2017年高考英语(考点解读+命题热点突破)专题14阅读理解

1、专题 14 阅读理解【命题热点突破一】直接信息题直接信息题的选项中多采用原文中的信息进行直接考查。在做题时，考生迅速找到原文中与题干要求相对应的信息，把选项内容与原文内容进行认真对比即可确定答案，常用who, what， when, where, why,how 等提问。此类题目相对简单，只要考生认真细心，得分就会比较容易。例 1、【2016 全国新课标 I】AYou probably know who Marie Curie was, but you may not have heard of Rachel Cars on .Of theoutsta nding ladies listed

2、below, who do you think was the most importa nt woma n of the past 100 years?Jane Addams(1860-1935)Anyone who has ever bee n helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to tha nk. Adda ns helpedthe poor and worked for peace. She encouraged a sense of community( 社区)by creating shelters and promotingedu

3、cation and services for people in need In 1931,Addams became the firstAmerican womanto win the Nobel Peace Prize.Rachel Carso n(1907-1964)If it weren t for Rachel Carson, the environmental movement might not exist today. Her popular1962 book Sile nt Spring raised aware ness of the dan gers of pollut

4、i on and the harmful effects ofchemicals on humans and on the world s lakes and oceans.Sandra Day O Connor(1930 -present)When Sandra Day O Connor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952,shecould not find work at a law firm because she was a woman. She became an Arizona state sena

5、tor( 参 议员)and ,in 1981,the first woman to join the U.S. Supreme Court. O Connor gave the decidingvote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court.Rosa Parks(1913-2005)On December 1,1955,in Montgomery, Alabama,Rasa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus toa passenger. Her simple a

6、ct Ianded Parks in prison. But it also set off the Montgmery bus boycott.It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civil- rightsmovement. “The only tired I was,was tired of giving in, ” said Parks.221.What is Ja ne Addams no ted for in history?3A. Her social work.B. Her lack of proper train

7、ing in law.C. Her efforts to win a prize.D. Her com mun ity backgro und.22. What is the reason for O Connor s being rejected by the law firm?A. Her lack of proper training in law.B. Her little work experience in court.C. The discrim in ati on aga inst wome n.D. The poor finan cial con diti ons.23. W

8、ho made a great contribution to the civil-rights movement in the US?A. Jane Addams. B. Rachel Carson. C. Sandra Day O Connor. D. Rosa Parks.24. What can we infer about the women mentioned in the text?A. They are highlyeducated. B. They are truly creative.C. They are pion eers. D. They are peace-love

9、rs.【答案】21-24 A C D.C【解析】试題分析：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了几位著名的女性先驱，她们在旨自的领域做出了非凡的贡献。 月丄细节理解题。根据第二段首句可知她是一位社会工作者，而且获得过诺贝尔和平奖故选吕。22.C 细节理解题。根据第四段中 she could not find work at a. law firm because she was a woman 可知f她因为 是女性而披法律公司拒绝录用。故选 S丄 3D 细节理解题&根据末段倒数第二句中 and kicked off the ci vj；-rights movement 可知Rosa Parks

10、对民权运 动做出了贡献故迭 6鮎一 C 推理判断题。根据文童对这几个人物的介绍可知，这些女性都是在各目的领域为社会做出贡献的先驱。 故选 Co【变式探究】（2015 高考全国卷I,阅读理解 A）Mo nthly Talks at Lon don Ca nal Museum4Our monthly talks start at 19: 30 on the first Thursday of each month exceptAugust.Admission is at normal charges and you don t need to book.They end around 21Nove

11、mber 7thThe Canal Pioneers, by Chris Lewis.James Brindley is recognized as one of the leading earlycanal engineers.He was also a major player in training others in the art of canal planning and buildi ng.Chris Lewis will explain how Brindley made such a positive contribution to the education of that

12、 group of early “ civilengin eers”.December 5thIce for the Metropolis , by Malcolm Tucker.Well before the arrival of freezers, there was adema nd for ice for food preservati on and cateri ng.Malcolm will expla in the history of importi ng n atural ice and the techno logy of buildi ng ice wells, and

13、how London s ice trade grew.February 6thAn Update on the Cotswold Canals, by Liz Payne.The Stroudwater Canal is moving towardsreopening.The Thames and Severn Canal will take a little Ionger.We will have a report on the present state of play.March 6thEyots and Aits Thames Islands , by Miranda Vickers

14、.The Thames has many islands.Miranda has un dertake na review of all of them.She will tell us about those of greatest i nterest.Online bookings : .uk/bookMore info : .uk/whatsonLondon Canal Museum 12- 13 New Wharf Road , Lon don NI 9RT.uk www.

