整理文体学答案

1、文体学课后题1、2单元1IdentifyandclassifypatternsofsoundrepetitioninthefollowingAmultiplesentenceconsistsofmorethanoneclause.Itmaybeeitheraexamples.1)Wordsandphrasesshilly-shally=pararhymesuper-duper=rhymehighandmighty=assonancefairandsquare=rhymekithandkin=reverserhymetoilandmoil=rhymepartandparcel=reverserh

2、ymebyhookorbycrook=rhyme2)PrideandPrejudice=alliterationTheLoveslabourLostalliterationOfMiceandMan=alliterationcompoundsentence,acomplexsentence,oramixedsentence.D:nominalclausesfunctionasSOC.I:relativeclausesfunctionasmodifiedinNPandcomparativecfasminNPADJP5Whatisthedifferencebetweenaminorsentencea

3、ndanincompletesentence?Neithertypeconformstothebasicclausestructure.Butaminorsentenceissupposedtobe“complete“inthesensethatitisfinishedAnincompletesentencenevercomestoitsendbecauseofsuddenBillRogers,MarvelousMarathonMan=alliterationFatherinaFix=alliterationWitchWatch=alliterationTheWonderofWaterfall

4、=alliteration3)Advertisements-DrinkaPintaMilkaDay=soundelision-ExtraPintasWarmaWinta=soundelision-Bedifferentdaily.Bedreamyordramatic.Experiment,butstilleconomise.Beboldandbebeautifulbutdon=(inorder)alliteration;alliteration;reverserhyme;alliteration2Theunderlinedword(s)ineachofthefollowingexamples1

5、)NimChimpskysoundslikeNoamChompsky,whobelievesthatmanhasalanguagelearningdeviceinthemind,whichenablesthechildtolearnthelanguagehoweverbadlyitistaught.Thismakesmandifferentfromanimal,whichdoesnothavesuchadevice.Thatiswhychimpanzee(whoisconsideredtobethemostintelligentanimal)canneverlearnthelanguageho

6、weverharditistaught.2)RomeowisawordimitatingthesoundmadebyacatandsharesthesamepronunciationwiththemaincharacterinShakespearetragedyRomeoandJuliet.RomeohasdeeploveforJuliet.ItindicatesthatRomeowthecathasaffectionforthemaster.3)RecordshopnamedMobyDisc,whichimpliesitisahugeshopofitskind,foritremindsone

7、oftheMobyDick,abookwhichdepictspeoplehuntahugewholecalledMobyDick.31)phonologicaldevicesinthefollowingextract.Acreakofhinges.aisle.clause,etc.Frequentuseofpre-modificationinnewspaperheadlinescaneconomizespace,andarousethereaderinterestaswellbecausepre-modificationisusuallyshort,thuscannotspelloutdet

8、ails.Thiskeepsthereaderinsuspenseandkicksuptheireagernesstofindout.Pre-modificationtendstobeinformalandappearsinlessformalstyle.Post-modificationcanbeverylongandcomplicated.Usingpost-modificationcangiveenoughroomfordetailsandforfurtherinformation.Therefore,itisfrequentlyusedinmoreformalcontexts,fori

9、nstance,writtenlanguage.WrittenlegalEnglishpreferspost-modificationinnounphrases,becausethecomposerofalegalInthispassagetheauthorsusesalliterationhigh-heeled,assonancetileddocumentmustensurethatitconveysmeaningexactlyandexplicitly,surfaceofthecentralaisle.Whatismoreconspicuousistheuseofonomatopoeicw

10、ordssuchascreak,boomingthud,flutter,tiptap,whichpresentthedifferentkindsofnoisesheardinthechurch.Theuseofsuchwordshelpthereadersharethesameexperienceofthewriterandmakethedescriptionvividandbelievable.2)ReadthefollowingextractfromthenovelAdventuresofTom3)Sawyerandcommentonthegraphologicalforms.“TOMNo

11、answer.-MarkTwaiThisisoneepisodeofthenovelAdventuresofTomSawyer,depictinghowGrannyislookingforTom,whoisnaughtyandhidingunderthebed.ThedifferentformofletterswithpunctuationmarksindicateshowGrannyspeaks.Whenwereadit,wehavethefeelingofwatchingGrannyonastageplay.Forexample,TOMissaidlouderthanTom!.-o-u-u

12、,Tom!indicatesGrannydrawlshervoiceandwithunusualloudnesssoastobeheardfaaway.Theexclamationmarkshumorouslyimplyingherglassesareintendedforornamentratherthanpracticaluse.Inthewholepassage,weseetheonlycharacterGranny,whoisspeakingtoherself.Itisverymuchlikeastagemonologue.Afterreading,wehaveavividimageo

