 (单数名词 ) in/of 短语”,表示“是中最的” 。 如: Tom is the tallest (student) in his class. Tom

17、 is the tallest of all the students. 汤姆是他们班上 /所有学生当中最高的。如:I jump in my class. 我是我们班跳得最远的。 “主语 v. one of the最高级复数名词 in/of 短语”,表示“是中最之一”Beijing is in China. 北京是中国最大的城市之一。 “特殊疑问词 v. the最高级 A,B,or C?”用于三者以上的比较。如:Which season do you like , spring, summer or autumn? 你最喜欢哪一个季节,春天,夏天还是秋天? “主语 v.the序数词最高级” ,

18、表示“是中的第几”如:Tom isboy in his class. 汤姆是他们班身高第二的男生。考点过关用所给词的适当形式填空1 Eating (health) food is good for you.2 They were (interest) in the action movie.3She likes light music because it's (relax) 4 Please listen to the teacher (careful) in class.5The old should be spoken to (polite) 6I think science i

19、s as (useful) as math.7Bob is (outgoing) than his sister.8The more you smile, the (happy) you'll feel.9Jim gets to school (early) than his classmates.10The Yellow River is the second (long) river in China.连词概述:连词是连接单词、短语或句子的一种虚词。在句中不单独作句子成分。 历年中考中常考并列连词 and,but,neither nor;从属连词 now that, though,

20、 when。所以了解状语从句和宾语从句的真正意义有助于正确使用从属连词。中考考点1并列连词 and, but, so, or 等的主要用法。2常用的从属连词的基本用法。考点一 并列连词1表示并列关系的: and(和;同;与 ),bothand(和都 ), not only but also (不仅而且 ), as well as(而且,还,又 ), neither nor (既不也不 )。如:He likes drawing and I like dancing. 他喜欢画画,我喜欢跳舞。his father his mother watching TV 。他的父母都喜欢看电视。you I w

21、rong. 你和我都没有错。Not only the young but also the old can speak some English there. 在那儿不仅年轻人而且老年人都会说一点英语。Tom as well as I walks to school every day.汤姆和我一样每天步行去上学。注意 用 as well as 连接的并列主语句子中,谓语动词应与它前面的主语一致; not only but also和 neither nor 则遵循就近原则。2表示选择关系的: or(或;或者;还是;否则;不然 ),eitheror(或者或者; 不是就是 )。如: After

22、supper, I often watch TV take a walk. 晚饭后,我经常看电视或散步。Work hard, you will fall behind. 努力学习,否则你会落后。Either you or he is going to do some shopping this afternoon. 今天下午或者你或者他去购物。3表示转折关系的: but(但;但是;可是 ), while( 然而)。如:She was very tired , she kept working till midnight. 她虽然很累了,但是一直工作到深夜。He's a workerhi

23、s wife is a doctor. 他是工人而他妻子是医生。4表示因果关系的: so(所以 )。如:He got up late , he didn't catch the early bus. 他起床晚了,所以没赶上早班车。考点二 从属连词1引导状语从句的连词(1) 引导时间状语从句的连词: when, while, as, before, after, until, till, as soon as, since 等。 时间状语从句和主句的时 态关系为:主将从现,主过从过。when “当时” 。如: I was doing my homework the telephone r

24、ang. 我在做作业的时候电话铃响了。 while “正当时,正在时” 。在 while 引导的从句中,谓语动词必须是延续性动词,且常常用进行时。 As “正当时” , as引导的从句中既可用延续性动词,也可用短暂性动词。如:He fell asleep he was watching TV. 他看着电视睡着了。As Millie sat down on the sofa, Amy came into the room. 米莉坐在沙发上时,艾米走进了房间。 before “在之前” ; after “在之后” 。如:I'll wait for you here before you c

25、ome back. 在你回来前,我会在这儿等你。 until “直到为止” 。如: The child go to bed his mother came back. 直到他妈妈回来了,这孩子才去睡觉。 as soon as “一就”如: I'll call you I get there. 我一到那儿就给你打电话。 since “自从”。如: I have lived in Beijing I came to China. 自从来到中国以来我就住在北京。(2) 引导条件状语从句的连词: if, unless 等。如: it is fine tomorrow, we'll go

26、 to the park 。 如果明天天气好,我们就去公园。We'll be late we hurry up. 除非快点,否则我们会迟到。(3) 引导目的状语从句的连词: so that( 是为了,以便于 ), in order that( 以便于 ) 等。如: He got up early he could catch the early bus. 为了能赶上早班车,他起得很早。I spoke loudly in order that everyone in the room could hear me. 我大声说话是为了让屋里的每个人都能听得见。(4) 引导原因状语从句的连词:

27、 because, as, since 等。如:She didn't go to work she was ill. 她没去上班,因为她病了。注意 because 与 so 不能同时出现在一个句子中。(5) 引导结果状语从句的连词: so that , such that 等。 so that 和 such that 意思均为“如此以至于”so后接形容词或副词, such后接名词或名词性短语, that 后接从句。如:I was I couldn't go any further. 我累得走不动了。Tom is everyone likes him. 汤姆是如此聪明的一个男孩,

