尤金 A奈达PPT1

1、The founder of the modern discipline of Translation StudiesEugene A. NidaContentsI. Brief introduction of Nida 1.His birth 2.Life experience 3.His death 4.Major worksII. Nidas dynamic equivalence thoery1.Formal Equivalence (FE)and Dynamic Equivalence(DE)2.Conceptions of Functional Equivalence3.Four

2、levels of Functional EquivalenceEugene A. Nida(1914-2011 ),American linguist, translation theoristBorn：November 11, 1914 Oklahoma City, OklahomaDied:August 25, 2011 (aged 97) Brussels BelgiumSpouses:Althea Sprague (m. 19431993)Dr. Elena Fernandez (1997 - 2011)His birthLife experiencesIn 1936,graduat

3、ed from the University of Los Angels;In 1943,receiced Ph.D. degree in linguistics at University of Michigan;American Bible Society (ABS) ,began his career as a linguist. 1946,first edition “Bible Translation”1964,most influential “Toward a Science of Translating”1969,dynamic equivalence (functional

4、equivalence)1984 , retired as a counselor1969, “The Theory and Practice of Translating”( Charles Taber) In 1997，Nida was invited to Shanghai International Studies for “Translation Symposium”他单独或合作出版著作40多部，发表论文250馀篇，另外，还有13本专供圣经译者使用的参考书。For truly successful translators, familiar with two cultures is

5、more important than to master two language, because words only play their roles in a specific culture background . Ye Zina, 5th, 2011 Chinese translation The New York times, the Wall Street journal, the Washington post and The Daily Telegraph.His deathlBible Translating 圣经圣经的翻译的翻译l Toward a Science

6、of Translating翻译的科学探索翻译的科学探索lThe Theory and Practice of Translation翻译理论与实翻译理论与实践践lContexts in Translating 翻译中的语境翻译中的语境lReligion Across Cultures跨文化宗教跨文化宗教 lLanguage Structure and Translation：Essays by Eugene A.Nida语言结构与翻译：奈达文集语言结构与翻译：奈达文集 lThe Sociolinguistics of Interlingual Communication跨语交际的社会语言学视

7、角跨语交际的社会语言学视角Major Works Nidas Functional Equivalence Theory1.Formal Equivalence (FE)and Dynamic Equivalence(DE) 2.Conceptions of Functional Equivalence 3.Four levels of Functional Equivalencelno identical equivalents in translatinglno fully exact translationslfind the closest natural equivalent 1.F

8、ormal Equivalence (F-E) and Dynamic Equivalence (D-E)Two basic orientations in translating based on two different types of equivalence: Formal Equivalence (F-E) and Dynamic Equivalence (D-E). Formal EquivalenceThe principles: reproduction of grammatical units; consistency in word usage; and meanings

9、 in terms of the source context Dynamic EquivalenceThe principles : conformance of a translation to the receptor language and culture as a whole; and the translation must be in accordance with the context of the message which involves the stylistic selection and arrangement of message constituents.于

10、是洗手的时候， 日子从水盆里过去； 吃饭的时候， 日子从饭碗里过去； 默默时， 便从凝然的双眼前过去。Thus the day flows away through the sink when I wash my hands, wears off in the bowl when I eat my meal, passes away before my day-dreaming gaze as I reflect in silence. I accept that we are equals ,and I will argue with him, as an equal ,if I think

11、 he is wrong.我认为我和他们是平等的，如果我认为他们错了，我就以平等的身份和他们争个明白。That all great art has this power of suggesting a world beyond is undeniable. There is no sky in June so blue that is does not point forward to a bluer, no sunset so beautiful that it does not waken the vision of a greater beauty.不可否认，一切伟大的艺术都具有使人遐想

12、到进入天外世界的魅力。六月蔚蓝的天空总使人遥想一个更加蔚蓝的苍穹；魅力的落日总会引起一个更加绚丽的景象。lFirst put forward in1964 lEmphasis: the functional equivalence of information instead of the direct formal equivalence in translationlThe relationship between the target language receptor and the target text should generally be equivalent to that

13、between the source language receptor and the source text .2.Conceptions of Functional Equivalence 3.Four Levels of Functional Equivalence1. Lexical Equivalence 2. Passage Equivalence3. Sentence Equivalence4. Style Equivalence1. Lexical EquivalenceConfused; to find the corresponding meaning in target

14、 language“tension builds up”1. 形势紧张起来了2. 张力在增大3. 电压在增加He doctored the accounts.He doctored the chipped vase with a little plastic cement.She doctored herself for just a common cold.2. Sentence EquivalenceIt deals with sentence structure and grammar Nouns: number, gender and caseVerbs: tense, aspect,

15、 voice Eg： A young man sees a sunset and,unable to express the emotion that is rouses in him, conclude that it must be the gateway to a world that lies beyond.一个年轻人看到日落，由于无法理解或表达日落在他心中唤起的激情，便得出结论：日落处想必是通往遥远世界的大门。3.3.Passage Equivalence To achieve passage equivalence, language is not the unique eleme

16、nt to be considered, how the language represents meaning and performs its function in a specific context matter most. l Passage Context 上下文语境上下文语境l Scene Context 情景语境情景语境l Culture Context 文化语境文化语境“white as snow” “白如雪”。 “白如蘑菇”,“白如白鹭毛 “spring up like mushroom”“mushroom” “蘑菇”, “雨后春笋”“你难道没听见人说，嫁鸡随鸡，嫁狗随狗

17、？红楼梦“Surely you know the saying l“marry a cock and follow the cock；marry a dog and follow the dog.” lmarry a pig and follow the pig“If I slapped someone hed see the way to Krakow.”Issac Bashevis Singer：Gimple the FoolThe sentence can be at least put into two versions1)要是我给谁一巴掌，准会把他扇到克拉克拉科科去2)要是我掴谁一把

18、掌，他就会给打到西天西天去4:4:Stylistic EquivalenceDifference stylistic works have different language features. Achieving stylistic equivalence needs good mastery of both source language and target language. Different language styles represents different cultural elements.He maybe conceited ,ill-mannered, presumptuous or fatuous, but I do not turn for protection to clichs bout respect for elders -as if mere age were a reason for r