吴洁冰专用语法讲义　非谓语动词用法

1、吴洁冰专用语法讲义Monday, May 02, 2011动词不定式、分词(现在分词，过去分词)和动名词统称为非谓语动词。现代英语将现在分词和动名词合为一大类叫作v + ing形式。这些动词的形式不能在句中单独作谓语用，因而没有语法主语。但可以有逻辑主语。由于没有语法主语，也就不受人称和数的限定，因为不是谓语，也就没有时态和语态，但这些词仍能表示动作和状态，所以仍有表示与其他动词相对时间关系的形式。由于与其它词有逻辑上的主谓关系，因此也有表示主、被动的形式，同时也有自己的宾语和状语，一起构成非谓语动词的短语(动词不定式短语，分词短语，动名词短语)。非谓语动词在英语语法中占有特殊且重要的位置。非

2、谓语动词形式多样，应用广泛，且在句中起着很活跃的作用，也是语法项目中的重点和难点，学好非谓语动词，才能正确进行口语和书面的交流。 动词不定式、过去分词及v-ing形式在句中均不能作谓语用，所以叫做非谓语动词。 （一）动词不定式：动词不定式由“to+ 动词原形”构成，如：to study, to play，动词不定式虽然不能作谓语动词用，但仍留着动词的特征，它可以带有所需要的宾语或状语而构成动词不定式短语，如：to study hard, to play table tennis。 1、动词不定式的形式变化：动词不定式有下列时态和语态的形式变化。 语态式 一般式 完成式 进行式 完成进行式 主

3、动 to build to have built to be building to have been building 被 动 to be build to have been build 2、动词不定式的基本用法：动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用，可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用，如： （1）作主语：To help each other is good.（动词不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末，如：It is good to help each other. （2）作表语：My job is to drive them to the

4、 power station every day. 动词不定式在系动词be之后作表语，与表示将来时的be + 动词不定式结构有所区别，如：Our plan is to set up another middle school for the peasants children.我们的计划是给农民子弟再成立一所中学。（句中的谓语动词为is，动词不定式to set up 为表语，主语为plan，但plan并不是动词不定式的逻辑主语，即动词不定式 to set up所表示的动作不是主语plan产生的。）We are to set up another middle school for the pe

5、asants children.我们将为农民的子弟再成立一所中学。（句中的are to set up整个结构为句中谓语，主语为we，同时也是动词不定式to set up所表示的动作的逻辑主语，即动词不定式to set up所表示的动作是由we产生的）。 （3）作宾语：作及物动词的宾语，如：She wishes to be a musician.；作某些形容词的宾语：可以有动词不定式为宾语的形容词一般有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等，如：I am determined

6、to give up smoking.；动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语，但动词不定式之前如有疑问词时，就可作介词的宾语，如：Can you give us some advice on what to do next? （4）作宾语补足语，如：Tell the children not to play on the street. 如果句中的谓语动词为see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等，作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将to省去，如：I saw a little girl run across the street. （5）动词不定式在句中作宾语，如带

7、有宾语补足语时，须先用it作形式宾语，而将该动词不定式后置，如：I dont think it right to do it that way. （6）作定语：动词不定式作定语时，须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后，如：Is this the best way to help him? 和定语用的动词不定式如果是不及物动词，不定式后面就要用必要的介词，如：He is the man to depend on. 如果被不定式修饰的名词为place, time, way，不定式后面的介词，习惯上可以省去，如：The old man is looking for a quiet place to liv

8、e. （7）作状语：动词不定式可以作下列的状语：目的状语： Every morning he gets up very early to read English. 为了强调不定式表示目的的作用，可在不定式前加in order to或so as to（以便或为了），但应注意in order to位于句首或句中均可，而so as to不能位于句首，如：She reads China Daily every day in order to (so as to) improve her English. 将表示目的的不定式置于句首，也可强调目的的作用，如：To master a foreign la

9、nguage, one must work hard at it. 结果状语：They lived to see the liberation of their home town.他们活到亲眼见到了他们家乡的解放。too + 形容词或副词 + 动词不定式，表示“足能”的结果，如：You are old enough to take care of yourself now. 3、复合结构不定式：由for + 名词（或代词宾格）+ 动词不定式即构成复合结构的动词不定式。其中for本身无意义。for后面的名词或代词是不定式的逻辑主语，这种不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语或状语，如：It i

10、s very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest. 当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时，就用介词of而不用for引出不定式的逻辑主语，这些形容词一般有good, nice, kind, wise, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careless, impolite等，如：It is very kind of you to help him every day. 4、疑问词 + 动词不定式：疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、

