第12章完成时OK

1、第12章 完成时典型例句66. She has appeared in dozens of films. 她曾在几十部电影里扮演角色。67.  Its the most interesting book Ive ever read. 这是我读过的最有意思的书。68. Ive spoken English all my life. 我讲了一辈子英语了。69. My sister has been engaged for two months. 我妹妹已订婚有两个月了。70. They have been asking a lot of questions. 他们不断提出一个又一个问题。

2、71. Ive been waiting for hours and he still hasnt come. 我已经等他好几个小时了，可他还没有到。72. I had known him when I was a child. 我还是小孩子时就认识他了。73. By last May Tom had lived in New York for 20 years. 到去年5月，汤姆已在纽约住了20年了。74. By the year 2015 the population here will have risen to over 20million.到2015年，这里的人口将逾2000万。75

3、. It will have been raining tomorrow night. 明晚将下雨。完成时包括一般现在完成时（The Present Perfect）、现在完成进行时(The Present Perfect Continuous)、过去完成时（The Past Perfect）、过去完成进行时(The Past Perfect Continuous)、将来完成时(The future Perfect)、将来完成进行时(The Future Perfect Continuous)、过去将来完成时（The Past Future Perfect）、过去将来完成进行时(The Pas

4、t Future Perfect Continuous)。本章就常用的完成时态进行讲解。12.1 现在完成时现在完成时用于过去发生的动作或状态与现在的联系，包括对现在的影响、造成的结果以及动作的持续等。现在完成时的形式是由“have / has + 过去分词”构成。12.1.1 现在完成时的构成肯定句：主语 + have / has + 过去分词否定句：主语 + have / has + not + 过去分词疑问句：Have / Has + 主语 + 运去分词?疑问代词/疑问副词 + have / has + 主语 + 运去分词?12.1.2 现在完成时的肯定句句型：主语（第三人称单数以外的人

5、称） + have + 过去分词主语（第三人称单数）+ has + 过去分词现在完成时的肯定句由助动词have / has 加过去分词构成：Ive written six letters today. 我今天已写了6封信。Hes gone shopping. 他去买东西了。Its been cloudy all morning. 整个上午都是阴天。We have often been there. 我们常到那里去。Ive never been to Paris. 我从未到过巴黎。P19812.1.2 现在完成时的否定句句型：主语 + have / has + not + 过去分词现在完成时的否

6、定句是在助动词have / has 后加not，之后是过去分词：She hasnt answered yet. 她还没有回答。I havent seen him for a long time. 我已经很久没见到他了。John hasnt done much work yet, but Jane has already finished. 约翰还没做多少事，简却已经把工作做完了。The road hasnt been cleaned since it snowed. 自下过雪以后这条路一直没有清扫过。12.1.4 现在完成时的一般疑问句句型：Have / Has + 主语 + 运去分词?回答方

7、式：Yes,主语 + have / has. No,主语 + have / has + not.现在完成时的一般疑问句是将助动词have / has 置于主语之前（大写have / has后的第一个字母），在句尾加问号；这种语序是倒装语序：Has anyone been here? - Yes, someone has (been here). 有人来过吗？-是，有人来过。Have you done it? - Yes, I have. / No, I havent. 你做这件事了吗？-是的，我做完了。/不，我没有。Have you finished? - Yes, I have. / no,

8、 I havent.你做完了吗？-是的，我做完了/不，我没做完。Have you ever been to India? - Yes, I have. / No, I havent.你去过印度吗？-是的，我去过。/不，我没去过。Have you had breakfast already? - Yes, I have. 你已经吃过早餐了吗？-是的，我吃过了。Have you met your new neighbors? - Not so far. 你见过你的新邻居没有？-至今还没有。12.1.5 现在完成时的特殊疑问句句型：疑问代词/疑问副词 + have / has + 主语 + 运去分词

9、?现在完成时的自然现象疑问句是将疑问代词/疑问副词置于助动词have / has 之前(have / has 的第一个字母无需大写)，和一般疑问句差不多；这种语序是倒装语序。就主语提问时，将疑问代词或带有疑问限定词的名词词组置于助动词have / has 之前，在句尾加问号；这种语序是陈述句语序：What books have you read on this subject? 你读过哪些关于这方面的书？What have you been busy with recently? 最近你在忙什么？Where have you been all this while? 这一阵子你在哪里？How

