如何使句子多样化

1、 组句一 如何使句子多样化一篇好文章只是用词确切还远远不够，还要有效地组词成句，有效地处理不同的句式。句子可长可短，同一件事，可以用不同的句式表达。如果句子清一色是简单句，文章必定很单调乏味。如果全篇充满了冗长的复杂句，读起来也很费力。最好的方法是以简单句为基础，配合适当的并列句和复杂句。简单句可长可短，通常要加些附属成分，如分词短语、介词短语、副词短语、不定式动词短语，以及节缩成分。总之，作者可根据情况，使句子多样化，使文章灵活多姿。例如，下列五个句子的基本概念一样，但是句式不同，内容重点也有些差别：(1) The goats grazed peacefully in the farm an

2、d were unaware of the approaching hunter. (并列分句)(2) Grazing peacefully, the goats in the farm were unaware of the approaching hunter. (现在分语短语+简单句) (3) In the farm, the goats grazed peacefully and were unaware of the approaching hunter. (副词短语+并列分句) (4) There were goats grazing peacefully in the farm,

3、 unaware of the approaching hunter. (简单句+形容语短语) (5) As the goats grazed peacefully in the farm, they were unaware of the approaching hunter. (原因副词从句+主句) 又如对以下两个简单句的不同组合：(1) The young pilot was on his first overseas training. (2) He felt very uneasy. a. The young pilot on his first overseas training

4、felt very uneasy. b. The young pilot felt very uneasy during his first overseas training. c. The young pilot's first overseas training made him feel very uneasy. d. Extreme uneasiness seized the young pilot on his first overseas training. e. The young pilot was on his first overseas training, fe

5、eling very uneasy. f. It being his first overseas training, the young pilot felt very uneasy. g. Being on his first overseas training, the young pilot felt very uneasy.h. The young pilot was on his first overseas training and felt very uneasy.i. The young pilot, who was on his first overseas trainin

6、g, felt very uneasy. j. When the young pilot was on his first overseas training, he felt very uneasy. k. As the young pilot was on his first overseas training, he felt very uneasy. l. The young pilot was on his first overseas training, so that he felt very uneasy.在上述12个句子中，a-g是简单句；h是并列句；i-l是复杂句。简单句除

7、b和g之外，其他五样，用的人并不多。人们最喜欢采用复杂句，尤其是j和k这两款；接着便是并列句h。如果大多数人的句子只限于b, g, h, j和k这五种，而其他的弃如敝屣，不是很可惜吗？ 二 如何增强句子表现力（一）避免使用语意弱的“be”动词。 1. 把句中的表语转换为不同的修饰语。例如： 弱句式：The trees are bare. The grass is brown. The landscape seems drab. 改写句：The brown grass and bare trees form a drab landscape.或：The landscape, bare and b

8、rown, begged for spring green.2. 将作表语用的形容词或名词变为行为动词。例如： 弱句式：The team members are good players. 改写句：The team members play well. 弱句式：One worker's plan is the elimination of tardiness. 改写句：One worker's plan eliminates tardiness. 3. 在以“here”或“there”开头的句子中，把“be”动词后的名词代词变成改写句的主语。例如：弱句式：There is no

9、 opportunity for promotion. 改写句：No opportunity for promotion exists. 弱句式：Here are the books you ordered. 改写句：The books you ordered have arrived. （二）多用语意具体的动词，保持句意简洁明了。例如： 弱句式：My supervisor went past my desk. 改写句：My supervisor sauntered (=walked slowly) past my desk. 弱句式：She is a careful shopper. 改写句

10、：She compares price and quality. （三）尽量运用主动语态。例如： 弱句式：The organization has been supported by charity. 改写句：Charity has supported the organization. 弱句式：The biscuits were stacked on a plate. 改写句：Mother stacked the biscuits on a plate.（四）防止使用语意冗长累赘的词语。例如：赘句： My little sister has a preference for chocolat

11、e milk. 改写句： My little sister prefers chocolate milk. 赘句： We are in receipt of your letter and intend to follow your recommendations. 改写句：We have received your letter and intended to follow your recommendations. 赘句： We had a serious crisis at school yesterday when our chemistry laboratory caught fir

12、e. 改写句：We had a crisis at school yesterday when our chemistry laboratory caught fire. 赘句： My sister and I bought the same, identical dress in different stores. 改写句：My sister and I bought the same dress in different stores. （五）杜绝滥用陈旧词语或难懂的专业术语。例如： 陈词： They will not agree to his proposals in any shape

13、 or form. 改写句： They will not agree to any of his proposals. 专业术语：I need her financial input before I can estimate our expenditures next fall. 改写句： I need her financial figures before I can estimate our expenditures next fall.三 英语写作常见病句与分析（一）不一致（Disagreements）所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，还包括数的不一致、时态的不一致及代词不一致等。如：Wh