13、fGrannyinourmind.Andthereisatouchofhumourallthrough.3单元1Whatarethethreewaysofclauseclassification?classificationaccordingtoconstituents,verbphraseandfunctions.ByconstituentsclausescanbegroupedintoSV(A),SVO(A),SVC,SVOO,SVOC.Byverbphrasewehavefiniteclause,non-finiteclauseandverblessclause.Byfunctionsc

14、lausescanbecategorizedeitherasindependentclauseordependentclause.2howdowedistinguishsituationtypes?Byaccordingtomeaningorsenseoftheverb.3Nametheparticipantrolesinactiontypes?Theparticipantrolesinactiontypesare:agentiverole(doeroftheaction),externalforce(causeroftheaction),intrumentalrole(tooltodothe

15、actionwith),recipientrole(receiveroftheaction)andobjectiverole(theaffectedortheresultoftheaction).guardingagainstanypossiblemisinterpretation.7Whatarethethreebasicfactorsintheformationofwrittentexts?Foreffectivepresentationofinformationandlanguageprocessingonthepartofthereader,weusuallyattachimporta

16、ncetosequence,segmentationandsalienceintheformationoftexts,bothspokenandwritten.8Whichtypeofbranchingiscommonininformalspeech?Whichtypeofbranchingispreferredinwrittenstyles?Right-branchingiscommoninspeech,inrelaxedandinformalpresentationofideas.Awritermayfavorright-branchinganduseshort,simplesentenc

17、estorepresentanarrativestyleofsimplicity,directnessandintensity.Left-branching,however,isbetteradaptedtowritingbecauseitisstructurallymorecompactandlogical,anditisusuallymoreformal.Sincesubordinateideasarepresentedfirst,postponingthemainidea,readersoftenfeelin!uspenseandtrytoreadontoobtainthemainide

18、atowardstheendofthesentence.frontingandpostponement?ThebasicphraseorderinanEnglishdeclarativeclauseismoreorlessfixed:SV(O)(C)(A),withAbeingmobileinposition.Thechangeoftheordercanmakeaparticularlanguageunitmoresalient.Frontingrefersthemovementofasententialelementfromitsusualpositiontothefront,andpost

19、ponementrefersthemovementofalinguisticunitfromitsnormalplacetowardstheendofthesentence.Inbothcasestheelementsmovedarehighlighted.Forexample,(1)TalentMr.Micawberhas,capitalMr.Micawberhasnot.(frontingtalentandcapitalforemphasis)(2)AcarstoppedandoutsteppedthePresidentoftheUniversity.(PostponingPresiden

20、toftheUniversityagainforemphasis)10Whatissyntacticparallelismanditsfunction?Syntacticparallelismreferstotherepetitionofthesamesyntacticform(e.g.tense,aspect)andphrase/clausestructureintwoormoreneighboringclausesorsentences.Itreinforcesmeaningbycontrastorantithesis,orhelpstobuildupanemotionalclimax.F

21、orexample,Seehowtheycansaw.Powersaw.Anddrill.Powerdrill.And(A).interruptionorotherreasons.Forexample,(1)Attention,please.(2)Help!(3)Goingtothelecture?(4)Whyareyoulate?BecauseIOfthefoursentences,(1)(2)(3)areminorsentenceswhereas(4)isanincomplete.6Whatarethemajorcomponentsofanounphrase?Whatistheuseofp

22、re-modification?tbreakthebaiWhatisthefunctionofpost-modification?Acompletenounphraseconsistsoffourconstituents:determiner,pre-modifier,headandpost-modifier.Thedeterminercanbeanarticle,numerals,numeralpronouns;allthewordsbetweenthedeterminativeandtheheadarepre-modifier,whateverpartofspeechtheybelongt

23、o;theheadcanbeanounorapronoun;thepost-modifierisusuallyaprepositionalphrase,anounphrase,anon-finiteclause,arelativeshowheremotion,andthedashImplieshersuddenstop.Theitalicizedthroughemphasizesthecontrastwith“overand“under9,Whatisthebasicphraseorder?Whatarethestylisticeffectsof4Whatisasimplesentence?W

24、hatisamultiplesentence?sand.Powersand.Directly/indirectlyThisisanadvertisementforsellingPowerBrandseriesoftools.WhenAsimplesentenceconformstothebasicclausestructureSV(O)(C)thereaderfinishesthereading,theywillnotforgetthebrandnamePower.4单元2WhatisthedifferenceintheeffectbetweentheuseofLatinateandthato