10、long have you studied English? 你学英语多久了？How long have you lived here? - Ive lived here for five years.你住在这里多久了？-我在这里住了5年了。How far have you got with your book? - Ive got up to the last chapter.那本书你读了多少了？-我看到最后一章了。12.1.6 现在完成时的用法1. 表示结束、结果现在完成时表示一个过去发生并结束的动作对现在产生的影响。这一类情况可以细分为下述两种情况：表示开始于过去的动作刚刚结束。常和al

11、ready（已经），just（刚刚），now（现在），yet(迄今、还)，notyet（还没有）等连用：Ive already read that book. 我已经读过那本书。Youre too late; the train has just left. 你来得太晚了，火车刚开走。P200表示过去动作的结果，现在仍残留着；一般不用时间状语：It has just snowed. 刚刚下过雪。（地上有积雪）I have lost my watch. 我把手表丢了。(现在仍未找到)The concert has started. We have to look for our seats in

12、 the dark.音乐会已经开始了，我们得在黑暗中找座位。The presidents sudden death has left the country leaderless. 总统突然去世，使国处于无领袖状态。2. 表示继续表示过去已经开始，持续到现在，仍要继续下去的动作或状态。往往和表示一段时间包括现在时间在内的状语连用，如today（今天），this week / month（本周/月），lately（最近），recently（最近），these days（这些日子），in the past few years（在过去的几年里），since（从以来），since yesterday（

13、从昨天以来），for a long time（很长时间），for a month / several years（一个月/几年），so far（迄今为止），up to now（直到现在），till / until now（直到现在）等：Hes known me for over twenty years. 他和我相识已20多年了。Has he studied French very long? 他学习法语很久了吗？How long have you studied English? 你学英语多久了？（现在仍在学）Up to now / Until now weve had no problem

14、s. 直到现在为止，我们没有碰到任何问题。3. 表示经历和经验表示从过去到现在之间经历过的事情。常和often（常常），never（从来没有），ever（曾经），once（一次），twice（两次），three times（三次），before(在之前)，since（自以来）等连用：Havent I seen you before? 我以前见过你吧？He has known both grief and happiness. 悲伤和欢乐的滋味他都尝过。P201We have not been to the cinema recently. 我们最近没有去过电影院。I have not seen

15、 that film yet. 我还没有看过那部电影。Her husband died ten years ago, but she has since remarried. 她丈夫10年前去世，她后来又嫁人了。I've read the novel twice. 这部小时我看了两遍。I've never been so annoyed in all my life!(=I was extremely annoyed)我这一生从没有这样恼火过！。用于状语从句在时间或条件中，通常用现在完成时代替将来完成时，表示将来某一时刻已完成的动作:Tell me what you think

16、 of the book when you've read it.他看完这本书后，告诉我你的想法。We'll start at 2 o'clock pm if it has stopped raining by then.我们将于下午点开始，如果那时雨停了的话。12.1.7关于现在完成时用法的补充说明.关于短暂动作动词的用法终止性动词(亦称点动词)如come(来)，go（去），leave（离开），buy（买），borrow（借），join（参加），die（去世），marry（结婚），lose（失去），begin（开始），stop（停止），getup（起床）等表示的动作有

17、一个终点，到了终点就不在延续。也就是说，此类动词只表示短暂的动作，因此不能与表示延续的时间状语连用:不可以说：I'veleftNewYork for three days.可以说：I've beenawayfromNew York for three days.（这时需要使用e动词来表示延续的状态）可以说:I've New York three days ago.我是天前离开纽约的。如果现在完成时的谓语动词是持续较短的动态动词（点动词），通常用否定结构；在这种情况下可以和表示一段时间的短语连用。因为点动词的这种否定结构构成一种状态，而这一状态是可以持续的:They ha

18、ven't written to me for 3 years.他们有年没有给我写信了。She hasn't left home for several days.她已有几天没有出门了。(表示"足不出户"这一状态)They haven't visited us since 2000.自2000年以来他们就没有拜访过我们。表示短暂动作的动词用于完成时，通常表示目前的结果：She's recovered from her illness.她已经痊愈。（含义是：仍会借用其他语言的词汇。）I've lost my keys. Have you

19、 seen them anywhere? 我丢了一串钥匙，你们看见没有？（含义是：现在仍未找到。）。关于“have/has + got "的用法get的现在完成时是"has/has(作"有"解），现在完成时仅是一个形式；实际上不能作为get的现在完成时理解：Have you got a car? 你有汽车吗？Have you got a spare moment? 你现在有空吗？I've got a new bike.我有一辆自行车。She's got blue eyes.她有一双蓝眼睛。“have/has + got+不定式”表示必须；

