直接引语和间接引语专题学习

1、 直接引语和间接引语专题学习一、直接引语和间接引语的定义1. 直接引语：直接引述别人的原话，叫直接引语，一般直接放在引号内。如：(1) My mother said to me, “You should finish your homework first, then you can play with your friends.”(2) Our teacher said, “Class is over, we should have a rest.”2. 间接引语：用自己的话转述别人的话，叫间接引语，被转述的话不放在引号内。间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句。上面两个例句变成间接引语应该是：(

2、1) My mother told me that I should finish my homework first and then I could go out and play with my friends.(2) Our teacher said class was over and we should have a rest.二、直接引语变间接引语的方法1. 陈述句直接引语如果是陈述句，将直接引语变间接引语为由that引导的宾语从句，跟在引述动词say,tell等之后(that在口语中可省略)，从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语、个别动词等要做相应的变化。在这一方面

3、，汉语和英语有很多相是之处，因此，在做直接引语和间接引语的转换练习时，要特别注意句子的含义。1） 人称的变化a) He said,”I like it very much.”He said that he liked it very much.b) He said to me,”I have left my book in your room.”He told me that he had left his book in my room.c) “I dont love her.” he says. 他说：“我不爱她。”He says that he doesnt love her. 他说他不

4、爱她。将直接引语中的人称代词物主代词等转移到间接引语中时,要作相应的调整直接引语中的第一人称要按照主句中的主语人称来变化;直接引语中的第二人称要按照主句中的宾语的人称来变化; 直接引语中的第三人称一般不需要变化简记为“一看主语二看宾语三不变”。【注意】(1)若引述动词用的是say to sb，则通常改为tell sb：“Its a secret.” he said to me. 他对我说：“这是秘密。”He told me that it was a secret. 他对我说那是秘密。(2)若直接引语是两个并列的陈述句，要注意在第二个宾语从句前加连词that：He says, “I like

5、singing and I want to be a singer.” 他说：“我喜欢唱歌，我想当歌手。”He says that he likes singing and that he wanted to be a singer. 他说他喜欢唱歌，想当歌手。在此种情况下，引导第一个宾语从句的that有时可以省略，但引导第二个宾语从句的that通常不省略，以免误解。 2)时态的变化如主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，直接引语变间接引语时，从句的谓语动词在时态方面要做相应的变化。如主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的时态无需变化。变化规律见下表。直 接 引 语间 接 引 语一般现在时一般过去

6、时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时一般过去时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时cancouldmaymightshallshouldwillwouldmustMust/had to直接引语转换成间接接引语时时态的变化例 句直接引语间接引语一般现在时一般过去时“I dont want to set down a series of facts in a dariy,” said Ann.Ann said that she didnt want to set down a series of facts in a dairy.现在进行时过去进行时The boy said,“

7、I am using a knife.”The boy said that he was using a knife.现在完成时过去完成时Cella said,“I have not heard from Jordan since May.”Cella said that she had not heard from Jordan since May.”一般将来时过去将来时Zhou Lan said, “Ill do it after class“Zhou Lan said that she would do it after class.一般过去时过去完成时They said,“we saw

8、 her in the street.”They said that they had seen her in the street.过去完成时过去完成时He said,“I had finished my homework before supper.”He said that he had finished his homework before supper.3）指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化归纳表直接引语间接引语指示代词this这these 这些that 那those 那些时间状 语now 现在by now/so far 到现在（目前）为止then 那时by then 到那时

9、为止today 今天that day 那天this morning/afternoon/evening 今天上午/下午/晚上that morning/afternoon/evening 那天上午/下午/晚上this week/month/term/year/holiday/Monday本（这个）星期/月/假期/年/周一that week/month/term/year/holiday/Monday那（个）星期/月/假期/年/周一yesterday 昨天the day before 前（头）一天yesterday morning/afternoon/evening 昨天上午/下午/晚上the m

10、orning/afternoon/evening before前一天上午/下午/晚上last night/week/ month/term/year/holiday/Monday 昨天晚上/上月/学期/去年/上个假期/周一the night/week/ month/term/year/holiday/Monday before 前一个晚上/周/月/学期/假期/星期一the day before yesterday 前天two days before/earlier 两天前the night/week/ month/term/year/holiday/Monday before last 前天晚

11、上/上上周/上上个月/上上学期/前年/上上个假期/上上个星期一two nights/weeks/months/terms/years/holidays/Mondays before 两个晚上/星期/月/学期/年/假期/星期一以前three days/a year ago 三天/一年前three days/a year before 前三天/一年ago 以前before 以前tomorrow 明天the next/following day 第二天tomorrow morning/afternoon/evening 明天上午/下午/晚上the next/following morning/aft