25、fnativewords?Why?Generallyspeaking,Latinatewordsarewordsofscience,religionandofficialcommunication;andinmostcases,theyhelptocreatetheeffectofcoolness,dignityandintellectualdistance.WordsofAnglo-SaxonoriginconstituteEnglish-speakingpeoplevocabulary.Suchwordsareemotionallycharged.AhighpercentageofAngl

26、o-Saxonwordsisquiteusualininformalstyle.3Whatisthedifferencebetweenageneralwordandaspecificword?Isittruethatuseofspecificwordsshouldalwaysberecommended?Awordisgeneralwhenitreferstoagroupofobjectsoraclassofobjectsoraction,andspecificwhenitreferstoamemberofthatgrouporclass.Therelationshipbetweenagener

27、al(superordinate)andspecific(subordinate)termishyponymy.Generaltermsareoftentoovaguetoconveyanyprecisemeaning.Theuseofspecificwordsismoreinformativeindetailandcanevokevividimagesinthereaderorhearernoneedforspecification,orwhentheuserwantstoleavethingsvagueforsome(tactical)reason.5Whatisrepetition?Wh

28、atisreiteration?Whyshouldpeopleemployrepetitionandreiterationinspeechorwriting?Whenalinguisticformisusedtwiceormore,theresultisrepetition.Forexample,Webeginourmorningclassat8:00.Lunchbeginsat11:30andafternoonclassesbeginat2:00again.Whenthesameideaisrepeatedinadifferentform,itisreiteration.Forexample

29、,Webeginourmorningclassesat8:00,andafternoonclassesstartat2:00again.Inliterarytexts,repetitionisusuallyrhetorical.Theintensiverepetitionofanexpressioncanbeapowerfulthematicdevice.IthelpstoWhateverisrepeatedisemphasized.Reiterationisusedtoavoidthemonotonouseffectoftherepetitionofthesameexpression.6Wh

30、atiscollocation?Whatistheusepfanalyzinglexicalcollocationofaniteminapieceoflanguage?Collocationreferstotheconcurrenceofwordsorconventionaluseofcertainwordstogetherinatext.Inagiventext,thecollocatesofanitemconstituteitslexicalcontextwhichdeterminesthemeaningoftheitem.Thisdevicemaycontributetothetheme

31、ofthetext.Theanalysisofcollocationcanhelpusgraspthemainideaofthetext.7_Thefollowingaregroupsofspecificwords.Nameageneralwordwhosemeaningisincludedinthemeaningofthespecificwords.1)stride,strut,march,amble,strode,saunter(walk)2)drag,haul,heave,wrench,tow(pull)3)whisper,chatter,babble,mumble,mutter(tal

32、k)4)bottle,vase,jug,cup,pot,barrel,bucket,box(container)5)car,jeep,van,tanker,minibus,cart,bicycle(vehicle)8Thewordsineachofthefollowinggroupshaveroughlyasimilarconceptualmeaning.Discussthedifferenceintheirassociatemeanings.AppreciativeNeutralPejorativeworkdrudgery,toil,grindfashion,stylevoguefadpol

33、iceman,copflatfootcivilservantgovernmentofficialbureaucratfamous,celebrated,renownednotoriousportly,stout,chubby,plumpfatadventurous,daringreckless,rash9ComparetheABextractsinterms1)thepercentageofAnglo-Saxonwords;2)thepercentageofLatinatewordsofthreesyllablesandmore.InAofthe48words,onlysixcomefromo

34、therlanguages,fourofwhicharefromFrench,butinBofthe39words,18wordsarefromLatinandanotheronefromGreek.SinceLatinatewordsmakeupahighpercentageinB,itismuchmoredifficulttounderstand.10Commentontheadjectiveusedinthefollowingadvertisement.(Manhattanshirts,slacksandaccessories)Topersuadethewould-becustomers

35、tobuytheproduct,theauthorusesaseriesofappreciativeadjectives:confident,correct,successful,strong,savvy,fashionable,happy,robust,virile,andwise,plusfamoustoshowwhatgoodthingsManhattanBrandproductswouldbringtothebuyer.5单元1Whatisdialect?Adialectisavarietyhabituallyadoptedbypeopleinacertainregion(region

36、aldialect)orbypeopleofacertainsocialgroup(socialdialect).pronunciation.oneregionaldialectspeakermaybeabletospeakmorethanonesocialdialectwhenneeded.2Whatisthedifferencebetweendialectandaccent?Accentisthespecialphonologicalfeaturesshownbyonewhospeaksadialect.Itisregionalinnature.Adialectcanbespokenwit

