高考英语新题型---概要写作讲解(练习题无答案)

1、高考英语新题型-概要写作讲解（练习题无答案）高考英语新题型-概要写作讲解概要写作也是2016年普通高等学校招生统一考试考试说明中最新推出 的高考综合改革试验省份试用的两种新型写作形式之一，将与另一种写作题型读 后续写于不同考次不定期交替使用。1.考试要求提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文写出一篇 60词左右的内容 概要。概要写作或读后续写，两种形式在不同考次不定期交换使用。2评分标准（1）评分原则本题总分为25分，按5个档次给分。评分时，先根据所写概要的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次，最后给分。词数少于40的和多于80的，从总分中减去2分评分

2、时，应注意要从以下四个方面考虑。 对原文要点的理解和呈现情况； 应用语法结构和词汇的准确性； 上下文的连贯性；对各要点表达的独立性情况。拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面，评分时，应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。如书写较差以致影响交际，可将分数降低一个档次。（2）各档次的给分范围和要求档次描述第五档（21-25 分）理解准确，涵盖全部要点。能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑。完全使用自己的语言。第四档（16-20 分）理解准确，涵盖绝大部分要点所使用语法结构和词7匚可能有些许错误但完全不影响意义表达。比较肩效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的

3、概要结构紧凑。有个别整句抄自原文。第三档（11-15 分）理解较为准确，涵盖大部分要点所使用语法结构和词汇虽有些错误，但不影响意义表达。 应用简单的语句间的连接成分，使上下文内容连贯。出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象。第二档（6-10 分）理解有误差，仅涵盖半数要点。有些语法结构和词汇万面的错误，影响了意义的表达。 较少使用语句间的连接成分，全文内容缺少连贯性。出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象。第一档（1-5 分）没有理解原文，造成概要内容与原文主题不符。有较多语法结构和词汇方面的错误，严重影响了意义的表达。 缺之语句间的连接成分，全文内咨不连贯。多个句子抄自原文。白卷、内容太少无法评判或所写内容与所

4、提供内容无关。3考查特点概要写作属于限制性写作。主要考查考生凝缩大段阅读文字的概括能力，如考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力。同时 ，考查考生用简 洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。4 .选材特点(1) 所需阅读的短文词数在350以内；(2) 所选材料体裁没有限制,以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。5 .题型特点简言之，概要写作就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也可 称之为摘要。写概要时，读者要把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句 表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对 文章中的单词词组和句子进行合理转

5、换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适 的语言表述出来。因此，概要写作基于阅读理解和书面表达，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解 和书面表达的沟通桥梁。6 .概要写作解题策略和技巧写作步骤(1)细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章的主旨和结构，明确各段的大 后、。(2) 弄清要求。新高考的概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或 者就某些问题写出要点。(3)列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结 构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。7 .注意事项(1) 概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。(2)安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用

6、较多的文字写重要内容， 用较少的文字写次要内容。(3)注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出 一些互不相干的句子但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。(4)不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己 的话语表达，至少对原文的句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换 会更好。(5)计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。8 .应对方法概要写作的应对方法常见的主要有以下五种：概要写作应对方法-速读语言材料 弄清文章寓意 整合分层信息 牢记词数要求L运用已有知识经验(1) 速读语言材料，即弄清文章体裁、明确文章旨大意，采集分层信息点。(2)弄

7、清文章寓意，即采用适当的词法、句法等语言知识确定写作任务的点睛旬,提图表达层次。(3) 整合分层信息，即采用构词法、上下文措辞技巧对文章信息整合再造，分 层概括表述。(4)牢记词数要求，即明确写作词数的上下限、采用高级或精简句式浓缩多信 息点于一句中，高度概括文章所给的内容。(5)运用已有的知识经验，即弄清写作任务中的人称和时态，准确、地道地表 达,充分展示语言的表现力，让语言真正为交流服务9 .高分技巧根据考生在概要写作中出现的常见错误及评卷要求，我们不难总结出“四条”行之有效的高分技巧。即速读归纳中心一从who,what,how等看问题、提炼分层要点一从以点睛句式概括、具体信息概括和相异要