28、大家都喜欢他。(6) 引导让步状语从句的连词: though, although, even if( even though)等。如:The dress looks nice on you it's out of style. 虽然这件连衣裙过时了,它穿在你身上还是很漂亮。注意 though, although 不与 but 连用。(7) 引导比较状语从句的连词: than, as as等。如: He is better at English than I. 他的英语比我好。I think English is as important as math. 我认为英语和数学同等重要。2引

29、导宾语从句的连词: that( 陈述句作宾语,从句由 that 引导, that 无意义,可省去 ), if/whether( 一般疑问句作宾语 从句用 if 或 whether 引导,意为“是否” )和特殊疑问词 (用来引导特殊疑问句所作的宾语从句 )。如:I want to know you will start. 我想知道你何时出发。I'm worried about she can come here on time. 我担心她能否按时来。考点过关用适当的连词填空1 David and Jim draw well.2 Neither my father I have been

30、to Canada.3 Helen is a quiet girl, she is active in class.4 Hold on to your dreams one day they may come true.5 The camera is too expensive, I can't afford it.三、 非谓语动词1动词不定式作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语、状语的用法。2动名词的用法。 3现在分词和过去分词的用法。考点一 动词不定式动词不定式的构成: to动词原形。它没有人称和数的变化。1作主语 常用 it 作形式主语、将真正的主语 (动词不定式 )置于句末。

31、To ask the teacher for help is necessary. It is necessary to ask the teacher for help.向老师求教是必要的。 2作宾语(1)后接不定式作宾语的动词有:want, try, decide, hope, need, wish, agree, expect, refuse, learn , remember, forget,would like/love 等。如: I hope there before dark. 我希望天黑以前到那儿。(2)在think, find, make等动词后通常用 it作形式宾语,而把不

32、定式移至形容词之后,构成“主语动词it(形式宾语 )宾补 (形容词 /名词 ) 不定式”结构。如: I found it difficult to solve the problem. 我发现解决这个问题很难。 3作宾语补足语(1)后面能接带 to 的不定式作宾补的动词有:tell , ask, allow , want ,help , wish , teach, warn, invite , like ,encourage 等。如: The teacher told us Exercise 1. 老师要我们做练习一。(2)在使役动词 let,make,have和感官动词 see, hear,

33、 watch, notice, feel, find 等后要用不带 to 的动词不定式作宾补。 但是,当上述动词变为被动语态后,其后的不定式必须补上to。如: We often hear her sing. 我们经常听见她唱歌。被动语态: She is often heard to sing.4作状语Later he left home to work in different cities. 后来他离开家到不同的城市工作。5作定语 (须后置 )I don't have a partner to practice English with. 我没有一个一起练习英语的同伴。 6作表语Th

34、eir duty is the animals. 他们的职责是照看动物。7. “疑问词不定式”结构动词不定式可以和疑问词 what, which, when, where, how 等连用,构成不定式短语,在句中作主语、宾语、表语、宾 语补足语等。如:He doesn't know . 他不知道要穿什么。 (作宾语 )Where to go has not been decided.要去哪里还未决定。 ( 作主语 )提醒 动词不定式的否定结构是:not to do sth 。常用动词不定式1.It's time to do sth./It's time for sth

35、该做某事的时候了eg:Now it's time to sing alone. 现在是独自唱下去的时候了。2. can't wait to do sth. 迫不及待要做某事eg:We can't wait to have a try. 我们等不及想要常试一下了。3. Ask/tell sb. (not ) to do sth. 要求 /告诉某人 (不 )做某事 eg:Did I not tell you to help robbery/ homicide ? 难道我没有告诉你要去协助调查抢劫谋杀案么4. Allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事eg:As

36、 long as I am alive, I'll not allow you to do that. 只要我活着就不允许你做那件事。5. Be supposed to do sth. 应该做某事eg:I did everything right, everything I was supposed to do. 我做的一切都是正确的,我做了一切我该做的事。6. Would like/want (sb.) to do sth. 想要做某事eg:I would like some coffee. 我想要一点儿咖啡。7. Have sth/nothing to do 与有关 /与无关eg:

37、This thing has nothing to do with you. 这事和你一点关系也没有。8. find it +adj. to do sth. 发觉做某事 eg:I find it difficult to live with him. 我发现跟他生活在一起是很困难的。9. Prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. 宁愿做某事,而不愿做某事eg:I prefer to do hard work rather than do nothing at home. 我宁愿干重活而不愿在家无所事事。10.It's +adj. for sb. to

38、do sth. 做某事对某人来说 eg:It's difficult for women to get jobs in high position. 对妇女来说得到一个高职位的工作是很难的。11.It's better/best to do sth. 最好做某事eg:Generally, it's better to apply filler materials in thin layers. 一般来说,最好适用于薄层填充材料。12.It takes sb/sth. to do sth. 某人做某事用了一些时间eg:It takes some time to culti