12、ernoon/evening第二天上午/下午/晚上next week/month/term/ /holiday/Monday/ year 下个星期/月/学期/假期/周一/明年 the next/following week/month/term/ /holiday/Monday/ year 下一个星期/月/学期/假期/周一/年the day after tomorrow 后天two days later/in two days/in two days time两天后the week/ month/term/year/holiday/Monday after next下下周/个月/学期/年/个假

13、期/个星期一in two weeks/months/terms/years/holidays/Mondays /in two weeks/months/terms/years/holidays/Mondays time /two weeks/months/terms/years/holidays/Monday later 两个周/月/学期/年/个假期/个星期一以后地点状语here 这儿there 那儿动词come 来go 去bring 带来take 带去2.一般疑问句直接引语如果是一般疑问句，将直接引语变间接引语为由if/whether引导的宾语从句，方法是：将直接引语变为由if或whethe

14、r引导的宾语从句跟在引述动词之后，间接引语必须用陈述句语序，引述动词是say或said时，要改为ask或asked.没有间接宾语的，可以根据情况加上。例如：“Are you ill?” he asked. 他问：“你病了吗？”He asked (me) if whether I was ill. 他问我是否病了。“Do you think a diary can become your friend?”the writer says.作者问，“你们认为日记能成为你们的朋友吗？”The writer asks us if we think a diary can become our frien

15、d.作者问我们日记是否能成为我们的朋友。He said ,”Are you interested in English?”他问道：“你对英语感兴趣吗？”He asked (me) if I was interested in English.他问我是否对英语感兴趣。She said , “Did you see him last night?”她问：“你昨天晚上看到他了吗？”She asked (me ) if/whether I had seen him the night before. 她问我前一天晚上是否看到他了。3.特殊疑问句直接引语如果是特殊疑问句，将直接引语变间接引语为仍用原来的

16、疑问词引导的宾语从句。He asked, “When did she leave?” 他问：“她什么时候离开的？”He asked when she had left. 他问她什么时候离开的。“What do you want?” he asked me.“你想要什么？”他问我。He asked me what I wanted. 他问我想要什么。“When did you go to bed last night?” Father said to Ann.爸爸问安妮“你昨晚什么时候睡的觉？”Father asked Ann when she went to bed the night bef

17、ore.爸爸问安妮她头天晚上什么时候睡的觉。.【注意】(1)改为宾语从句的间接引语要用陈述句词序。(2)若直接引语引述动词为say/said，改成间接引语应将其改为ask/asked等。 (3)没有间接宾语的，可以根据情况加上sb。The teacher said,”Tom ,what will you do next Wednesday?”老师说“汤姆，你下周三将要做什么”?The teacher asked Tom what he would do the next Wednesday.老师问汤姆他下一个星期三将要做什么。4. 祈使句 直接引语如果是祈使句，根据语义将其改为间接引语为ask

18、 /tell/order sb to do sth这一结构，若祈使句为否定式，则用ask /tell/ask sb not to do sth，其中ask, tell, order的选择视句子的语气而定：“Come early tomorrow, Jim.” he said. 他说：“吉姆，明天早点来。”He told Jim to come early the next day. 他叫吉姆第二天早点来。“Dont be late again, Mary.” he said. 他说：“玛丽，不要再迟到了。”He told Mary not to be late again. 他叫玛丽不要再迟到

19、了。The general said to the soldiers,”Start out at once!”将军对士兵说“立即出发！”The general ordered the soldiers to start out at once.将军命令士兵立即出发。补充材料：一直接引语与间接引语的变化动词时态的改变之特别强调直接引语变成间接引语时，由于引述动词（said，asked,told等）一般都是过去时形式，因此间接引语中的动词时态、人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语,个别动词等一般都要做相应的变化。有下面几种情况：1. 现在时间推移到过去时间（即一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时变为

20、一般过去时，过去进行时，过去完成时）所谓现在时间推移到过去时间指一般现在时变为一般过去时，现在进行时变成过去进行时，现在完成时变成过去完成时。例 如：She said, “I am hungry.” She said (that) she was hungry.Vince said, “I have found whats wrong with the computer.” Vince said he had found what was wrong with the computer.在下列场合，尽管陈述动词为过去时形式，间接引语中的动词时态却不必改变，即：(1) 当引述的是客观事实、科学真

21、理、现在习惯工作以及格言等内容时：He said, “The word laser is an acronym(首字母缩略词).” He said the word laser is an acronym.“The moon moves round the earth,” the teacher said to the students. The teacher told the students that the moon moves round the earth. (2) 当动词所表示的状态或动作在引述时仍在继续时：“Im forty,” he said. He said he is f