15、ca nalmuseum.mobiTel : 020 7713 0836本文为一篇应用文。介绍了英国的London Canal Museum 分别在月、十二月、二月和三月举行的四次 monthly talks的相关信息，包括名称、主讲人、主要内容，并附加介绍了具体联系方式等信息。21 . When is the talk on James Brindley?_A. February 6th.B. March 6th.C. November 7th.D. December 5th.00.5解析：细节理解题。根据题干关键信息词 James Brin dley 直接疋位到原文第二段，尤其是关键信息句

16、 James Brindley is recognized as one of the leading early canal engineers.explain how Brindley made such a positive contribution to the education of that group of early“civil engineers”.。由此可以知道 November 7th 这一天的报告是关于James Brindley 的，故选择 C项。A B、D 中三个日期的报告均未提到有关James Brindley的信息。答案：C22. What is the to

17、pic of the talk in February?_A.The Canal Pioneers.B.Ice for the Metropolis.C.Eyots and Aits Thames Islands.D.An Update on the Cotswold Canals.解析：细节理解题。根据题干关键信息词怕 px和 Februan-可知问的是二月份的报告的话题同时根 据全文结构特点可以看出每一段的第一句中的黑体字就是每一次报告的话题名称，所以可以直接定位到原 文第四段，第一句的黑体字剖分 An Update on the Cotswold Catia：就是答案，故选 D 项。答案

18、：D23. Who will give the talk on the islands in the Thames?_A.Miranda Vickers.B.Malcolm Tucker.C.Chris Lewis.D.Liz Payne.解析：细节理解题.根据题干关键信息词the islands in the Thames可以直接定位到原文第五段。该段第一句 Eyots and Aits ThamesIslands , by Miranda Vickers.就是答案所在信息句，由此可知 Miranda Vickers 将作一个关于 the islands in the Thames的报告，因

19、此选 A 项。B、C、D 三项中 提到的人物均未在第五段中出现。答案：A【特别提醒】在解答这类题时，考生可以采取“关键词定位法”，即“带着问题找答案”的方法，通过定位找题点。先从题干中提取关键性词语（题眼），然后以此为线索，运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题和 Chris Lewis will6相关的段落、语句，快速定位该题与哪一段哪一句有关，然后仔细推敲，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的 细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定答案。【命题热点突破二】语义转换题根据近几年的高考题来看，高考细节理解题的答案的得出通常需要考生对选项进行一定的处理，即需 要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语意

20、上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理方能 得出结论。例 2、【2016 全国新课标 I BGran dpare nts An swer a CallAs a third gen erati on n ative of Brow nsville, Texas, Mildred Garza n ever pleased move away,.Even when her daughter and son asked her to move to San Antonio to help their children, she politely refused . Only after

21、 ayear of frien dlydiscussi on did Ms Gaf fin ally say yes. That was four yearsago. Today all three gen eratio ns regard the move to a success, givi ng them a closer relati on ship than they would have hadin separate cities.No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving clos

22、er to the children and gran dchildre n. Yetthere is evide nee suggest ing that the trend is grow ing. Even Preside nt Obama s mother -in-law, Marian Robinson, hasagreed to leave Chicago and into the White House to help care for her gran ddaughters. Accord ing to a study gran dpare ntscom. 83 perce n

23、t of the people said Mrs. Robinson s decisi on will in flue nee the gran dpare nts in the America n family.Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obama s family.“ in the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldn t get away from home far enough fasteno ugh to prove we could do i

