小学英语语法专题四：四大时态

1、March 资源站 公众号：虫鱼窝里的小幸运一般现在时一、定义： 表示目前的状态或经常性的动作。Jerry is a big guy. He eats three bowls of meat every day.二、结构 1. “主系表 ”结构：e g: You are a studentYou are not a student. Are you a student ? Yes, you are. No, you aren' t.肯：主 + be（am, is, are） + 表。 否：主 +be（am, is, are）+not+ 表。 疑： Be+主 +表? 肯定回答 : Yes

2、, 主 +be.否定回答 :No, 主 +be not. （ 可缩写 ） am not is not=isna'ret not=aren 't2. “主+谓 +宾”结构肯：主（三单） +谓+s +宾否 ： 主（三单） +don ' t/doesn '原 +t 宾+v。. 疑： Do/Does +主 +v.原形 +宾?肯定回答： Yes, 主+do/ does. 否定回答： No, 主+ don ' t/doesn ' t. 例如： He likes English.（变否 ） He doesn ' t like English.（变疑 ）

3、 Does he like English? Yes, he does./ No, he doesn' t.3. 特殊疑问句 结构：特词 +助 v.+ 主+谓 v 原+其它？He does his homework every day. （ 变否、变疑、并对划线部分提问 ） 特疑： What does he do every day?解析：否定句中的 doesn '为t 助动词，第二个 do 为实义动词。 He brushes his teeth three times a day.对 three times 提问：（即对次数提问） How many times does he

4、 brush his teeth a day? 对 three times a day 提问：（对频率提问） How often does he brush his teeth?三、动词变化1. 三单概念 （1） 当主语为第三人称单数， he/she/it（2）一个物 a cat 等（3）一个人 Tom, my friend 等2. 动词的单三形式变化 变化口诀： s，es， y 变 i， have 变 has。 一般情况 词尾 +s： works, looks, wants 以-ch, -sh, -s, -x, -o结尾 词尾+es： teaches, washes, dresses, fi

5、xes, goes 以辅音字母 +y 结尾 变 y 为 i,再加 es ： flies, cries, tries四、标志性时间状语判断一个句子是什么时态的依据就是要学会 “依照时间，来定时态 ”。 即“依时定态 ”。 例如： He runs （run） every day.“一般现在时 ”的时间状语：1. every 系列 : every day / every week / every month / every yearI go to school on foot every day.2. “频率副词”系列： always, usually, often, sometimes 等（渐弱）

6、频率副词在句子中的 “位置口诀be”之 后， “行”之前，情”、“助”与“行”之间。但：sometimes 常用于句首或句尾。（1）Tom is often late for school. Mary is always beautiful.（be 之后）（2）I often go to school at 6:00. Girls usually like sweets.（ “行”之前）（3）He can always answer these questions.（情与行之间 ）（4）I don 't often go to school at 3:00.（助与行之间 ）（5）Som

7、etimes he goes to school by bus.3. on Sundays （ 每逢星期几 ）系列 : On Saturdays / On Friday / On MondayI go to see my grandmother on Sundays.4. once a week （系列 ） ： twice a month, three times a day.等I write to my mother twice a month.五、用法1. 经常性、习惯性动作或状态。2. 习语、谚语。 A friend in need is friend indeed.3. “客观真理不动

8、摇”：始终要用一般现在时。客观真The teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun. 解析：当主句的谓语动词是过去时态，则所有的从句都要带上过去的帽子，但 理不动摇。 ”不管你的老师说不说，地球都绕着太阳转，这是一个客观真理。 例如： The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.4.if 条件句、时间状语从句中一般现在时表将来。（主将从现 ）If he comes back, I will tell you. When he comes back, I will tell you.As

9、soon as he comes back, I will tell you.现在进行时一、定义1. 表示“此刻”正在进行的动作。 His mother is kicking his ass. Look! A fly is flying in the classroom.2. 表示“现阶段”正在进行的动作。The writer is writing a new book these days. 这些天作家正在写一本新书。 译文：表示“某人（现在、现阶段）正在做 事”二、句式构成肯：主+be （am 、is、are）+V -ing. （现在分词 ）。e.g. We are learning En

