文学导论知识点

1、poetry（一） Elements of PoetryRhyme （Rime）Rhyme is the repetition of the stressed vowel sound and all succeedingsounds1. Single or Masculine rhyme 单（阳）韵 rhyming sounds involve onlyone syllable.cold, bold;thing, king;day, wayor Feminine rhyme 双叠（阴）韵 rhyming sounds involve two or moresyllables.begin, ag

2、ain ；flatter, matter;3. Triple rhyme 三叠韵 a kind of feminine rhyme in which identicalstressed vowel sounds are followed by two identical unstressed syllables. . machinery, scenery;tenderly, slenderly;spitefully, delightfully;remember, September4. Internal rhyme（行内韵）-at least one of the rhyming words

3、are within the line. . “Each narrow cell in which we dwell ”; “the grains beyond age, the dark veins of her mother ”5. End rhyme（or Terminal rhyme）（行尾韵）-theboth rhyming words occurat the ends of lines. （The commonestand most consciously sought-aftersound repetition in English poetry.） .Under my wind

4、ow, a clean rasping sound When the spade sinks into gravelly ground.Let us roll all our strength, and all Our Sweetness, up into one ball.6. Beginning Rhyme 行首词韵 rhyme that occurs in the first syllableor syllables of successive lines. .Whyshould I have returned Myknowledge would not fit into theirs.

5、I found untouched the desert of the unknown.7. In terlacedor Crossed Rhyme交错韵-Words in the middle of each linerhyme. It occurs in long couplets, especially the hexameter. .Laurel is green for a season, and love is sweet for a day, But love grows bitter with treason , and laurel outlives not May.or E

6、xact rhyme （全韵） differing consonant sounds are followed byidentical stressed vowel sounds, and the following sounds are identical.foe, toe; meet, fleet; buffer, rougher; fix, sticks9 .Half rhyme or off rhyme, near rhyme, oblique rhyme, slant rhyme）（斜韵）the feminine rhymes that do not rhyme completely

7、. .frightful, slightly;yellow, pillow ；mirth, forth ；trolley, bullyrhyme (视觉韵)-formed by words that look alike a rhymed unit butdo not have the same sou nds. . cough, bough； home, some; hear, bear11. Approximate rhymesAlliterati on头韵-repetiti on of in itial soun ds.all the awful auguries.Bring me my

8、 bow of burning gold;more ofte n defi ned as the repetiti on of consonan ts.af_ter li f e' s fit ful fever(二) Rhyme scheme(押韵格式)-the patter n of alter nat ingend rhymes in a sta nza or poem .In an alysisof a rhyme scheme, each rhyme is represe nted by a small letter.Love is a sick ness full of w

9、oes, (a)All remedies refus ing; (b)A pla nt that with most cutt ing grows (a)Most barre n with best using. (b)Why so (c)(二)Stanzaa group of lines of verse forming one of the units or divisions of a poem.(It is usually recurrent, characterized by a regular pattern, withrespect to or un der determ in

10、ati onof, the nu mber of lin es, and arran geme ntof meter of rhyme. )Common sta nza forms in clude the couplet, the triplet, and the quatra inCouplettwo successive rhyming lines:For thy sweet love rememb 'red such wealth bringsThat then I scorn to change my state with kings.poets)( The couplet

11、is one of the main verse units in Western literature, and is a form of great antiquity. Chaucer was one of the first English to use it and it's generally thought that Chaucer developed the form.Tripleta stanza of three lines; an individual poem of three lines.E. g.When as in silks my Julia goesT

12、hen, then (methinks) how sweetly flowsThat liquefaction of her clothes.Next, when I cast mine eyes and seeThat brave vibration each way free;O how that glittering taketh me!Quatrain a stanza or an individual poem of four lines rhymed orunrhymed. It occurs as the commonest of all stanzaic forms in Ea

13、stern and Western poetries, and lends itself to wide variation in meter and rhyme. .I envy not in any moodsThe captive void of noble rage,The linnet born within the cageThat never knew the summer woods;I envy not the beast that takesHis license in the field of time, unfettered by the sense of crime,

14、 To whom a conscience never wakes.Other Stanzaic forms ：Quintaina stanza or an individual poem of 5 lines.Sexain, or sixain, sextain, hexastich/'heks? stik/ -a stanza of 6linesHeptastich/'hept ? stik/ a stanza or an individual poem of 7 lines.Sonneta 14-line poem./（四）Metrical RhythmAccents a

15、nd pausesIn poetry, the end of a line of verse is itself a mark of punctuation.If the last word of a line is followed by no punctuation and is part of a continuing grammatical unit like a prepositional phrase, we call the line run-on , or enjambed. （跨行连续）. so much dependsupona red wheelbarrowglazed