8、点概括角度入手、经验成 就辉煌一选好词汇、选好句式、切忌摘要原句一采用同义异构、整合再造等方法。如图所示:what why'点睛句式概括具体信息概括.相异要点概括.概括性词汇好词汇 总结性词汇'构词法拓.逻辑承接词地道句式短语. 好句式精炼句中旬非谓语动词短语:同义异构整合再造10 .文章分类议论文其关键是找出主题句或结论句。因此议论文通常包括论点、论据和结论三部分。写议论文的概要主要是找出主题句，支撑句和结论句。若文中有一分为二的观点, 两种观点都要概括。记叙文记叙文的概要一般要包括记叙文的六个要素：when, where, who, what, why,how。有时候还要指

9、出故事给人的启示，此时，概要是要加上作者的态度、看法 或感悟。说明文说明文通常会有中心句，写概要时要注意找出中心句，抓住关键词，然后重组文 章的信息，用自己的话表述。说明文概要写作的结构通常有三种：(1)描写某事物的性质功能。即“对象+性质功能+利弊”（2）针对某问题提出解决方法或措施。即“问题 +解决方法”（3） 介绍某现象及其原因、结果。即“现象 +原因+结果”在概要写作前，我们要通读短文，确定其内容是属于那种类型，然后选择恰当 的结构。注意:不要关注一些次要的细节却遗漏重要的要点，尽量少使用原文语句 多用自己的概括性的语言。11 .常用方法及词汇语百同义转换：近义词、同义词和词组的替换，

10、尽量用单词替换短语（例 improve=promote, of great importance = greatly important）句式转换：简化句子结构（例如，定语从句改成分词作后置定语；状语从句 改成非谓语作状语；）句子重构：调整词类（名词、动词、形容词转换）、时态、语态（主动变被 动）等衔接（替换；省略；增加）：表逻辑关系的连接词替换： 并歹！J关系 and, moreover, furthermore, in addition,转折关系 but, instead, however, on the other hand10 / 10省略：并列观点有时可省略连接词 增加：按逻辑关系，

11、补充连接词 firstly ，secondly ，finallybut, instead, however,3）常用词1、表示时间的at first 起初next接下来then然后after that 那以后later 后来soon不久soon/shortly after 之后不久finally 最后in the end 最后eventually 最终at last 终于lately 近来recently 最近at the age of 在岁时as early as 早的时候as soon as 一就before, the other day 几天前 one day 有一天one mornin

12、g 一天早晨2、表示空间的to the right/left朝右/左on the right/left在右 / 左边;记叙文可省略衔接词。；and，moreover- -, furthermoresince then自从那时起after that那以后in no time不一会儿after a while 一会儿afterward 后来immediately 立即、马上 meanwhile=in the meantime =at the same time同时earlier, until now直至 U 现在suddenly=all of a sudden 突然 as a young man

13、当是个年轻人 的时候early in the morning 大清早 after/before dark 天黑后 / 前one afternoon 一天下午in the middle of 在中间in front of 在前面in the front of 在前面 at the back of 在后面 at the bottom of 在底部 on the edge of 在的边上 on top of 在的顶部opposite to 与相对close to 靠近 near to 在附近next to 与相邻under垂直在下 3、表小列举和时序over垂直在上below在卜方above ；在上

14、方across在的另一边around在周围behind在后before在前against靠着、抵着further on 再往前首先、第一点still=nevertheless 然而 on the contrary 正相反 different from 与不同on (the) one hand - on the other hand 一方面另一方面in contrast with 与成对比apart from 除了之外what's more 而且、更重要的 for another 另一方面 including 包括更糟糕的是as由于first, second, third finally

15、 firstly, secondly, thirdly-finallyfirst of all, next then, lastly for one thing for another at the same time at first at lastto begin/start with=in the first place4、表示列举for example 例如：namely 即for instance 例如：that is (to say)也就是说such as 如like 像take - for exampl e 拿来说5、表示比较或对比 like 像 unlike 不像 simila

16、rly 同样地 in the same way 以相同的方式 compared to 与相比while 而6、表示增补and而且 both and不但而且not only but also 不但而且 as well as 不但而且in addition 并且worse still=what's worse=to make matter worse also=besides=furthermore=more over 止匕外 7、表示因果because因为since 既然now that 既然thereforeso所以as a result 结果for this reason由于这个原因