10、glish. 我们正在学英语。 否：主+be+not+V -ing。eg ：We are not learning English疑： Be+主+V -ing+ ？Are you learning English ？ 答：肯： Yes,主+be. 否： No,主+be+not.（ 缩略式 ） 特：特殊疑问句常考题型为对划线部分提问 -对不同句子成分的提问The boys are playing games on the playground now.（可对四部分提问但不对时间状语now提问）1. 对“主语”（ The boys）提问：Who is playing games on the pl

11、ayground?2对 “谓语 +宾语” （playing games提） 问：What are the boys doing on the playground?3. 对“宾语” （games提） 问：What are boys playing on the playground ?4. 对“地点状语 ”（on the playground提） 问：Where are the boys playing games ?三、动词变化（一）现在分词 V-ing 变化规则 口诀： 直、去、双、变“直 ”：直接 +-ing：doing，going ，standing，walking ， playing

12、, emptying ； “去”：去词尾不发音的 e+-ing：coming，riding，writing ，dancing，making, changing, driving, becoming, inviting, typing, shaving, arriving, phoning, 但： seeing, being 不用。“双”：双写尾字母 +-ing ： putting ，sitting ， running ， beginning ，swimming, shopping ，shutting, getting, letting, digging, preferring, babysit

13、ting（traveling 或 traveling）“变 ”：以 ie 结尾，变 ie 为 y+ -ing： die dyinglie lying tie tying（be dying= 奄奄一息 ）（二）发音规则 ：-ing 发“英”的音。其应与前面 v.的尾音像拼音一样 “连读”即可.四、标志性 “时间状语 ”1. now, at the moment, at this moment,at this time. 现在，此刻 ” t“hose day这s 阶段 e.g. They are playing basketball now. Which company are you worki

14、ng for at present? 解析： 这组词意为 “现在、此刻 ”，表明动作正在发生，故用现在进行时 2 Look! Listen! 口诀： Look! Listen! 来提醒，动作正在进行中。e.g. Listen! Mary is singing. 听！ Mary 正在唱歌。Look! He is playing football. 瞧！他在踢足球。3Be quiet, Be quick ； Hurry up. 快点e.g. Be quiet! The baby is sleeping.e.g. Be quick/Hurry up, or you will be late.Be q

15、uick. They are waiting for us outside.总结：以上小的祈使句出现， 后面可用 “现进 ”或“将来”时态，应依据题意来判断。五、特殊用法1. 一些介词短语用于 “主 +系+表 ”结构中表进行时e.g. be at work. 在工作be at table 在吃饭be at church 在做礼拜be at school 在上学2. 表示思想，感情，状态等的动词一般不用于进行时，e.g. like, love, hope （ 希望 ）, wish （ 但愿 ）, want, know, understand, belong to （ 属于 ）,think （ 认

16、为 ）, live, have （有 ）.e.g. I live in Beijing.He wants to go shopping with his mother.3. 以下动词如： go, come, leave, start, move, arrive, fly 等 , 表 “来来去去 ”的“趋向性 ”动词常用 “现进 ”表“将来 ”。e.g. I am coming. We ' re leaving tomorrow.般将来时一、定义1. 表示 “将来某个时间 ”将要发生的 “动作或状态 ”。2. 译文： “将要、打算做事 ”。 e.g.(1) I ( We ) shall

17、come back tomorrow. 我(我们)明天将回来。(2) You ' ll be fine soo你n. 不久将会好。(3) He is going to see his grandma. 他打算去看望姥姥。二、结构1.will / shall + v. 原形表将来肯： 主语 + will/shall + v. 原 + 其它否： I shall not = (shan' t) go to my hometown next week.疑： Will you go to your hometown next week? 答：肯： Yes, I shall. 否：No,