11、表语或宾语，如：How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem. 5、动词不定式的否定式：动词不定式的否定式是由not + 动词不定式构成，如：Its wrong of you not to attend the meeting. 6、动词不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系：（1）一般式：动词不定式一般式所表示的动作是和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，但在多数情况下，是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生，如：We decided to plant more trees this spring.（其后），They often wa

12、tch us play table tennis.（同时）；（2）完成式：动词不定式完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，如：I am sorry to have kept you waiting.（3）进行式：动词不定式进行式所表示的动作正在进行中，而且与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，如：She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I came in. 7、动词不定式的被动语态用法：如果动词不定式的逻辑主语为这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般就用被动语态形式，如：What is to be done next

13、 hasnt been decided yet动词除了在句子中充当谓语外，还具有名词、形容词及副词的性质动词的非谓语形式，可在句中作主语、表语、宾语、定语、补语和状语等，称作非谓语动词，包括动词不定式、分词和动名词。第一节 知识点概述一、动词不定式动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”，有时可以不带to。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能作谓语，但可以担任主语、表语、宾语、状语和宾语补足语。动词不定式仍保留动词的一些特点。（一）动词不定式的特征及用法1.动词不定式的构成及特征“to +动词原形”构成动词不定式，是一种非谓语形式，在句子中不能作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，它具有名词、形容

14、词和副词的特征。2.动词不定式的用法动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。1. 作主语例如：To learn English well is not easy.或 It is not easy to learn English well.动词不定式作主语时，往往用it作形式主语，这种句型可归纳为下面的句型：It is + adj.+ 动词不定式如果要说明不定式的动作执行者，可以用forIt is + adj.+ for sb. to do sth.2. 作表语My wish is to become a teacher.3. 作宾语Most of

15、us like to watch football matches.4. 作宾语补足语He told me to be here on time.5. 作定语I have nothing to say about that thing.6. 作状语He stopped to have a look.3.动词不定式的否定形式动词不定式的否定形式not + to + 动词原形例如： He asked me not to make such a mistake.4.动词不定式与疑问词连用疑问代词who, what, which和疑问副词when, where, how, why等后面可以接动词不定式

16、，构成动词不定式短语，可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。例如：(1) He doesnt know how to use the machine.（不定式作宾语）(2) How to use the machine is a question.（不定式作主语）(3) The question is when to go there. （不定式作表语）（二）动词不定式的时态和被动形式动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，由不定式符号(to)加动词原形构成。不定式的形式有五种：1 一般式to do例如：I like to read English.2 进行式to be doing例如：He seeme

17、d to be reading something at that time.3 完成式to have done例如：He seemed to have cleaned the room.4 被动式to be done例如：The work is to be done soon.5 完成被动式to have been done例如：The boy is said to have been sent to hospital yesterday. 二、分词分词是动词非谓语形式的一种，包括现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示：主动，动作正在进行。过去分词表示：被动，动作已经完成。（一）分词的作用分词在句

18、中可以作定语、表语、状语和宾语补足语。例如：1作定语Do you know the boy standing at the gate?Have you read the book written by Lu Xun？2作表语We are excited at the news.The news he told us is exciting.3作宾语补足语I heard him singing a song in the classroom.We found the ground covered with snow.4作状语While lying in bed, he listened to s

19、ome music.Seen from the hill, the village looks move beautiful.分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，否则分词前面必须有自己的主语。（二）分词的时态现在分词分一般式和完成式，而过去分词则没有时态形式的变化。现在分词的一般式表示动作与谓语动词同时发生，或在谓语动词之前发生。例如：Knowing his uncle would come, he began to make some preparations.现在分词的完成时，表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。常用作状语。例如：Having finished his homew

20、ork, he went to bed.（三）现在分词的被动式被动一般式 being done被动完成式 having been doneThis is one of the new supermarkets being built in our city. Having been told many times, he was able to operate the machine.（四）分词的否定形式分词的否定式，由not+分词构成，例如：Not having heard the news. I wrote to him again.Not knowing how to work out

21、the maths problem, I went to the teacher for help.（五）分词独立主格结构当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，带逻辑主语的分词短语成为独立主格结构，在句法功能上起状语作用。例如：Weather permitting, they will go and visit the science museum.The meeting being over, they all left the room.独立主格结构讲析一、独立主格结构的概念独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立

22、主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。二、独立主格结构基本构成形式名词(代词)+现在分词（过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语）1. 名词(代词)+现在分词Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。There bein

23、g no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。2. 名词(代词)+过去分词The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved. 由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。3. 名词(代词)+不定式在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存

24、在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式。The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book. 我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。4. 名词(代词)+形容词The Trojans a