22、orty.(3) 当谓语动词包含无过去时形式的情态助动词时：He said, “It must be pretty late. I really must go.” He said it must be pretty late, and he really must go.He said, “You mustnt smoke in the room.” He said I mustnt smoke in the room.2. 过去时间推移到过去的过去（即一般过去时变过去完成时）这里需要注意以下几点：(1) 当强调动作或状态先于引述动词said,told,asked等时，一般过去时要变成过去完

23、成体。例如：He said, “I didnt know you.” He said he hadnt known me. 当“过去的过去”已经不言自明，或者通过其他词汇手段予以体现，或者侧重于强调所转述的事实本身时，尤其是时间状语为in,on,at,during等介词短语时，一般过去时形式可以不变。例如： Ann said, “She was born in 1981.” Ann said she was born in 1981. （2）当直接引语为历史事件等时，一般过去时不改变。例如： The history teacher said to us,“The May 4th Movemen

24、ts took place in 1919.”老师对我们说“五四运动爆发于1919年。“ The history teacher told us that the May 4th Movements took place in 1919.老师告诉我们说五四运动爆发于1919年。(3) 过去进行时可以变成过去完成进行时，也可以不变。例如：Robert said, “I was joking with Mary.” Robert said he had been joking with Mary.或 Robert said he was joking with Mary.(4) 过去完成时仍为过去

25、完成时，不需改变。例如：He said, “We hadnt returned to the store when she came.” He said they hadnt returned to the store when she came.(4) 时间状语从句中的一般过去式或者过去进行时可以不变。例如：John said, “When I lived in London I often saw Jane.” John said when he lived in London he had often seen Jane.3. 将来时间推移到过去将来时间（即一般将来时变过去将来时）最常见

26、的是把表示将来时间的助动词由现在时形式变为过去时形式。例如：He said, “Were spending next weekend at home.” He said they were spending the next weekend at home.They said, “Were going to Hawaii this summer vacation.” They said they were going to Hawaii that summer vacation.但是，在引述时，如果原话中的动作或者状态属于尚未到来的将来时间，那么，可以不推移到过去将来时间。例如：She sai

27、d, “I first met your brother here.” She said she first met my brother there.“Are the children here?” father asked. Father asked whether the children were here.人称代词、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语的变化由上面的例子可以看出，当直接引语变成间接引语时，除动词时态变化外，人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语等通常也作相应的变化。(1) 人称代词，除引述本人原话外，通常第一、二人称变为第三人称，或者第二人称变为第一人称；限定词也作相应的变化。

28、例如：He said, “We love our country.” He said they love their county.(2) 指示代词this，these分别变成that/it，those/they或them；指示限定词this，those通常变为that，those或the。例如：“This house is very expensive,” she said. She said that house was very expensive. (3) 时间状语在间接引语中的变化有三种情况：a. 时间状语和动词时态两者都变。例如： He said, “It was complete

29、s a year ago.” He said it had been completed a year before.b. 时间状语不变，动词时态可变可不变。例如：She said, “We left Paris at 8 a.m.” She said they had left Paris at 8 a.m. She said they left Paris at 8 a.m.c. 时间状语变与不变需视具体情况而定，如果引述时间和说话时间（如同一年、同一月、同一天等），时间状语可不变。例如：Mr. Black said, “We started learning Chinese last m

30、onth.” Mr. Black said they had started learning Chinese last month. （同一月引述） Mr. Black said they had started learning Chinese the previous month. （可在同一月引述，也可不在同一月引述）(4) 地点状语here通常变为there；但若说话人所在地也就是引述人所在地，可仍用here，也可用具体地点代替here。例如：She said, “I first met your brother here.” She said she first met my br

31、other there.“Are the children here?” Father asked. Father asked whether the children were here.二、直接引语和间接引语正误例析1. “Speak English more often in and out of class,” our English teacher said to us. Our English teacher suggested us to speak English more often in and out of class. (误) Our English teacher t

32、old /asked us to speak English more often in and out of class. (正) Our English teacher suggested that we (should)speak English more often in and out of class. (正) 简析：直接引语是祈使句，变为间接引语时，要将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式，并在不定式的前面根据语气需要使用ask, tell, order等动词，其句型是：ask/tell/order someone to do sth.，但是suggest不能接不定式作宾补，只能接

33、-ing形式或从句(从句用虚拟语气)作宾语。 2. “Dont play football on the street, little boys,” the policeman said. The policeman told the little boys did not play football on the street. (误) The policeman told the little boys not to play football on the street. (正) 简析：如果直接引语是祈使句的否定式，变为间接引语时,要将其改为不定式的否定形式作宾补，不定式的否定形式是在不