18、I shan 't. 练习： He will be free tomorrow.变否： He will not = ( won' t) be free tomorrow.变疑： Will he be free tomorrow?肯回： Yes, he will. 否回： No, he won' t.注意: (1) will/shall 是“助动词”，后面跟 “动词原形 ”。没有人称和数的变化。(2) will 可用于各种人称；而 shall 一般仅用于第一人称之后。(3) will 和 shall 的简写形式为 '。ll(4) 注意： will not 常可缩略

19、为 ' lln ot 或 won' t板( 书音标 )； shall not 缩略为 shan '板t( 书音标 )。特：一般将来时的结构： 特殊疑问词 + will/shall + 主语 +动原 + ?I will clean the floor in the classroom tomorrow.对主语提问 (I): Who will clean the floor in the classroom tomorrow? 对谓宾提问 (clean the floor): What will you do in the classroom tomorrow?对宾语提问

20、(the floor) ： What will you clean in the classroom tomorrow? 对地点提问 (in the classroom) ： Where will you clean the floor tomorrow?对时间提问 (tomorrow) ： When will you clean the floor in the classroom?2. “ be going to +动 词原形 ”表将来肯 : 主语 + be(am， is， are) + going to + v. 原 + 其它 否： 主语 + be (am, is, are ) + no

21、t + going to + v. 原 + 其它(口诀：找到 be，助，情，直接加 not )疑: Be (Am, Is, Are) + 主语 + going to + v. 原 + 其它 ?答： 肯： Yes,主+be. 否： No,主+be+not. 练习： I ' m going to do my homework this evening.变否： I ' m not going to do my homework this evening.变疑： Are you going to do your homework this evening? 否回： No, I '

22、; m not. 肯回： Yes, I am.He is going to go swimming this afternoon.变否： He is not going to go swimming this afternoon. 变疑： Is he going to go swimming this afternoon?特:特殊疑问词 + be (am, is, are) + 主语 + going to + v. 原 + 其它? (除对主语提问 )I am going to clean the classrooms in the school tomorrow morning.(1) 对主语

23、提问：Who is going to clean the classrooms in the school tomorrow morning?(2) 对谓宾提问：What are you going to do in the school tomorrow morning?(3) 对宾语提问： What are you going to clean in the school tomorrow morning?(4) 对地点提问 :Where are you going to clean the classrooms tomorrow morning?(5) 对时间提问：When are yo

24、u going to clean the classrooms in the school? 补充： There be 句型将来结构： 1.There is going to beThere are going to be动词(b根e据就近原则 )如：There is going to be a meeting this evening.There are going to be two meetings this evening.2. There will beTh ere will be a meeting this evening.一般将来时的标志性时间状语1today 系列：today

25、, this afternoon/evening 今天下午 /晚上；tonight 今天夜里 (除了 this morning, 一般用于过去时 )2. tomorrow 系列：tomorrow ；tomorrow morning/afternoon/evening 明天早 /下/晚；the day after tomorrow 后天 3 next 系列： next week 下周； next Monday /month/year 下周一 /下个月 /明年4. in + 一段时间系列 “in + 一段时间”用于将来时，要翻译成“时间之后”，而不能翻译 为“时间之内” in three days

26、 ' time = in th三re天e 后da；ys注意: Lily will come back in two hours.Lily will come back in two hours. (对划线提问) How soon will Lily come back?Lily will come back after 10:00 o' clock.区别： in+一段时间； after+时间点5. soon 不久； in future 今后； in the future 在将来； 四、特殊用法1. will 与 be going to 的用法区别 will 和 be going

27、 to 经常可以互换。 e.g.(1) There will be a football match this evening.(2) There is going to be a film tomorrow night.(3) I will / am going to do my homework this evening. 只能用 be going to 的情况。A常译为“准备”，“打算”。表示(事先)已经决定或安排要做的事， 用 be going to，e.g.(1) What are you going to do tomorrow?(2) I am going to make a s

28、kirt for my daughter.(3) Are you going to do it all by yourself?B. 有“明显迹象”预示某事即将(将要)肯定或很可能发生时，一般都用 be going to 。e.g.(1) Look at the black clouds, it's going to rain.(2) Be careful! The boxes are going to fall. 只能用“ will 的”情 况。A.表示“强烈意图、自愿做某事 ”或坚持要做某事时，用 will 。e.g.(1) Can somebody help me? I will