20、相当于"have/has+不定式的用法：It has got to be done today.这事今天必须做。We've got to be careful.我们必须小心点。Have you got to go now?你现在非得走吗？I've got to go to a meeting.我得去参加会议。12.1.8现在完成时和一般过去时的比较现在完成时的时间概念有时是不明确的。我们所关心的是现存的结果或者过去的事对现在的影响：Winter is past and spring has come.冬天过去了，春天已经来临。（含义是：春天刚刚开始）He has co

21、me home.他已经回家了.(含义是：他现在在家有事可以去找他。）I've just opened the window.我刚刚打开窗户>（缓役是：现在窗户还开着。）I think my watch has stopped. (=is no longer working)我想我的表停了。（含义是：现在仍不走。）表示过去固定的状语如ago在以前），yesterday（昨日）以及由when引起的疑问句，皆不可与现在完成时连用。一般过去时的时间概念是明确的，因为我们关心的是过去的时间或过去的结果：Have you had breakfast already?-Yes，I had br

22、eakfast two hours ago. 你已经吃过早饭了吗？-是的，我两小时前就吃过早饭了。Have you decided already?-Yes, I decided at once.你已经觉得了？是的，我当时就决定了。He came here for a holiday several years ago and he is lived here ever since.几年前他来这里度假，从那以后他一直住在这个地方。I came here a year ago.我一年前到这里。I have been here for a year. 我来这里已有一年了。（还要在这里呆下去）I&#

23、39;ve eaten those apples.我把那些苹果吃了。（现在那些苹果没了）I hope you washed apples before you ate them.单元你吃之前把苹果洗过。（强调吃和洗的动作）有些时间状语如today（今天），this month（这个月），this year（今年），recently（最近），just（刚刚），always（总是），ever（曾经），never（从来没有）等，既可以用于现在完成时，亦可以用于一般过去时，意义差别不大：I've just met with a friend in the street.我刚才在街上遇见一个朋友

24、。I've lived in London recently三.最近我才住在伦敦。I lived in London until quite recently.前不久前我才我住伦敦。但是，有些时间状语如thismorning（今天上午），tonight（今天晚上），this April（今年月）等可用于现在完成时，亦可用于一般过去时，意义却有差别：We have had an outing this April.月份我们出去玩了。（说话还是月份）We had an outing this April.今年月份我们出去玩过了。（说话时鱼粉已经过)去I've seen him th

25、is morning .我们今天上午见到他。（说话时还是上午：I saw him this morning.我今天上午见到过他。（说话时已是下午或晚上）12.2现在完成进行时现在完成进行时表示过去发生的动作或状态一直坚持到现在，这个动作仍在继续进行或刚刚结束。现在完成进行时由于“have/has +been+现在分词”构成。12.2.1现在完成进行时的构成肯定句：主语+have/has + been +现在分词。否定句：主语+have/has + not +been+现在分词。疑问句“Have/Has+主语been+现在分词。？12.2.2现在完成进行时的肯定句句型“主语have/has +

26、been+现在分词。”现在完成进行时的肯定句由于"助语动词have/ has + been(been是be动词的过去分词）现在分词“的构成I've been reading. 我一直在阅读。I've been trying to find out her telephone number.我一直在查问她的电话号码。They have been widening the road.他们在拓宽这条路。She is very tired. She's been typing letters all day.她很累了。她整天都在录入信件。He has just arr

27、ived. We've been expecting him for some time.他刚到。我们等他有一会儿了。I've been working for this firm for 15 years.我一直在这家公司工作，已有年了。All these days the local people have been fighting against the flood.最近一段时间当地人民一直在同洪水做斗争。12.2.3现在完成进行时的否定句句型；主语have/has + not + been +现在分词.现在完成进行时的否定句是在助动词have/has后加not，之后是

28、“be动词的过去分词been现在分词”：I've not been feeling very well for past few days.这几天以来，我一直感到不太舒服。It hasnt been working properly for three weeks.它已有个星期运作不正常了。12.2.4现在完成进行时的一般疑问句句型：Have/Has+主语been现在分词.?回答方式:Yes,主语havehasnot（been-现在分词.)现在完成进行时的一般疑问句是讲助动词havehas置于主语之前（大写havehas的第一个字母），在句尾加问号；这种语序是到装语序：Have you