16、with rain waterbeside the white chickens.(William Carlos Williams)Metrical RhythmMeter ( 韵律，格律 ) derived from the Greek word“metron”“measure” . Refers to the regular pattern of stressed (marked as O or /) and unstressed syllables (marked as o or ; u; x etc.). E. g.morning O o (or: / ) verbalize O o

17、o (or: / ) tomorrow o O o (or: / ) again o O (or: /)Metrical RhythmNames for Meters:1. lamb /'ai ? mb/(lambic /ai' ? mbik/ adj.): an unstressed followed by a stressed syllable. 抑扬格(英)；短长格 (西、拉) /) (da-dum)E. g. again o O (or: /)Shall l compare thee to a summer's dayThou art more lovely a

18、nd more temperateo O o O o O o O o OShall l compare thee to a summer 's dayo O o O o O o O o Omeaningsyllableo O (Thou art more lovely and more temperate.2. Trochee /'tr ? uki:/(trochaic /tr ? u'keiik/ adj.): a stressed syllablefollowed by an unstressed syllable. 扬抑格(英)；长短格(西、拉) O o(/ )(

19、dum-da)E. g. morning O o (or: / )Tiger! Tiger! burning brightIn the forests of the night.O o O o O o OTiger! Tiger! burning brightO o O o O o OIn the forests of the night.OR:/ / / /Tiger! Tiger! burning bright/ / / /In the forests of the night.3. Anapest or Anapaest/' ? n? pi:st/ (Anapestic or A

20、napaestic /? n? 'pi:stik/ adj.): two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable 抑抑扬格(英)；短短长格(西、拉). o o O( /) (da-da-dum)E. g. beneficialthe old inn and the lights, and the fireAnd the fiddler's old tune and the shuffling of feeto o O o o O o o O the old inn and the lights, and the

21、fireo o O o o O o o O o o OAnd the fiddler's old tune and the shuffling of feet4. Dactyl /'d? ktil/(Dactylic Id ? k'tilik/adj.): a stressed syllablefollowed by two unstressed syllables.扬抑抑格；长短短格O o o (/ )E. g. verbalize O o o (/ )O o o O o o O o o O oJust for a handful of silver he left

22、us,O o o O o o O o o OJust for a riba nd to stick in his coat-5. syllables. 扬抑抑格；长短短格O o o (/ )E. g. verbalize O o o (/ )O o o O o o O o o O oJust for a handful of silver he left us,O o o O o o O o o OJust for a riba nd to stick in his coat-6. Spondee/'sp ? ndi:/(Spondaic /sp? n'deiik/ adj.)

23、: a stressed syllable followed by another stressed syllable. 扬扬格 OO(/ /) most often used as a substitute for an iamb or trocheeE. g.Smart lad, to slip betimes awayO O o O o O o O(五) Foot 诗的音步A unit of poetic meter of stressed and unstressed syllables is calleda foot. Names for feet:单音步诗行Dimeter/'

24、;dimit(r)/ : two feet音步诗行；二步格诗行Trimeter/'trimit? (r)/ : three feet音步诗行Tetrameter/te'tr? mit ? (r)/ : four feetPen tameter/pe n't? mit ? (r)/ : five feetMonometer/m? 'n ? mit ? (r)/ : one footHexameter/hek's ? mit ? (r)/ : six feetHeptameter/hep't ? mit ? (r)/ : seven feetOcta

25、meter/ ? k't ? mit ? (r)/ : eight feetNonameter/n? 'n? mit? (r) : nine feet(lines containing more tha n seve n feet do not ofte n occur in En glish verse)Illustrati ons of metrical rhythms: iambic pen tameter o O o O o O o O o OShall I compare thee to a summer ' s dayo O o O o O o O o OT

26、hou art more lovely and more temperate.o O o O o O o O o ORough winds do shake the darli ng buds of May,o O o O o O o O o OAnd summer s lease hath all too short a date:Two terms marki ng the metrical pattern and rhyme scheme of a poem:Scan si on (音律分析：将诗行分成音步，标出重音位置，算出音节)-tomark the stressed and un

27、stressed syllables and rhyme scheme is to sca n.Caesura/si:'zju ? r? 1（诗行中根据意思而作的）主要停顿-apause in a line of verse dictated by sense or natural speech rhythm rather tha n by metrics is called caesura, which is ofte n markedwith “IIIllustrati on of caesurae:Mean while,II declining from the noon of

28、dayThe sun obliquelyThe hungry judgesAnd wretches hangKinds of Poetry1. BalladPoemVerseII shoots his burning ray;II soon the sentence signII that jurymen may dine2. LyricVerseNarrative Poem （叙事诗）：A. If a poemmainly tells a relatively story, it is called a narrative poem.B. widespreadliteratures and

29、continue to be writte n and read.Epic （史诗）：a）one of the ancient types of poetry.b）plays a very importa nt role in early developme nt of literature and civilizati oncompletein manyc）long n arrative poem of great scale and gran diose style about heroes who are usually warriors or eve n demigodsd) deal