29、.(2) I will give up smoking. I really will.(3) Please remember me to your parents. Ok, I will.B.表示“客观上的必然性 , 与主观的愿望或判断等无关 ”时用 will 。(因为有些事情的发生 是不以人们的意志为转移的， 不是因为某人“准备”、“打算”怎么样就能怎么样，所以不能用 be going to 。)e.g.(1) Jane will be twenty next year.(2) Today is Thursday and tomorrow will be Friday.2. “一般现在时”表

30、将来 I will go hiking if it doesn't rain( t主om将or从ro现w.)I can help you when I have time.( 主情从现 )As soon as you arrive please tell me. (主祈从现 ) if，when，as soon as, after,not unti等l,u适nle用ss以上用法。3. “现在进行时”表将来 go, come, leave, arrive, start, begin,move, fly,take off,return 等, 表“来 来去去”的“趋向性”动词常用“现进”表“将

31、来”。e.g. I am coming. We 're leaving tomorrow.4. “be不 +定式”表将来5. “be about不 +定式”表将来(离现在时刻最近)般过去时、定义：过去某一时间发生的 “动作”或存在的“状态1. He was absent on Monday (L. 67主) 、系、表2. He telephoned me four times yesterday. (L. 71) 主、谓、宾3. He took a cake and ate it quickly . (L. 74) 主、谓、宾 第二节二、句式构成：1. “主+系+表”的结构肯：主语 +

32、be(was, were)+表 。 否：主语 +be(was, were)+not+表。 疑： Was/Were +主+表？答：肯： Yes, 主+ was/were. 否：No, 主+wasn 't /weren 't. 解析： 1) be的过去式： am / is was, are 标we出re音. (标 )2)was not = wasn 'tw ere not = weren 标'出t 音( 标 )e.g. 肯：He was very busy last night.否：He wasn 't very busy last night.疑：Was

33、he very busy last night? Yes, he was. No, he weren ' t.补充 There be 的过去时： There was/were+e.g. There was a car race in our town last year.2. “主+谓+宾”结构He studied English yesterday.He didn 't study English yesterday. Did he study English yesterday?肯： 构成：主 +动词的过去式 +宾+ 。否： 构成：主 +didn ' t+原V+宾

34、。口诀： did 是个“照妖镜”，后面动词 “现”原形。解析：口诀： 助动词 do /does/did 后的动词要求 “恢复原形 ”。 一般过去时的助动词为 did.1）无 be无情必加 “助”。一般过去时的助动词为 do 的过去式 did.后面加 +not.2）在 didn '后t，原句中动词由过去式应 “恢复原形 ”。（切记）3）did not = didn ' t疑： Did+ 主+V 原+宾 ？答： 肯： Yes, 主+did. 否：No, 主+didn ' t.He studied English yesterday. Did he study English

35、 yesterday?Yes, he did. No, he didn ' t.特： 特殊疑问句的构成：特词 +did+主+v.原+其它 +？They watched the film at the cinema yesterday. （5 部分 ）1）对“主语”提问： Who watched the film yesterday? They did.注意： 在简答中，常用相应的助动词来代替问句中出现过的实义动词。又如： Who cleans the blackboard for me every day? Miss Gao does.2）对 “谓宾 ”提问： What did the

36、y do at the cinema yesterday?3）对“宾语”提问： What did they watch at the cinema yesterday?4）对 “时间状语 ”提问： When did they watch the film at the cinema?5）对 “地点状语 ”提问： Where did they watch the film yesterday?三、一般过去时的动词变化“规则动词 ”的“过去式 ” stayed变法：口诀：直、去、双、变。直：直接 +ed: looked ， played, visited; passed, joined, plan

37、ted, needed.去：去 e+ed: used, changed, typed, prepared, arrived, phoned, shaved, lived, hoped, moved, closed, improved ， saved, smiled, danced, decided, baked; agreed.双：双写尾字母 +ed: stopped ， planned， dropped, skipped, nodded, slipped; preferred, regretted, traveled.变：辅音字母 +y 结尾，变 y 为 i +ed: studied, em