29、 been writing books for long? 你写书已经很长时间了吗？Have you been cleaning the room?-No, I've not been cleaning the room, but I've been cleaning the garage.一一直在打扫房间吗？-不是，我没在打扫房间，我一直在清扫车库。Have you been working all morning?-Yes, we've been working 4 hours without a break.你们一上午都在工作吗？-是，我们连续工作了4个小时没休息

30、。Have they been typing the letters?-Yes, they have. They've typed five of them so far.他们一直在打信吗？-是的，他们一直在打，到目前为止，他们打完了5封信了。12.2.5现在完成进行时的特殊疑问句句型：疑问代词/疑问副词+have/has+主语+been+现在分词.？现在完成进行时的特殊疑问句是讲疑问代词/疑问副词置于助动词或带有疑问限定词名词词组置于助动词have/has之前，在句尾加问好 ；这种语序是陈述句语序：Who's been eating my dinner? 谁一直在吃我的饭？Y

31、ou look dirty. What have you been doing?-I've been cleaning the garage.你看上去很脏，干什么了？-我一直在打扫车库。You've taken your time! What on earth have you been doing?你可真都慢的！你到底一直在干什么？How long have you been waiting in this waiting room?-I've been waiting here for half an hour.你在这接待室里等了多久了？-我在这里等了半个小时了。1

32、2.2.6现在完成进行时的用法1。表示过去发生并持续到现在的动作现在完成进行时表示现在以前这一段时间里一直在进行的一个动作，这个动作可能仍在记性，也可能停止了一会儿：I've been waiting for you since morning.我从上午一直在等你。How long have you been learning English? 你学习英语多久了？How long has it been snowing? 雪下多久了？（还在下雪）I've been meaning to speak to you for some time past.这些日子以来我一直想和你谈谈

33、I've been meaning to speak to you for some time past.这些日子以来我一直在和你谈谈How long have you been studying here?-I've been studying here for five years.你在这里学习多久了？-我在这里学习了5年了。（未间断过）I've been studying the book all term.我整个学期都在学这本书。2.表示现在经常重复的动作Jack has been phoning Jane every night for the last we

34、ek. 上星期杰克天天晚上给简打电话。We've been seeing quite a lot of each other recently.最近我们常常见面。3。用语得出结论现在完成进行时可以表示根据直接或见解的证据而得出结论：His eyes are red. He has been working too hard recently.他眼睛红了，准是最近工作太紧张了。 12.2.7现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别现在完成进行时强调动作在某一时刻内一直在进行，而且动作现在有结果。到目前为止，该动作可能已经不在继续进行，也可能还在继续进行，这要根据上下文里确定。句子中常含有“all

35、+表示时间的词语”。如all day（一整天），all morning（一上午），for（有多久）和since （自以来）。现在完成进行时通常表示尚未完成的动作；现在完成时则表示已完成的动作。有些动词如learn（学习），lie（躺），live（居住），rain（下雨），sleep（睡），study（学习），wait（等候），work（工作）等本身就有持续性，其现在完成进行时形式和现在完成时形式可以互换，唯一的区别是前者更强调动作的持续性:Where have you been? What have you been doing? 你到哪里去了?干什么去了？I've been doin

36、g my homework.我一直在做作业。（还在做）I've finished my homework.我已做完作业了。（已完成）We've been talking to him all morning.我们今天一上午都在同他谈话。（可能还没谈完）We've talked to him this morning.我们今天上午同他谈过话。（已谈完）I've been cleaning this room.我一直在打扫这个房间/I've cleaned this room.我已打扫过这个房间了。I had been working in this uni

37、versity for 20 years.我在这所大学一直工作了20年。I've worked in this university for 20 years.我已在这所大学工作了20年。现在英语，特别是口语，对于像lie（躺），sit（坐），stay（暂住），wait（等候）等动词，用现在完成进行时比用现在完成时更和习惯：He has been sitting there studying all evening. 他整个晚上都在哪儿学习。I've been waiting for you since morning.我从上午一直在等你。We've been stay

38、ing in a hotel since we came here.自从到这里以后，我们一直住在旅馆。12.3过去完成进行时过去完成进行时表示在过去较早的是内进行的动作，并对过去某一刻的动作或状态产生结果。过去完成进行时由had been 加现在分词构成。12.2.1过去饭碗厂进行时的构成肯定句：主语+had been+现在分词疑问句：疑问代词/疑问副词+had+主语+been+现在分词。？12.3.2过去完成进行时的肯定句句型：主语+had been+现在分词。过去完成进行时的肯定句由于“助动词had +been（been为be动词的过去分词）+现在分词”构成 She was tired.