17、because of=on account of 因为8、表示目的for this purposeso as to doin order to doso that 9、表示让步though/although no matter+疑问句 in spite of因此thus这样thanks to 多亏、由于if so如果这样if not如果不是这样in order thatwhatever/however/whoever even if/ even though10、表示递进或强调besides 况且what's more 更重要地是thus这样above all 首先indeed的确or

18、 rather 更确切地说11、表示转折but但是still 然而12、表示总结in fact/ as a matter of fact实上in other words换句话说in that case那样的话particularly 特别地however 然而while 而in a/one word简言之、总之thus这样generally speakingin short=in a few wordsin conclusion=lastlyso所以as has been mentioned it is quite clear that there is no doubt that it is

19、 well-known that般说来简言之最后地therefore 因此正如所提到的很显然毫无疑问大家都知道as we all know=as is knownto us all 大家都知道as/so far as I know据我所知to sum up=to summarize=in summary 总之on the whole=taking everything into consideration总体来看,大体上13、表示转折话题by the way 顺便说to tell the truth 说实话I am afraid 我恐怕to be honest 诚实地说in my opinio

20、n依我看来in face 事实上12 .实例演练AChris is not a traditional explorer（探险者）.Yet his job can sometimes be just as exciting and dangerous as being an explorer.Chris works for MSF, an organization also known as Doctors Without Borders （无国界医生）.MSF sends trained doctors all over the world to help people after a wa

21、r or a disaster. Chris is a doctor from France who has travelled to many plates to organize programs that help people.At the moment, there are 27,000 trained medical staff taking part in MSF tasks. The organization received the Nobel Peace Prize. All kinds of doctors can volunteer for MSF. They need

22、 to be prepared to go almost anywhere in the world and of course doctors with experience in tropical （热带）diseases are especially useful because most of MSF ' s work is in Africa. When doctors completed a few tasks, they might be sent on an emergency task following a disaster such as an earthquak

23、e.But why would a doctor leave a comfortable life and a good salary to join MSF? According to Chris, the experience you gain is a great help in your career. Besides, just like the explorers of the past, you need to keep an open mind and learn to mix well with the people you meet. Most importantly, a

24、t the end of each task, you have made a real difference to people ' s lives. 体裁：记叙文Who,What -his jobWhat,whereWhy:Summary:s doctors nee（Chris, whose job is exciting and dangerous, works for MFS. Chris and other MFSto be ready to go almost anywhere in the world and might be sent on an emergency t

25、ask. Christthinks his job is meaningful/helpful and he gains a lot.（同义词转换）BPeople who live in the countryside generally live longer than those who live in the city. A number of reasons may help explain this point.To start with, farmers are in close contact with nature. They breathe fresh air. They m

26、ake friends with trees and stones, cows and dogs. They listen to the songs of birds. They fight with strong winds. This contact with nature is good for the health of both body and spirit.Next, hard physical work keeps farmers fit and healthy. It is widely believed that farmers suffer from far less d

27、iseases than people in the city. There are many diseases that are common in the city, but not in the countryside. For example, near-sightedness is almost unknown to farmers. Besides, being free from urban pressure does good to the health of farmers.Moreover, because there are less cars, motorcars an

28、d other kinds of vehicles in the countryside, one can walk more freely without being afraid of accidents. The environment is better in the countryside, which makes the farmers live a quiet and peaceful life.The farmers can also get fresh grain, vegetables, fruits and milk easily. They enjoy these ad

29、vantages that people living in the city cannot.体裁：议论文结构：总分作者观点：论点论点论点论点论点总结句，呼应观点Summary :People from countryside generally live longer than city people because they enjoy many advantages such as close with nature, physical work, being free from urban pressure, more free walk, quiet and peaceful env

30、ironment, fresh food, etc. （句式改变）CFarmers use different kinds of soil conservation methods to protect their land from damage by farming and the forces of nature. One important form of soil conservation is the use of windbreaks防风林）.Windbreaks are barriers formed by trees and other plants with many le

31、aves. Farmers plant them in lines around their fields. Windbreaks stop the wind from blowing soil away. They also keep the wind from destroying or damaging crops. They are very important for growing grains, such as wheat.There have been studies done on windbreaks in parts of West Africa. It is found that grain harvests can be 20% higher in fields protected by windbreaks compared to fields without such protection.However, windbreaks see