24、t on our own,” says Christi ne Crosby, publisher of grate magaz inefor grandparents .We now realize how important family is and how important” to be near them,especially when you re raining children. ”Moving is not for every one. Almost every gra ndpare nt wants to be with his or her gran dchildre n

25、 and is willi ng to makesacrifices, but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit freque ntlyin stead.Having your gra ndchildre n far away is hard, especially knowing your adult child is struggli ng, but givi ng up the life you knowmay be harder.25. Why was Garza s move a success?A.It strengthened h

26、er family ties.B.It improved her living conditions.7C. It enabled her make more friends.D. It helped her know more new places.26. What was the react ion of the public to Mrs. Robinson s decisi on?A. 17% expressed their support for it.B. Few people responded sympathetically.C. 83% believed it had a b

27、ad in flue nee.D. The majority thought it was a trend.27. What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s?A. They were unsure of raise more children.B. They were eager to raise more children.C. They wan ted to live away from their pare nts.D. They bad little respect for their grandparent.28. What does

28、 the author suggest the gran dpare nts do in the lasr paragraph?A. Make decisi ons in the best i nterests of their ownB. Ask their children to pay more visits to themC. Sacrifice for their struggli ng childre nD. Get to know themselves better【答案】25-28. A D C A【解析】【解析】试题分析：本文是一篇议论文，主要讲述目前社会上很多老年人區青搬到

29、离子女近的地方居住的一种趋势。 同时作者也建议老人们要做出适合自己的选择,不要仅仅为孩子考虑而牺牲了自己习惯了的生活方式 O25. A 细节理解题。根捋首段末句可 iD. Mildred Garza 老人雜到禽孩子近的地方居住让他们的关系更密切一家人认为这是一个成功的事情。故选 A o26. D 细节理解题* 根据第二段末句 Bro thirds belike more families will follow the example cf Obama s family 可知，很多人会受 MananRobinson的影响，所以这回形成一种潮流。故选 D。细节理解題。根据第三段首句可知在 60年

30、代人们都希望离开家，以此来证明自己的独立。故选 C. 號A推理判断题&根据末段推知，作者建议人们雯明智不要为了孩子而做出牺牲故选為。【变式探究】（2015 高考全国卷I,阅读理解 B,节选）Disappointed by many a broken, vine 8ripe ned（ 蔓上成熟的 ）promise ， I ve refused to buy win ter tomatoes for years.No matter how9tasteless.But I homed in , with uncertainty , on one particular table at the

31、 Brown s Grove Farm s stand , full of fresh and softtomatoes the size of my fist.These were the real dealand at thatmome nt,I realized that the best part of Sarasota in win ter was going to be eat ing things that backhome in New York I would n t be experie ncing aga in for mon ths.26. What can we le

32、ar n about tomatoessold in New York in win ter?_A. They are soft. B . They look nice.C. They taste great.D. They are juicy.解析：细节理解题。由本段中的.ve refused to buy win ter tomatoes for years.可知，作者在纽约已经好多年不买冬季出售的西红柿了，然后通过No matter how attractive they look.a ndtasteless.可知，纽约冬季出售的西红柿只是看起来好看，但是吃着发干、很硬而且无味。该句中的

33、howattractive they look 与 B 选项 They look nice.在表达上存在差异，但是表达的却是同一个意思，故选B项。答案：D【特别提醒】语义转换题属于中档难度题，分数比例较大。命题者在出此类题时惯用“偷梁换柱、张冠李戴”的方法来迷惑考生，即对原句细微处做改动，截取原文词语或结构进行改造，因果倒置，把A 观点说成 B 观点等。所以正确理解题干和信息句的意义是解题的关键。常见干扰项的特点：（1）将原文内容扩大或缩小。把原文中的限定词去掉或替换，使该选项看似正确，实际上却是错误选项。（2）无中生有。即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出结论，而文中并未涉及。（3）偷换概念。

34、把原来做该事的“张三”换成“李四”，而所述细节却与原文一致，一不小心就会误选。（4）文不对题。这类选项最不容易辨别，选项中的描述与原文完全一致，确实属于原文中的一个细节，这时要回到题干，看该选项是否能回答题干所提的问题。（5）符合常识，但不是文章内容。（6）部分正确，部分错误。【命题热点突破三】细节推断题attractive they look in the store,once I get them home they re unfailingly dryhard , and10细节推断题是推理判断题中比较简单的一类试题，它要求考生根据语篇中具体的内容和信息点，推断出文章中具体的细节，如时间