39、She had been working all day.她很累了。她整天都在动作。When I first met Jane, she had been working in that school for 10 years.我第一次遇到简的时候，她已在那所学校干了10年了。12.3.3过去完成进行时的特殊疑问句句型：疑问代词/疑问副词+had+主语+been+现在分词。？过去完成进行时的特殊疑问句是讲疑问代词/疑问副词置于助动词had之前（had的第一个字母无须大写），和一般疑问句差不多；这种语序是到装语序。就是主语提问时，在句尾加问好；这种语序是陈述句序：How long had it

40、been raining before you shut the window? 你关窗户之前雨下了多久？12.3.4过去完成时的用法1。表示过去某时以前持续的动作过去完成进行时以前持续的动作过去完成进行时的主要特点与现在完成进行时的主要特点基本相似，只是时间推移到了过去：I'm tired, because I've been working all day.我累了，我干了一整天的活儿。I was tired that day, because I had been working all day.我那天累了，干了一整天的活。His eyes are red. He has

41、been working too hard recently.他眼睛红了，准是最近工作太紧张了。His eyes were red. It was obvious that he had been working too hard.他眼睛红了，显然是前一段时间他工作太紧张了。过去完成几逆行时表示一个动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到另一个过去时刻，到那个时刻，该动作可能刚刚终止，也可能还在继续：At last they got the information they had been expecting.最后他们得到了盼望得到的信息。（刚刚终止）When I got home ,I found

42、that Jack had been working on his home-work.当我回家时，发现杰克在做作业。（可能还继续）I had been waiting for them for 20 minutes before they came.他们到来之前我已经在这里等了20分钟了。（刚刚终止）By the end of last term we had been learning most of the lessons of New Concept English, Book 2.到上学期末,我们学习了<新概念英语2>第二册的大部分课程.(可能还在继续)过去完成进行时表示

43、一个动作已经结束,但其结果儿女个人影响到过去某一时刻:It had been snowing for several days. The ground was all covered with snow.接连下了几天的雪,地上到处是积雪.某些表示持续动作的动词如work(工作),teach(教授),study(学习),sing(演唱)等,在与表示一段时间的状语连用时，可用过去完成进行时和过去完成时，表示一个动作一直在延续到过去某一时刻,但前者更强调动作的持续性和不间断性:I'd been studying for 2 hours when he called.他打电话来的时候,我坚持学

44、习了两小时.I'd studied for 2 hours when he called.他打电话来的时候,我已经学习了两个小时了.2.用于得出结论过去完成进行时可以表示根据直接或间接的证据而得来的结论:His eyes were red. It was obvious that he had been working too hard.他眼睛红了,显然前一段时间他工作太紧张了.3.用于间接引语They said they had been having a match with Class One.他们说刚才和1班进行了一场比赛.这个时态的用法可以下图表示: 时间 这段时间一直进行的

45、动作 过去 现在 (过去完成进行时) 12.4过去完成时过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前已完成的动作或状态9亦可以说是"过去的过去").过去完成时由had加过去分词构成.12.4.1过去完成时的构成肯定句:主语+had+过去分词.否定句:主语+ had + not+过去分词.疑问句:had+主语+过去分词.?疑问代词/疑问副词+had+主语+过去分词?12.4.2 过去完成时的肯定句句型：主语 + had + 过去分词过去完成时的肯定句由助动词had加过去分词构成：He had already been to New York earlier in the week

46、.本周早些时候他去过纽约。She didnt go to bed until she had finished her work.直到把工作做完之后她才睡觉。Jane had just left when you rang.你打电话时简刚走。12.4.3 过去完成时的否定句句型：主语 + had + not + 过去分词过去完成时的否定句是在助动词had后加not，之后是过去分词：At that time we hadnt met her.那时我们还没有见到她。By Tuesday he hadnt done it.到星期二他还没有做完。He hadnt finished his homewo

47、rk when I returned.我回来时他还没做完作业。The country had not yet recovered from the effects of the war.这个国家尚未从战争的影响下复原。She told me she hadnt enjoyed the film, but I decided to go and see it all the same.她对我说她一点都不喜欢那部电影，但我还是决定去看看。12.4.4 过去完成时的疑问句一般疑问句句型：Had + 主语 + 过去分词?回答方式：Yes, 主语 + had. No, 主语 + had + not.过去