30、s with no ble characters and heroic deedse) in corporates myth, lege nd and folk talef) reflects n ati onal history, thus more cultural tha n literarySonnet (十四行诗)：a) one of the most conven tio nal and in flue ntial forms of poetry inEurope-popular in Ren aissa nee Italy, and thereafter in Spai n, P

31、ortugal and other Europea n coun tries.b) Germa nand En glish Roma ntics revived the form, which rema ins popular.c) a lyricinvariablyof 14 lines,usually in iambic /ai' ? mbik/pentameter /pen' t? mit ? / , restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.Sonnet: there are three prominent types of sonne

32、t, all namedafter their foun ders or perfecters1) Shakespearean Sonnet莎士比亚体十四行诗also called Elizabetha n sonnet or En glish sonn et.structured of three quatra ins and a termi nal coupletin iambic pen tameterwith the rhyme patter n abab cdcd efef gg.2) Petrarcha n So nnet彼特拉克体十四行诗also calledItalia nso

33、nnet-origi natedin Italy in the 13thcen tury.con summated by Fran cesco Petrarch, a crow ned laureatecontains an octave/' ? ktiv / (意大禾U十四行诗的前八行) with the rhyme patter n abbaabba and a sestet/ses'tet/(十四行诗的最后六行)ofvarious rhyme patter ns such as cdecde or cdcdcd3) Spe nserian Sonnet斯宾塞体十四行诗is

34、 con sidered by some a variati on of Shakespearea n sonn prises three quatra ins and a coupletin iambic pen tameter with the rhyme scheme abab bcbc cdcd ee.somepoets write sonnets on a single subject or under one controlling idea and thus create a sonnet seque nee or sonnet cycle(六) Eleme nts

35、of Poetry-To ne1) the poise, mood, voice, attitude and outlook of the poet2) the speaker or the poet' s attitude toward his subject, his audienee or eve n himself.3) pers on ality reflected4) discussed usually in ordi nary vocabulary. . cold, eager, un certa in,boastful, protest ing, in differe

36、nt, positive, optimisticJudged by syn thetic an alysis of all the eleme nts invo Ived in thepoem (imagery, metaphor, un derstateme nt,etc), especially itsdicti on and sentence patter nsEleme nts of Poetry-Image1) a word picture to evoke sense impressions in the reader' smi nd2) represe ntati on

37、of sense experie nee through Ian guage3) the soul of poetry as Ianguage is the body of poetry4) One image is frequently the result of the cooperation of the several senses and sometimes can be rather abstract. . fresh air-cooperatio n; death/coffi n-abstract5) imagery6）All the images formed into a m

38、eaningful whole in a poemFunctions of imagery:1.to create the atmosphere2.3.to provide an internal pattern focus the theme of the poemElements of PoetryThemecontrolling idea or its central insight A novel: thought-provoking A poem: emotion-arousing.Elements of PoetryPoetic Devices（ 1） Simile: a comp

39、arison of two things, indicated by some connective, usually like, as, than or a verb such as resembles. Your fingers are like mine.Your fingers are like sausages.O my Love' s like a red, red rose,That 's newly sprung in JuneO my Love' s like the melodie That 's sweetly played in tune

40、.（ 2） Metaphor: a statement that one thing is something else, which, in a literal sense, it is not.Your fingers are sausages. Oh, my love is a red, red rose.Oh, my love has red petals and sharp thorns.Oh, I placed my love into a long-stem vaseAnd I bandaged my bleeding thumb.3) Conceit: originally m

41、eans“concept ” or “idea ” and later cameto mean“a fanciful idea ”. It is a metaphor or simile that is made elaborate (far-fetched), often extravagant. two lover 's souls are compared to the legs of the compasses.4) Personification: a figure of speech in which a thing, an animal, or an abstract t

42、erm . truth, nature) is made human. The Windby James StephensThe wind stood up and gave a shout.He whistled on his fingers andKicked the withered leaves aboutAnd thumped the branches with his hand.And said he 'd kill and kill and kill,And so he will and so he will.5) the pun: often subjected to

43、abuse as a “low” form of wit, the pun is essentially a kind of metaphor that can be used lightly and facetiously or for more serious purposes. Customer: Do you serve crab hereWaiter: Yes Sir, we serve everyone!6) apostrophe: a way of addressing someone or something invisible ornot ordinarily spoken

44、to. Such as an inanimate object (spade!), some dead or absent person (Milton!), an abstract thing( Return, delights!) , or a spirit (soul). A poet uses apostrophe to announce a lofty and serious tone, giving life to the inanimate and giving life to the intangible (a way of speaking to it person to person). Death, ain ' t you got no shame(7) metonymy换喻，转喻):the name of a thing is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. the White House decided.( 8) synecdoche( 提喻 ): a kind of