25、sleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小，我们却能广泛地利用它们。5. 名词(代词)+副词The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room. 散会了，校长很快就离开了会议室。The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 灯熄了，我们不能

26、继续工作了。6. 名词(代词)+名词His first shot failure，he fired again他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。7. 名词(代词) +介词短语He lay at full length upon his stomach，his head resting upon his left forearm他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。Every afternoon a very old woman

27、hobbled past the old house，a vast load of firewood on her back每天下午，一个背着一大背柴禾的老妇人都会从那间破旧的房屋前蹒跚着走过。三、with，without 引导的独立主格结构with ( without)+宾语（名词/代词）+宾语补足语，宾语通常由名词或代词充当，但代词一定要用宾格。上文的独立主格结构的几种情况都适用于此结构。 The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was. 小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。（without +名词/代词+动词的-in

28、g形式）Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room. 她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。（without+名词/代词+动词的-ed形式）The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit. 有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。（with+名词/代词+动词不定式）The boy was walking, with his father ahead. 父亲在前，小孩在后走着。（with+名词/代词+副词）He stood at the door, with a com

29、puter in his hand. 或He stood at the door, computer in hand.他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。（with+名词/代词+介词短语） With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy. 由于儿子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快乐。（with+名词/代词+形容词）在with (without) 的复合结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。四、独立主格结构的句法功能独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等，还可以作定语。1. 作时间状语My s

30、hoes removed，I entered a low-ceilinged room，treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting我脱掉鞋子后，走进一间屋顶很低的房间，小心翼翼地踩在柔软的塌塌米垫子上。The governor pondering the matter，more strikers gathered across his path总督思考问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上。2. 作条件状语Weather permitting，they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow如果

31、天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨郊游。Such being the case，you have no grounds for dismissing him如果情况如此的话，你没有理由解聘他。3. 作原因状语The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那个男孩带路，我们很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。4. 作伴随状语或补充说明I took my t

32、icket，and marched proudly up the platform，with my cheeses，the people falling back respectfully on either side我拿着车票还有我的奶酪，雄赳赳气昂昂地跨步走向月台。人们似乎很尊敬我，纷纷向两边退去。Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。5. 作定语，独立主格结构作定语其功能相当于一个定语从句。He is the person with a

33、lot of questions to be settled. 他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides. 他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上。Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.靠近岸时，我看见几个深池塘，池水碧似蓝天。五、独立主格结构注意事项1. 独立主格结构多用于书面语，尤其是描述性语言中，在口语和非正式文体中，一般用从句或两个句子来代替。独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句

34、子的主语不同，它独立存在，名词或代词与后面的分词等逻辑上是主谓关系，独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。2. 动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。The manager looks worried，many things to settle. 经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle，表示

35、将来的时间）The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 许多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。（事情已经处理好了，用过去分词settled表示动作已经结束）The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行）3. 独立主格结构介词使用的问题 当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制。A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( ha

36、nd前不能加his)劫匪手里拿着刀闯进房间。当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词。He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 他躺在那儿，牙关紧闭，双拳紧握，两眼直视上方。4. 独立主格结构与独立成分的异同有些分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，作为习惯用法。这些短语有：Generally speaking （总的说来），Frankly speaking （坦率地说），Judging from （从判断），Supposing （假设），

37、等等。Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand. 总的说来，这条规则很容易懂。Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man. 由他所说的来判断，他一定是一个诚实的人。有些固定短语是带 to 的不定式，表明说话人的立场或态度，在句中作独立成分。这些短语有：to be honest（老实说），to be sure （确实），to tell you the truth （说实话），to cut a long story short （长话短说），to be frank （坦

38、率地说），to make matters / things worse （更糟糕的是），等等。To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling. 说实话，我犯了一个拼写错误。To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work. 情况更糟的是，许多男人都去城市找工资较高的工作，而留下附

39、近村庄的妇女来继续承担修复工作。5独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是独立主格结构转换为状语从句后，它有自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转换为状语从句后，从句的主语与主句的主语一致。If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 转换为：Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city mo

40、re beautiful.转换为：Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful. 从山顶上看，我们发现这个城市更美了。还必须注意，分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致，也可以是主句的其他成分。Searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time. 在城市里搜查小偷，花费了警察很长一段时间。（Searching短语的逻辑主语是主句中的policemen）三、动名词 动名词是动词非谓语形式的一种,由动词加ing构成。动名

41、词既有动词特征，也有名词特征。 动名词在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语和定语。例如： Smoking does great harm to peoples health.作主语） My job is looking after children.（作表语） I have finished reading the novel.（作宾语） We have got a swimming pool in our school.（做定语） 动名词的否定形式由not +动名词构成。例如：He made me angry by not taking the medicine.动名词的复合结构由名词所有格或物主代