14、en one have money, he can do what he want to.(人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么。)剖析：one是单数第三人称，因而本句的have应改为has；同理，want应改为wants。本句是典型的主谓不一致。改为：Once one has money, he can do what he wants (to do).（二）修饰语错位（Misplaced Modifiers）英语与汉语不同，同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置，句子的含义可能引起变化对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视，因而造成了不必要的误解。如：I believe I can do it

15、well and I will better know the world outside the campus.剖析：better位置不当，应置于句末。（三）句子不完整（Sentence Fragments）在口语中，交际双方可借助手势、语气、上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解。可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整则意思表达不清，这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生。如：There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on.剖析：本句后半部分“for

16、example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on .”不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句。改为：There are many ways to know society, for example, by TV, radio, and newspaper.（四）悬垂修饰语（Dangling Modifiers）所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清。例如：At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 剖析：这句中“at the age of ten”只点出十岁时，但没有说明“谁”十岁时。按一般

17、推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点，全句就不那么费解了。改为：When I was ten, my grandfather died. 又如：To do well in college, good grades are essential.剖析：句中不定式短语 “to do well in college”的逻辑主语不清楚。改为：To do well in college, a student needs good grades.（五）词性误用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)词性误用常表现为：介词当动词用；形容词当副词用；名词当

18、动词用等。如：None can negative the importance of money.剖析：negative 系形容词，误作动词。改为：None can deny the importance of money.（六）指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.(玛丽和我姐姐很要好，因为她要她做她的伴娘。)读完上面这

19、一句话，读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚，谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确，意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.又如：We can also know the society by serving it yourself.剖析：句中人称代词we 和反身代词yourself指代不一致。改为：We can also know society by serving it ourselves.（七）不间断句子(Ru

20、n-on Sentences)什么叫run-on sentence? 请看下面的例句：There are many ways we get to know the outside world. 剖析：这个句子包含了两层完整的意思：“There are many ways.” 以及“We get to know the outside world.”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。改为：There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world. 或：There are many ways through which we can b

21、ecome acquainted with the outside world.（八）措词毛病(Troubles in Diction)Diction 是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题，囿于教学时间紧迫，教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限，影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲、斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲，拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。如：The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.(农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。)剖析：显然，考生把obstac

22、les“障碍、障碍物”误作substance“物质”了。另外“the increasing use (不断增加的使用)” 应改为“abusive use (滥用)”。改为：The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.（九）累赘(Redundancy)言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词；写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组；能用词组的不用从句或句子。如：In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him.本句的“t

23、he fact that he is lazy”系同谓语从句，我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”可以改为：In spite of his laziness, I like him. 又如：For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need.剖析：整个句子可以大大简化。改为：Diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need.（十）不连贯(Incoherence)不连贯是指

24、一个句子前言不对后语，或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。如：The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth. 剖析：The fresh water 与逗号后的it不连贯。It与things在数方面不一致。改为：Fresh water is the most important thing in the world.（十一）中式英语有时学生作文中句式的错误是因为受到了中式思维及汉语表达习惯的影响，这一点应引起考生的重视。以下是五种常见的由于中式思维而导致的病句：1“There be”结构考生病句：a. There

25、are many people like to go to the movies.b. There are different kinds of vegetables can be bought on the market by people.正确表达：a. There are many people who like to go to the movies.b. There are different kinds of vegetables that people can buy on the market.这两个例句的错误较有普遍性，因为在历次考试中有不少考生不能正确运用there be这

26、一最常用的句式。在这种结构中，there是引导词，没有实际意义。be在句中作谓语，有时态和数的变化。例如：a. There was no school in the village at that time. (=there was not a school.)注意：在否定句中，否定词用no，也可用not a或not any。not a后接单数名词，not any 后接复数名词，no后面的名词单复数都可以。b. There is not a moment to be lost.c. There are many people rushing into the cities every year

27、.d. There are many things we can do to prevent traffic accidents.e. There is no use holding back the wheel of history.从以上例句还可看出，句中的主语后面可接多种修饰语，如介词短语、不定式短语、定语从句、分词短语等等。这无疑使该结构增加了表现力，使句子表达内容更加丰富。在运用这一结构时，考生最容易犯的错误是在there be之后又用了一个动词作谓语，使句子结构出现严重错误。2比较结构考生病句：The climate in Beijing is colder than other

28、cities.正确表达：The climate in Beijing is colder than that of other cities.在上例中，考生误将“天气”与“城市”进行比较，而二者没有可比性，只有将后者改为“其他城市的天气”才符合逻辑。很显然，考生的错误是受了汉语表达习惯的影响。比较结构是常用结构，正确地使用这一结构可以使文章的句式增加变化，有利于提高写作成绩。下面是比较结构的一些常用的表达方法。同级比较a. In 1998 we produced as many cars as we did in the previous five years.b. We have accom

29、plished as much in the past three years as would have taken ten years in the past.比较级a. Children now enjoy better medical treatment than before.b. We can live longer without food than we can (live) without water. 最高级a. This is the most interesting book I've ever read.b. Of all his novels I like

30、this one best.the morethe more结构a. The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.b. The more a man knows, the more he discovers his ignorance.选择比较a. I prefer staying at home to going out.b. They prefer to work rather than (to) sit idly.c. He prefers to work alone.对比a. Motion is absolute wh

31、ile stagnation is relative.b. He is tired out, whereas she is full of vigor.3表达原因的结构考生病句：a. The real reason to our failure is not far to seek.b. The reason for this is because some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard.正确表达：a. The real reason for our failure is not far to seek.b.