35、、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。解答此类试题时，一般可根据短文 所提供的信息或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。考生只要正确把握文章的内在关系，理解文章的真正含义， 就可作出准确的推断。例 3、【2016 -全国新课标 II】AWhat s On?Electric Un dergro und7.30pm 1.00am Free at the Cyclops TheatreDo you know who s playing in your area? We re bringing you an evening of live rock and popmusic from the best loca

36、l ban ds. Are you in terested in beco ming a musicia n and gett ing a record ing contract（ 合同）? If so,comeearly to the talk at 7.30pm by Jules Skye, a successful record producer. He s going to talk about how you can find theright person to produce you music.Gee Whizz8.30pm-10.30pm Comedy at Kaleidos

37、copeCome and see Gee Whizz perform. He s thefunniest stand-up comedian on the comedy scene.This joyful show will please every one, from the youn gest to the oldest. Gee Whizz really knowshow to make you laugh! Our bar is open from 7.00pm for drinks and snacks（快餐）.Simon s Workshop5.00pm-7.30pm Wed ne

38、sdays at Victoria StageThis is a good chance for anyone who wants to learn how to do comedy. The workshop looks atevery ki nd of comedy, and practices man ydiffere nt ways of mak ing people laugh. Sim on is a comedia n and actor who has10 years experi ence of teachi ng comedy. His workshops are exci

39、t ing and fun.An evening with Simon will give you the con fide nce to be funny.Charlotte Stone8.00pm-11.00pm Pizza WorldFine food with beautiful jazz music; this is a great evening out. Charlotte Stone will perform songs from her new11best-selling CD, with James Pickering on the piano. The menu is I

40、talian, with excellent meat and fresh fish, pizzas and pasta（面食）. Book early to get a table. Our bar is open all day, and serves cocktails, coffee, beer, and white wine.1. Who can help you if you want to have your music produced?12C. Charlotte Stone. D. James Pickeri ng.2. At which place can people

41、of differe nt ages enjoy a good laugh?A. The Cyclops Theatre B. KaleidoscopeC. Victoria Stage D. Pizza World3. What do we know about Simon s Workshop?A. It requires membership status. B. It lasts three hours each time.C. It is run by a comedy club. D. It is held every Wedn esday.4. When will Charlot

42、te Stone perform her son gs?A. 5.00pm-7.30pm. B. 7.30pm 1.00am.C. 8.00pm-11.00pm. D. 8.30pm-10.30pm.【答案】1.A 2. B 3. D 4. C【解析】【解析】试题分析：本文属于广吉类阅读，分别介绍了四则广告 Electric Undergrounds Gee Vhizz、Simons Workshop、CharlotteStone 的具体内容及细节信息。整篇文章难度较小。1. A 细节理解题& 根据第一则广告最后一句 Hes going to talk about how you ca

43、n find right person to produce your musics可知 Jules Sk可咲教你如何制作音乐。那么如果你想做你自己的音乐，你就可以去找他。故 A 正确*2. B 细节理解题& 根据第二则广吉第三句 Thisshow Mil please everyone, fiom the youngest to the oldest可知这场表演能够让所有年龄段的人都很开心。表演的场所在 Kalddoscope.故 B 正确。3. D 细节理解题。根据第三则广舌第二行中 5.00 pm- 7-3ipm Wednesda） at Xictoria Stage77可知 S

44、imons Workshop的表演是在每周三下午 5点至 7 点 30之间进行。故 D 项正确.4. C细节理解题。根据第四则广吉第二行 8.00pm-11.00pm Pizza WDMT 可知 Charlotte Stone 将在晚上 S.00 至点之间表演她最受欢迎的歌曲。故 C项正确。【考点】考查广告类阅读A. Jules Skye.B. Gee Whizz.13【变式探究】（2015 高考天津卷，阅读理解C,节选）1 never told my mother about my“miraculous ” （奇迹般的）experienee that summer; but she saw