37、hdifferentaccents,standardandnon-standard.Apersonmayshiftfromonedialecttoanotherwhilespeakingbuts/heisunabletocoverhisorheraccent.Forexample,aLondonerspeaksBritishEnglishwithaLondonaccent,butapersonbornandbroughtupinManchestermayspeakBritishEnglisHwithaManchesteraccent.peoplespeakStandardEnglish?Sta

38、ndardEnglishreferstotheparticularsocially-favouredvarietywhichisbasedonthespeechandwritingofeducatedusersofthelanguage.Withawidelyaccepted,codifiedgrammarandvocabulary,SEisprimarilyusedforpubliccommunication:usedinbooksandnewspapers,officialdocumentsandnewsbroadcasts;inschools,taughttonon-nativelear

39、nersofEnglish.Yes.Ineachregionalvariety,oneaccentismostwidelyacceptedsuchasRP(receivedpronunciation)inBritishEnglish.SincethisaccentisrelatedtoBBCbroadcaster,theroyalfamilyandeducatedspeech,itisconsideredtobethestandardaccentinBritain.611)Whatdoeschannel limitationmiean?Howdoeschannellimitationaffec

40、tlanguageuse?toonechannelonlyvisualorauditory.Speech,inmostcases,hasnochannellimitation.Talkingface-to-face,boththespeakerandhearercanseeandheareachother.Apartfromthelanguage,gestures,facialexpressions,sharedknowledge,andsituationallcontributetothecommunication.Therefore,thelanguageisofteninexplicit

41、.Writing,ontheotherhand,haschannellimitation.Thenthelanguageshouldbeexplicit.Forexample,Theteacherstandingthereishermotherwhichisunderstandableifthetwospeakersaretogetherinthesamecontext.Butinwrittenlanguagesuchshouldbeforbidden.WeshouldmakeitexplicitlikeTheteacherstandingunderthetreeinfrontofthecla

42、ssroombuildingisWangQiansmother2)Inwhatwaysdoesspontaneouslyspokenlanguagedifferfrompreparedwrittenform?Inspontaneousspeechonehaslittletimeforplanningorrevisingoneutterance.Whilespeaking,onehastomonitorwhathasbeensaidanditsresponsebythehearer,andsimultaneouslytoplanthenextutterance.Ifonesplanningfal

43、lsbehindthedelivery,thespeechischaracteristicallybrokenupbythefollowingfeaturesofnormalnon-fluency:filled/unfilledpauses,unintendedrepetitions,andfalsestarts.Forexample,Hewas-asitwere-youknowhimdoyou-howshallIsayer-withdrawn-ershut-inasthoughasthoughhehadakindof-mmgoldfishbowlroundhishead-notveryeas

44、y7单元1Whatisrolerelationship?Givesomeexamples.Byrolerelationshipwemeantherelationshipbetweentherolesadoptedbyaddresserandaddresseeinagivensituation.Rolerelationshipsrangefromtemporarytopermanent:casualacquaintancesonatrain,customersalesman,colleaguesinanoffice,managementemployees,teacherpupil,parentc

45、hild.3Bywhatscalesdoweclassifylanguagefeaturestypicalofvariousattitudes?Languagefeaturesindicatingtheattitudeareusuallyclassifiedalongfourscales:formality,politeness,impersonalityandaccessibility3.Whatfactorsaffectthedegreesofformality?Thedegreesofformalityaredeterminedbytherolerelationships,numbero

46、fhearers,andcontextsofsituation,suchasapubliclecture,playgroundatplaytime,churchservice,cocktailparty,andsoon.4Howdoeslanguagevaryintermsofpoliteness?Languagevariesaccordingtothedegreeofintimacybetweenthesmind.However,generaltermsarepreferred,whenthereis$WhatisStandardEnglish?Isthereastandardaccentw

47、ithwhichdirectthereadersattentiontotheinterpretationofitssignifieChci0.nellimitationmeansthatthetransmissionofamessageislimitedsbasi(Dialectsdifferfromoneanotherinvocabulary,grammarandaddressandaddressee;thedegreeofsocialdistanceseparatingtheaddresserandaddressee.Languagebecomesmoreandmorepolitewhen

48、theaddresseeismoreseniorinstatusandlesintimateinrelation.5Whatarethebasicpatternsoftheuseofaddressforms?Thebasicaddresspatternsinclude:Title(Professor,Doctor,Reverend),Title+LastName(ProfessorZhang,MrSmith,MissThatcher),Firstname+LastName(MichaelHall,JohnSmith),LastName(Smith,Thatcher),FirstName(Mic