32、The reason for this is that some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard.评议与分析：第一个句子属搭配错误。英语习惯reason应接介词for；第二句犯了一个中国学生常犯的错误，就是用because引起表语从句，但是按照英语习惯，because这个词不能引起表语从句，在本句中只能改用that才正确。掌握好表达原因的结构是十分重要的，几乎所有的写作试题都要求写原因或可以写原因。在英语专业四级考试、甚至研究生入学英语考试以及TOEFL考试中，写作的文体有很多是议论文，而议论文的基本模式是摆事实

33、、讲道理，讲道理就是说明原因。这种写作文体决定了表达原因结构的重要性。英语中用来表达原因这一概念的结构有多种。我们可用as , because, since, seeing that, considering that, now that, not that.等词组引出表示原因的从句。例如：a. Now that we have seen these great achievements with our own eyes, we feel more proud than ever of our country.b. Professor Liu is strict with us becaus

34、e he wants us to make rapid progress.c. Since we live near the sea, we enjoy a healthy climate.d. Pollution is still a serious problem, not that we don't have the ability to solve it, but that some people have not realized the consequences of the problem.另外，还可以借助某些词语用简单句表达原因结构。例如：a. The reason f

35、or this change is quite obvious.b. Diligence is the key factor of success.c. Idleness is the root of all evils.d. He was ashamed to have made the mistake. (=He was ashamed that he had made the mistake. =He was ashamed because he had made the mistake.)除了上述的例句外，英语中还有很多或易或难的表达原因的结构。我们在进行写作训练的时候，不能满足于一知

36、半解，要讲究书面语言的正确性和准确性。比如，because是最常用的引导原因从句的连词，语气最强，表示直接的原因，若because置于句首，后面的主句不能再用so。用as引导的原因从句语气较弱，所说明的原因是附带的，而since表示的原因暗示着是稍加分析之后才能推断出来的原因。4否定结构考生病句a. Some people think we needn't to worry about fresh water.b. Nowadays many people don't like to go to the movies, too.正确表达：a. Some people think

37、 we needn't worry (或don't need to worry) about fresh water.b. Nowadays many people don't like to go to the movies, either.评议与分析：例句1的错误在于混淆了need作为情态动词和作为普通动词的用法。need作为情态动词时，主要用于否定句，后面的动词不带to, needn't worry，作we的谓语。need作为实意动词时，可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句，don't need to worry 中的to worry作don't

38、need的宾语。例句2的错误在于混淆了too和either的区别，这两个词都表示"也"的意思，但是在英语中too, also只能用于肯定句，而either只能用于否定句。否定结构除了在助动词、情态动词、be和have后面加not之外，还有许多不含not的否定结构。若能正确使用他们，文章会显得生动活泼，增加写作的闪光点。下面我们就来看看：1）含有否定意义的词汇和短语以下列举的词和词组本身就具有否定的含义，因此无需用否定词。介词against, beyond, but, except, without形容词和动词absent, deny, differ, different,

39、fail, free, ignore, miss, refuse, the last, used to, reluctant, lack, want短语keep from, protectfrom, preventfrom, let alone, at a loss, in vain, instead of, out of the question, rather than, tooto, by no means, anything but下面看以下例句：a. Women fail to get the equal rights in some countries.在一些国家里妇女没有得到平等

40、的权利。b. This is by no means the best way to solve the problem of energy crisis.这不是解决能源危机的最好办法。c. We should protect trees from being destroyed.我们应保护树木，不让它们遭到破坏。d. In old China we could not make a nail, let alone (make) machines.在旧中国，我们连一个钉子都造不了，更不用说制造机器了。2）含有半否定意义的词语barely, hardly, few, little, rarely

41、, scarcely, seldom, not all, not everyone, not everything具有半否定的意义。例句：a. We could hardly see any fresh vegetables in winter on market several years ago.几年前在冬天市场上很难见到新鲜蔬菜。b. These young people know little about how to choose good books to read.这些年轻人几乎不知道如何挑选优秀的书籍来读。3）不含否定意义的否定结构 有些词和词组形式上是否定结构，但其含义是肯定的，比如：cannot but, can't help, no sooner.than, not.until, in no time