45、a slow but remarkable improvementin my classroom performanee during the next year.And years later； she was proud that her son14articles ， poetry and fiction.The power of the words has held.49 What can be inferred from the last paragraph?_A The author has become a successful writer.B The author s mot

46、her read the same book.C The author s mother rewarded him with books.D The author has had happy summers ever since.解析：推理判断题。根据本段的倒数第二句话.she was proud that her son.authored his ownbooks. 可以得知 , 作者的妈妈对自己的儿子读了很多书、创作出版了自己写的书、文章、诗歌和小说等感 到很自豪，由此可以推知，作者成为了一名成功的作家，A 项所述符合题干要求。B 项“作者的妈妈读了同样一本书”，C 项“作者的妈妈奖励给他

47、书”，D 项“作者自那之后度过了很多快乐的暑期”均为干扰项。答案： A【特别提醒】 对于细节推断题来说，根据文章中的关键信息点进行推断是解答此类试题的关键。考生不但要理解文 章的字面含义，还要运用逻辑判断能力，推断出文章更深层的含义。同时还要根据文章内容进行推断，不 能凭空猜测。考生要注意站在文章作者或文中人物的立场上，设身处地地考虑实际情景，并据此展开合理 的想象和推理。主观臆断是许多考生做这类题时普遍存在的一个问题。【命题热点突破四】 作者态度或观点的推断 该类型题目考查考生是否了解文中作者或文中人物对某事物所持的观点或态度。要求考生具有在正确 理解文意的基础上，对观点或态度倾向进行分析、

48、识别的能力。该类型题目的选项一般含有以下三类词：中性词：uninterested（不感兴趣的），neutral（ 中立的），indifferent（漠不关心的）等；褒义词：positive（ 积极的 ）， supportive（ 支持的 ） ， humorous（ 滑稽有趣的 ） ， enthusiastic（ 热情的 ）， admiring（ 赞赏的）等；贬义词：disgusted（厌恶的），critical（ 批评的）,negative（否定的，消极的），disappointed（ 失 望的 ）等。（2015 高考湖北卷， 阅读理解 E,节选）On the whole , Brooks s

49、 story is acceptable if uninspired.As one would expect ，his writing is mostly clearand， to be fair ， some chapters stand out above thehad read thousands of books， was awarded a PhD in literature， and authored his own books15rest.I enjoyed ， for instance ， the chapter in which Harold discovers how to

50、 think on his own.While Harold and Erica arecertainly not strong or memorable characters ， the more serious problems withThe Social Animallie elsewhere.Theseproblems partly involve Brooks s attempt to translate his tale into scie nee.69. What is the author s general attitude towards the book?_A. Con

51、tradictory. B . Supportive.C. Cautious.D. Critical.解析:推理判断题。根最后一段作者在评价这本书的时候说封也 ostlyclear and,tobe fair,some chapters standoutabovethe rest.are cenainlynot Strang or menwrabL? character the more serious problems 讥 rthThe Social Animal lie elsewhere.Theseproblems party invok e Brookss attempt to tra

52、nslate his taiinto 乞厲亡 n 亡巴从这 些信息可知作者对这本书持批评（cntKal）:态度，故选 D。答案：D【特别提醒】如何解答“心思难猜”的观点态度类推理判断题？1. 一般来说，作者对某一事物的态度往往较为明确，要么支持，要么反对，带中立色彩的词语通常是错误选项，作者既 然写文章就不会不关心；2. 正确把握文章字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的观点代替作者的观点；3. 因为作者往往不直接提出自己的态度或立场，而且作者写作时也常带有某种倾向性，所以，考生在读文章时要细心捕捉表达或暗示情感态度的词语，捕捉那些烘托气氛、表达情感的语句。4. 要学会区分不同的观点，尤其要善于找出作者