34、定式前面加not，而不是加do not, does not, did not等。 3. “Would you please do me the favor to carry the box upstairs?” the young woman said to me. The young woman ordered me to carry the box upstairs for her. (误)The young woman asked me to carry the box upstairs for her. (正) 简析：直接引语是一些表示请求、建议的疑问句，变为间接引语时，也变为不定式作

35、宾语补足语。需要注意的是应根据原句的语气选用恰当的动词。因为此处原来的疑问句用的是很客气的语气，改写后不宜用order。 4. “You clean the classroom after class today, Tom,” said the monitor. The monitor said that Tom cleaned the classroom after class that day.(误) The monitor told Tom to clean the classroom after class that day. (正) 简析：一般而言，祈使句是以动词原形开头的，但是如果

36、说话人有意强调动作执行者，也可以在句首加上主语。我们在将其变为间接引语时不能将带有主语的祈使句与陈述句混淆起来。 5. “Its a fine day. Lets go to the country for a picnic,” Peter said to me. Peter told me that it was a fine day and let us go to the country for a picnic. (误) Peter said that it was a fine day and asked me to go to the country for a picnic wi

37、th him. (正) 简析：当直接引语中有多种句子形式如陈述句、祈使句、疑问句等时，我们就要用不同的方式将各种句子进行转述。因为原句中直接引语前面部分是陈述句，故变为由that引导的宾语从句，后面部分是祈使句所以变为不定式作宾补。三、练习题I. 将下列句子变为间接引语 1. “You should be more careful next time,” his father said to him.2. Mr. Wang s

38、aid, “I will leave for Shanghai on business next month, children.”3. “I havent heard from my parents these days,” said Mary.4. The geography teacher said to us, “The

39、 moon moves around the earth and the earth goes round the sun.”5. She said to him, “Its time that you left here.”6. Zhang Hong said to me, “Doctor Wang

40、0;passed away in 1948.”7. John said to his parents, “I had learned 500 Chinese words by the end of last term.”8. The history teacher said to them, “The Chinese&

41、#160;Communist Party was founded on July 1st, 1921.”9. He said, “Are you a student?”10. “Have you anything interesting I can read, George?” she said.11. “Shes here to ask

42、 for help, isnt she?” he asked.12. “Where are you going?” the father asked his son.13. “Are you sorry for what you have done?” the mother asked the naughty 

43、;boy.14. She said, “Did you meet this man at the station two hours ago, Mr. Li?”15. “Write your names on your papers first,” the teacher said to us.16. “Please&

44、#160;come here again tomorrow,” her friend said to her.17. “Let me pack the parcel for you,” he said.18. “Dont make so much noise in class, boys and girls,” sai

45、d the teacher.19. “What a lovely day it is!”20. “Happy New Year to you!” he said.II. 把下列句子变为直接引语 1. I told him that I had lost my money and that I wou

46、ld find it.2. She asked whether I would be free the next day or not.3. I asked her where she was going and what she was going to do the next day.

47、4. His father told him not to climb that high tree in his new coat.5. The stranger asked me what my name was.6. She said that she would finish her wor

48、k the next day.7. The teacher asked if we could do it.8. The commander ordered his men not to cross the river before dawn.9. My teacher asked whether he wa

49、s coming.10. The scientist asked me what I was doing.I. 将下列句子变为间接引语 1. His father told him that he should be more careful the next time.2. Mr. Wang told the

50、0;children that he would leave for Shanghai on business the next month.3. Mary said that she hadnt heard from her parents those days.4. The geography teacher told us

51、 that the moon moves around the earth and the earth goes roundthe sun.5. She told him that it was time that he left there.6. Zhang Hong told me that D

52、octor Wang passed away in 1948.7. John told his parents that he had learned 500 Chinese words by the end of last term.8. The history teacher told them that 

53、;the Chinese Communist Party was founded on July 1st, 1921.9. He asked whether I was a student.10. She asked George if he had anything interesting she could read.11.

54、 He asked whether she was there to ask for help or not.12. The father asked his son where he was going.13. The mother asked the naughty boy if he was&

55、#160;sorry for what he had done.14. She asked Mr. Li whether he had met that man at the station two hours before.15. The teacher told us to write our names

56、 on our papers first.16. Her friend asked her to go there again the next/ following day.7. He offered to pack the parcel for me.18. The teacher told the bo

57、ys and girls not to make so much noise in class.19. He/ She exclaimed that it was really a lovely day.20. He wished me a Happy New Year.I. 把下列句子变为直接引语 1.&#

58、160;I said to him, “I have lost my money. I will find it.”2. She asked, “You will be free tomorrow, wont you?”3. I asked her, “Where are you going and what are you going to do tomorrow?”4. His father said, “Dont climb this high tree in your new coat.”5.&