39、vate a new friendship. 建立一段新的友谊需要一段时间。省略” to”的动词不定式1. See/hear/feel/notice/look at/listen to sb. do sth. 看见 /听见 /感觉 / 注意某人作某事(一看二听三使役) eg:Lord , hear my prayer. 主啊,请听听我的祈祷吧。We should listen closely to the outspoken criticisms . 我们应该仔细倾听直言不讳的批评。2. Make/let/have sb. do sth. 使 / 让某人做某事eg:To make it sta

40、nd, you wet it! 要让它站得直,你必须湿润它!3. Help sb. (to) do sth/with sth. 帮助某人做某事eg:I helped him (to) find his wallet. 我帮他找到了他丢失的钱包。4. Had better (not) to do sth. 最好(不)做某事eg:You had better not have done so. 你没有这样做,那就最好啦。5. Why don't you/not do sth. 为什么不做某事 eg:Why don't you get her a scarf? 你为什么不给她买一条围

41、巾呢?6. Would/Will/Could you please (not) do sth. 请你(不)做某事好吗 eg:Will you please call me a taxi? 请你给我叫一辆出租车好吗?Could you please show me way? 请您给我指一指路,好吗?考点二 动名词1作主 : Playing computer games too much is bad for your eyes.过度地玩电脑游戏对你的眼睛有害。 2作宾语常接动名词作宾语的动词或短语有: enjoy, finish, consider, miss, keep, mind, prac

42、tice, suggest, be busy, feel like, give up, can't help 等。 Have you finished the book? 你读完这本书了吗?3作表语 The nurse's job is _ 4作定语 I often go to the _ 提醒 有些词既可接不定式又可接 (1)stop to do sth 停下来去做另外一件事 (2)try to do sth 试图 (企图 )做某事the patients. 护士的工作是护理病人。 _. 我经常去阅览室。v.ing 形式作宾语,但表达的意义不同,常见的有:(不定式作目的状语

43、)stop doing sth 停止做某事 (v.ing 作宾语 ) try doing sth 尝试着做某事appreciate/enjoy 喜欢feel like 想要forget doing sth 忘记做过了某事 (已做 ) remember doing sth 记得做过了某事 (已做 ) go on doing sth 继续做原来所做的同一件事 need to do 需要去做某事 (主动意思 )(3)forget to do sth 忘记要去做某事 (还没做 )(4)remember to do sth 记着要去做某事 (还没做 )(5)go on to do sth 做完一件事后继

44、续做另外一件不同的事(6)need doing(某事)需要做 (被动意思 ) 常用动名词1. Enjoy/like/love/be fond of doing sth. 喜欢做某事eg:She is fond of doing chemical experiments. 她喜欢做化学实验。2. Keep/keep on/carry on/go on doing sth. 继续做某事 eg:We keep on going on and on cause this is where we both belong. 让我们一直拥有, 并走下去, 因为这是我们俩共同拥有 的。3. Feel like

45、 doing sth. 想要做某事eg:I feel like giving up on the job. 我觉得我不能从工作中摆脱出来。4. Practice doing sth. 练习做某事eg:They practice doing so quickly and accurately. 他们学习快而准确的做。5. Give up doing sth. 放弃做某事eg:If my boss asks me to do such kind of thing any more, I'll give up working. 如果我老板再要我做这样的事, 我就辞职不干 了。6. Be go

46、od at/do well in doing sth. 擅长做某事eg:For example, the Dutch do well in disposing of wastes. 欧洲就非常善于使用再生资源,例如:荷兰的垃圾。7. Pay attention to doing sth. 注意做某事eg:We should pay attention to our behavior in public. 在公共场所应注意自己的言谈举止。eg:What about editing of the film? 这部电影的编辑怎么样呢?9.Thank you for doing sth. 为 感谢某人

47、eg:Thank you for flying with us. 谢谢您乘坐我们的飞机。10. Mind doing sth. 介意做某事eg:Would you mind doing me a favour? 你介意帮我个忙吗?11. Be used for doing sth./be used to do sth. 被用来做某事 eg:Computers are used to do many jobs in the office. 电脑在办公室被用来做很多事。 12.Spend (in) doing sth. 花时间做某事eg:How much time you spend doing

48、daily exercise? 你每天花多少时间做运动?13. Be busy doing/with sth. 忙于做某事eg:He is busy with some important work. 他忙着处理一些重要的工作。14. Finish doing sth. 做完某事eg:You'd better finish doing your homework tonight. 你最好今晚完成家庭作业。15. Make a contribution to doing sth. 在 做贡献eg:We will try our best to make a contribution to lighting industry. 竭力为照明事业做出贡献!16. Prefer doing sth. to doing sth. 喜欢 胜过 eg:He prefers doing to talking. 他宁愿做,不愿说。17. Be/get used to doin

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