53、的观点。考生要注意文中出现的直接引语和间接引语，出现的观点一般是当事人的观点，而不是作者的观点。作者的观点一般用in my view , in my op inion, person ally , I thi nk , I hold 等引出。【命题热点突破五】单词或短语意思猜测题该题型着重考查考生根据上下文猜测词义的能力，这也是一个从“已知”得出“未知”的过程，即利 用上下文的已知部分（尤其是该词或短语前后的句子）进行推理，有时还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义。 考查范围涉及对某个生词或短语的含义的猜测、对某个熟词进行生义的猜测或考查该词能被哪个单词或短 语代替等。（2015 高考北京卷，阅读理

54、解 C,节选）The objects arou nd you are visible because they in teractwith light.Light typically travels in a straight lin e.But some materials slow and scatter（散16射）light , bouncing it away from its original path.Others absorb light, stopping it dead in itstracks.Both scatteri ng and absorpti on make an

55、 object look differe nt from other objects around it , so you can see it easily.1764. The underlined word “dead” in Par agraph 3 means_A. silentlyB. graduallyC. regularlyD. completely解析：词义猜测题。本题属于猜测熟词的生义。由本段可东我们能看到物体一类是因为它 们减慢了光速和对光进行了散射使其改变了熄来的路线而另外一类是因为它们对光线的吸收或既 然吸收了，那么在光的传播过程中就被完全阻止了，因此弦里 deadM

56、为，完全地 J 故选 D。答案：D【特别提醒】对于此类题目我们可以借助下面这些方法来答题：（1） “拆猜”并用来解决问题：阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词。此时可以用“拆猜”的方式，先把该词的各种词缀或前后两个合成 部分拆开，再结合我们掌握的构词法知识，根据中心词的含义和词缀的含义猜测其意思。（2）根据定义或解释猜词：如果生词后有一个句子（定语从句或同位语从句）或段落来对其下定义，或使用破折号、冒号、分号后的内容和引号、括号中的内容加以解释和定义，那么理解这个句子或段落就可以推断词义。（3）根据同义词和反义词猜词：在单词所出现的上下文中，有时会出现与之同义或反义的词语或结构，

57、这时考生可从熟悉的词语中推测其含义。（4）根据因果关系进行猜词：该方法是根据前后的因果关系来推断某个生词或短语的意思。可由表示原因的句意推测出表示结果的句子中的某个生词或短语的意思；也可由 表示结果的句意推测出表示原因的句子中的某个生词或短语的意思。（5）根据语义转折猜词：有时作者为了增强表达效果，在文章中会用一些表示转折意思的连词、副词或短语，如：though ，although ， but，yet，in stead ， however，while ， rather tha n等，考生可以根据转折的语境猜测词义。【命题热点突破六】代词指代题代词指代题要求考生依据语境的逻辑关系，判断画线的人称

58、代词或指示代词在文章中指代的对象，包 括考查 it（指动物、无生命的事物、特定的事件或人），they/them（指代人、物、事件的复数名词），he/she等人称代词的指代意义，以及指示代词this ，that ，these，those 等在文章中的指代意义，以考查考生对文章中叙述的特定的人、物、事件的再认能力。（2015 高考重庆卷，阅读理解 D,节选Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventure , providing uniquerides twice a day to explore deep into the de

59、lta.The camps have excellent horses , professional guides and lots of supportworkers.They have a reputationfor providing a great riding18experie nee.48. What does the underlined wordThey” refer to?19解析：代词指代题做代词指代题时一般应该从前文查找答秦，画线代词所在句子与其前一句是并列 的，前一个句子的主语是 thecampsj 而 the 诅匸声指前面提到的 safari camps,故应该选择

60、C项*答案：C【特别提醒】解答代词指代题时，我们要认真阅读画线词所在句和前后邻近句的内容，分析人称转换和动作变换的详细过程，理清其来龙去脉和前后的因果关系，从而准确推断其指代的对象。因此，理解上下文（特别是上句）的意思和代词所在句的意思是解题的关键。【命题热点突破七】段落大意题段落大意是指一篇文章各个段落的主要意思，是对一个段落的基本内容的简缩和初步的概括。概括段 落大意时，一定要在把握全段或全文中心的基础上进行，做到围绕中心，注意连贯，同时，还要注意段落 大意是否与全篇相称。段落大意要用明确、完整、简洁的语句表达。（2015 高考福建卷，阅读理解 E,节选）Group exercise is one of the mos