42、词加上动名词构成。例如：Would you mind my opening the door?动名词的一般式，表示的动作可以与谓语动词同时发生或在前，或在后。例如：We all enjoy listening to music.(同时发生)Do you remember meeting me there?（在谓语动词前发生）动名词的完成式表示在谓语动词之前完成的动作。例如： I regret not having been taken to the Great Wall when I was a child. She attended the party without being invit

43、ed.第二节 实战演练一、复习时需注意的要点1 动词不定式一般式表示的动作可能与谓语动词的动作同时发生,也可能在其之后发生。例如：I saw the young man enter the house.（同时发生）I hope to go there next time.（之后发生）2不定式完成式表示不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生。例如：Im sorry to have broken your glasses.3不定式进行式表示不定式的动作，与谓语动词同时发生。例如：When he came in, I happened to be reading at the table.4不定式的被动式有

44、两种形式：to be done表示将要被做，to have been done表示已被做。例如：The new cinema to be put up next year will be very large.The cinema is said to have been built last year.5. 在表示情绪的动词，如like, love, hate, prefer等后，用动名词作宾语表示一般倾向，用不定式表示特定某事。但在would/should like/love/prefer后要用不定式例如：I hate eating the same food every day.Woul

45、d you like to watch TV in the evening?6. 在动词need, want, require后用动名词表示被动含义，相当于动词不定式的被动式；而用动词不定式的主动式表示主动含义。例如：The house needs cleaning. = The house needs to be cleaned.He needs to clean the house first.7. 在介词后一般用动名词作宾语，但在少数介词，如but, except后用动词不定式作宾语，但要注意“to”的省略，如but前有“do”则省去“to”。例如：I have done nothing

46、 but help him with his luggage.I have no choice but to wait for him at the bus stop.8. 分词的完成式一般不用来作定语，因此，要表示完成主动的意思常用定语从句。例如：The accident which happened yesterday was very serious.9. 如果分词短语的逻辑主语与句子不是相同的，则要用从句或分词独立主格结构来表示。例如：Weather permitting, we will go to the Center Park.10. 分词作状语时， 分词的逻辑主语要与句子的主语

47、相一致。若它们之间的关系是主谓关系，用现在分词，而动宾关系则用过去分词。如果分词的动作先于谓语，分词要用完成时。例如：Having finished his composition, he went home.While looking through the paper, he found some errors.二、历届高考试题分析例1、The discovery of new evidence led to _.A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief C. the thief being caught D. the thief to b

48、e caught例2、Though _money, his parents managed to send him to university.A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in例3、He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldnt risk _ the good opportunity.A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost例4、 _ to sunlight for too much time will do

49、 harm to one's skin.A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed例5、_ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns. A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put例6、It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside

50、the gym for three hours just _ a look at the sports stars.A. had B. having C. to have D. have例7、With a lot of difficult problems _, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled 例8、More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays,

51、 _ advantage of the health and relaxation benefits.A. taking B. taken C. having taken D. having been taken例9、 Sandy could do nothing but _ to his teacher that he was wrong.A. admit B. admitted C. admitting D. to admit例10、 He sent me an e-mail, _ to get further information.A. hoped B. hoping C. to ho

52、pe D. hope第三节 巩固练习Direction: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer that completes the sentence.1. _ anything about the accident ,he went to work as usual. A. Not known B. Known not C. Knowing not D. Not knowing2. Have you decided

53、when_? Yes, tomorrow morning.A. to leave B. to be leaving C. will you leave D. are you leaving3. I really enjoy_ that kind of job. A. do B. doing C. to do D. to be doing4. Theres a hole in your bag.l know. I am going to have it_. A. mend B. mending C. mended D. to be mended5. The next morning she fo

54、und the man in bed, _ dead. A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying6. Tell him_ the window. A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut7. The furniture _on October 15 was seriously damaged because of a road accident . A. being delivered B. having delivered C. having been delivered D. delivered

55、 8. He had his leg_ in the match yesterday. A. to break B. broken C. break D. breaking9. I cant imagine_ that with them. A. do B. to do C. being done D. doing10. Most of the people_ to the party were famous scientists. A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting11. Good morning. Can I help

56、you? Id like to have this package_, madam. A. be weighed B. to be weighed C. to weigh D. weighed12. Slowly she opened the letter, _. A. her hands trembled slightly B. slightly her hands were trembledC. her hands slightly trembling D. trembling her hands slightly13. All _will be present at the conference . A. parties concerned B. parties concerning C. concerned parties D. concerning parties14. _ more attention, the trees could hav