49、hael,John),ShortenedFirstName(Mike=Michael,Elizabeth=Liza/Liz),Nickname(Piggy,Bully)andTermsofEndearment(Darling,Dear,Honey,Sweet).6Whatislinguisticimpersonality?Languagebecomesimpersonalwhenitavoidsdirectreferencetothepublicthetroubleoffruitlessenquiry.LondonTelephoneDirectory10Comparethefollowingt

50、wopassagesandcommentonthedegreeofformality.AInacollegeprofessor.Asacommunicationsspecialist,Itrainstudentstobecomemoresensitiveandawareofinterpersonalcommunicationsymbolicbehavior,useofwords,aswellasnonverbalbehavior.Itrytoignitesymbolsinyourmind,sowecancometoapointofagreementonlanguage.Thisisaninvi

51、sibleindustry.SincetheSecondWorldWarwevestrongteachersinthisdiscipline.addresserandaddressee.ThatisthewritingavoidstheuseofpersonalpronounssuchasI,we,you,etc7.Howdowemeasurethedegreesofaccessibility?Wecanmeasurethedegreesofaccessibilitybythefollowingformula:FOGINDEX=0.4(L+H)L=theaveragesentencelengt

52、hinapassageH=thepercentageofhard(inaccessible)wordsinthepassageSupposeapassagehas:-atotalnumberofwords120-thenumberofsentences6-thenumberofhardwords16L:1206-=20H:(16120)100=13.3Fogindex:0.4(20-+13.3)=13.32Sinceaneasilyaccessibletextissupposedtohaveafogindexofabout10,thementionedtextisjustalittlediff

53、icult.8CompareExtractsAandBintermsofthedegreeofaccessibility.ATherewasrealstressIhadtoface,about1970,threeyearsintopublicationofRollingStone(newspaper).Thecompanywasbankruptinessence.Idgottentopambitious.Irememberoneday,justdrivingaroundandwaitingforanaccidenttohappen.Itwasnsuicideassuch.Itwasjustdr

54、ivingaroundveryB(ThepassageisaparodyofthespeechstyleofanAmericanpolitician,onceapresidentialadviser.)Myon-goingadvisationalcapacityhavingbeenterminalisedpresidentially,Iwishtosubmitmyapplicationisednotificationforimmediateconsiderationalverification.Qualificationally,myrecentpolicalisationalexperien

55、cehassuitabilizedmefortheEditorshipoftheNS,bothinliterarymanipulativenessandsocioeconomiclogistics,therebyensuringfinancialviability.Myaimwouldbetheimmediateterminalisationofreadershipfalloutbycontentamendmentthroughextremeconservation“WeekendCompetitionNewStatesmanComparativelyspeaking,Bismuchmoref

56、ormalthanAthoughbothareformalinasense.Aislessformalbecausethespeakerusesshortsentencesandafairportionofcommonwords.Butthereareprofessionaljargons.Itiswellplannedandlogical.Biswritteninprofessionaljargonsrelatingtothespeakersprofessionasapolitiadviser.MostofthecontentwordsareLatinateandlearned,whichm

57、akethewritingveryformalanddifficulttoprocess.8单元1Whatfunctionsdoeslanguageserveinsocialactivities?Languageservesanumberoffunctionsinsocialactivities.Linguistshavecomeupwithdifferentnumbersoffunctions.Thewidelyacceptedfunctionsare:referential,expressive,conative,phatic,metalinguisticandpoetic.sloppil

58、y,saying.Fuckit,maybesomebodyllgetmeinanaccident.I2Whatfunctionsdoesanewspaperserve?wasfacingfailure,realfailure.IdneverfacedcompletefaAune e由spaeerhastwomainfunctions:togiveinformationandtoreflect,Iwasreallydepressed.Inretrospect,togobankruptwithalittlenewspaperattheageof24isnotthemostterriblething

59、.Itwasabsurd.Itdidnlastlong.Youreachapointwhereyourconfidenceisreallyshattered.Ittakesotherpeopletohelpbuildupyourconfidence.Comeonnow,facethebastardsdown.Youstarttobuildandputitbacktogether.JannWenner,editorofRollingStoneB(ThepassageisaparodyofthespeechstyleofanAmericanpolitician,onceapresidentiala

60、dviser.)Myon-goingadvisationalcapacityhavingbeenterminalisedpresidentially,Iwishtosubmitmyapplicationisednotificationforimmediateconsiderationalverification.Qualificationally,myrecentpolicalisationalexperiencehassuitabilizedmefortheEditorshipoftheNS,bothinliterarymanipulativenessandsocioeconomiclogi