38、ptied, carried, tried, worried, hurried, married.巧记不规则动词的过去式和过去分词（必背）、过去式和过去分词相同。 A-B-B 型动词原形过去式过去分词意思1. bringbroughtbrought带来2. buildbuiltbuilt建3. burnburnt （burned）burnt （burned）燃烧4. buyboughtbought买5. catchcaughtcaught抓6. digdugdug挖7. feelfeltfelt感觉8. fightfoughtfought打架9. findfoundfound发现10. get

39、gotgot得到11. hanghunghung挂（衣）hangedhanged绞死（上吊）12. havehadhad有13. hearheardheard听到14. holdheldheld握15. keepkeptkept保持16. learnlearnt (learned)learnt (learned)学习17. leaveleftleft离开18. lendlentlent借出19. loselostlost丢失20. makemademade制造21. meanmeantmeant意思是22. meetmetmet遇到23. paypaidpaid付款24. saysaidsai

40、d说25. sellsoldsold卖26. sendsentsent送27. shineshone (shined)shone (shined)发光28. sitsatsat坐29. sleepsleptslept睡30. smellsmelt (smelled)smelt (smelled)嗅31. spendspentspent花费32. standstoodstood站33. sweepsweptswept扫34. teachtaughttaught教35. telltoldtold告诉36. thinkthoughtthought想37. understandunderstoodun

41、derstood理解38. winwonwon赢动词的过去分词是在动词原形后面加n 或 en 。动词原形过去式过去分词意思39. beatbeatbeaten打40. blowblewblown吹41. drawdrewdrawn画画42. drivedrovedriven驾驶43. eatateeaten吃44. fallfellfallen下落45. givegavegiven给46. growgrewgrown生长47. knowknewknown知道48. mistakemistookmistaken弄错49. rideroderidden乘、骑50. riseroserisen升51

42、. seesawseen看见52. showshowedshown出示 , 表现53. taketooktaken拿走54. throwthrewthrown抛、掷55. writewrotewritten写三、原形、过去式和过去分词相同。 A-A-A 型动词原形过去式过去分词意思56. costcostcost值（多少）钱57. cutcutcut切、割58. hithithit打59. hurthurthurt伤害、伤痛60. letletlet让61. putputput放62. readreadread读63. shutshutshut关四、原形中的 i ，过去式改为 a，过去分词改为

43、 u。动词原形过去式过去分词意思64. beginbeganbegun开始65. drinkdrankdrunk饮66. ringrangrung响67. singsangsung唱68. swimswamswum游泳五、动词的过去分词是在过去式后加n 或 en。动词原形过去式过去分词意思69. breakbrokebroken打碎70. choosechosechosen选择71. forgetforgotforgotten忘记72. speakspokespoken讲73. wakewokewoken醒六、动词原形和过去分词相同。动词原形过去式过去分词意思74. becomebecameb

44、ecome成为75. comecamecome来76. runranrun跑七、原形、过去式和过去分词都不同。 A-B-C 型动词原形过去式过去分词意思77. am， iswasbeen是78. arewerebeen是79. dodiddone做80. flyflewflown飞81. gowentgone去82. lielaylain躺83. wearworeworn穿八、没有过去分词的。动词原形过去式过去分词意思84. cancould/能85. maymight/可以86. shallshould/将要87. willwould/愿、要、将1. bring -brought -brought; buy - bought-bought;fight -fought -fought; think -thought-thought 而： catch-caught-caught; teach-taught-taught （如里本身动词中已含有字母 a, 则变过去式和过去分词时，也就带上 a ）2. hang 的两种变法区别：当 “挂衣服 ”讲时变 hung-hung: 因 g 像挂衣服的钩；当 “上吊 ” 讲时，需要向上扔一个绳，故 hanged-hanged： d 像绳一样。3. 注意 hear 与 read 变过去式（分词）后的发音（标出音标）4. 上表应让学生分三次背写完。四