48、完成时的疑问句是将助动词had置于主语之前(大写had的第一个字母)，在句尾加问号；这种语序是倒装语序：I visited the museum yesterday. -Had you visited it before?-Yes, I had./ No, I hadnt.昨天我参观了这个博物馆。-你以前参观过这个博物馆吗？-是，我去过。/没有，我以前没有去过。12.4.5 过去完成时的用法1 表示较早的过去表示较早的过去，即某一时刻之前已完成的动作或状态：The patient had died when the doctor arrived.医生到达时，病人已死了。He had alrea

49、dy gone when I arrived.等我到达时，他已经走了。In 1980 , Id never been to Paris.(= I never went there before 1980.)1980年之前我从未去过巴黎After we had landed, the plane was searched thoroughly.我们降落后，飞机被彻底搜查了一遍。I hadnt had any English before I went to the primary school.我上小学之前没有学过英语。When she heard that her father had die

50、d in the accident, she burst out crying.当她听说她父亲在那次事故中丧生时便大哭起来。Until last week I hadnt seen her since 1993. 从1993年起直到上星期为止，我一直没有见过她。2 用于间接引语过去完成时的作用有时完全相当于现在完成时的过去形式，在间接引语中多有这种情况：“Ive moved to another flat.” “我已经搬到另一套房间去了。”Helen said (that) she had moved to another flat.海伦说她已搬到另一套房间去了。He said he had

51、been there before.他说他曾经去过那里。3 用于宾语从句过去完成时表示一个过去的动作先于另一个过去动作的用法，多见于宾语从句。一般说来，主句中用了know(知道)，realize(意识到)，think(认为)，suppose(猜想)，guess(推测)，find(找到)，discover(发现)，decide（决定），remember(想起)，forget(忘记)等动词的一般过去时，如果宾语从句中的动作先于主句的动作，通常用过去完成时：We realized we had lost our way.我们意识到我们迷路了。She suddenly remembered that

52、she had not locked the door.她突然想起她没有锁门。I didnt think to ask her if she had passed her examination.我没有想问她是否考试及格了。He knew he had met her before.他知道以前见过她。4 强调过去动作的完成I began collecting stamps in February and by November I had collected more than 2000.我从2月份开始集邮，到11月已收集到2000多枚。By six oclock they had worke

53、d for 8 hours.到6点钟他们已经工作了8小时了。（可能还没结束）5 用于虚拟语气过去完成时的这一用法，常见于以 if only 等引导的感叹句：If only we had listened to their advice!我们要是听了他们的意见就好了！If only you had worked with greater care!你要是更仔细一些该多好！Would that we had seen her before she died.要是在她去世之前我们能见她一面该有多好。过去完成时的这一用法还见于构成虚拟语气的条件从句和 I wish(我希望)，Id rather(我宁愿

54、)后的that-从句：I wish that I had never met you!我要是从未遇上你多好!I wish I hadnt said that.我悔不该讲了这句话。Id rather you had told me the truth.我宁愿你告诉我事实。Id rather you hadnt been present.我宁愿你当时不在场。If I had had time, I would have called you .如果我有时间，我本来是要给你打电话的。Had I known you were going to be late, I would have taken t

55、he next train.假如我知道你要迟到的话，我就会乘下一趟火车了。If I had asked for directions, I wouldnt have gotten lost.如果我问一下路，就不会迷失方向了。过去完成时用于虚拟语气的用法，请参阅每间15章虚拟语气。6 表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算和意图过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图，只适用于下列动词：expect（期待），hope（希望），intend（打算），mean（打算），suppose（料想），think（认为）want（想要）等：We had hoped that you would be able to

56、 visit us.我们原本希望你会来拜访我们。I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I was not able to leave.我本打算今年好好去度假，只是脱不开身。7 与过去完成时连用的时间状语与过去完成时连用的时间状语可以是already（已经），yet（仍然），still（还），just（刚刚）,hardlywhen(刚就)，scarcelybefore（刚就），ever（曾经）,never（从来没有）等，也可以是by（不迟于），before（在之前），until（直到），as soon as（一就）等引导的词组或从句：

57、He had already gone when I arrived.等我到达时他已经走了。He wouldnt let me see it because he hadnt yet finished.他不愿意让我看那件作品，因为他还没有做完。When I came back at midnight she still hadnt finished.我半夜回来时，她还没有做完。The game had hardly/scarcely/barely begun when it started raining.比赛刚刚开始就下起雨来。No sooner had we sat down than we found