语法复习二——主谓一致

1、语法复习二、主谓一致在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律，大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。（一）语法一致原则：语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：His father is working on the farm. / To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us

2、all. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.注意：由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如：What I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is (are) helpful to you.2、由连接词and或both and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语

3、动词。如：Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers.注意： 若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。如：The writer and artist has come.; / 由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (a

4、n)修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：Every student and every teacher was in the room. / No boy and no girl likes it.3、主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。如：Mr Green, together with his wife and ch

5、ildren, has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, like you and Tom, is very tall.4、either, neither, each, every 或no +单数名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。如：Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter.注意： 在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of+复数名词（或代词）”作主语时，

6、其谓语动词也可用复数。如：Neither of the texts is (are) interesting. 若none of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如：None of us has (have) been to America.5、在定语从句时，关系代词that, who, which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who is w

7、orking hard.6、如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。如：Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor. 注意：people, police, cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如：The police are looking for the lost child.7、由“a lot of, lo

8、ts of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如：There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our class are girls.注意： a number of“许多”，作定语修饰复数名词，谓语用复数；the number of“的数量”，主语是number，谓语

9、用单数。8、在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：There comes the bus./ On the wall are many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts.（二）逻辑意义一致原则：逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致（因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，但意义为单数）。1、what, who, which, any, more, all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。如：Which is your bag? / Which are your bags? /

10、 All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing.2、表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式， 这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体，如：Thirty minutes is enough for the work. 3、若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。如： “The Arabian Nights”is an interesting story-book.4、表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式（也可用复数。如：

11、One and a half apples is (are) left on the table.5、算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。如：Twelve plus eight is twenty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.6、一些学科名词是以 ics 结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：The paper works was built in 1990. /

12、I think physics isnt easy to study.7、trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a (the) pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如：My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his.8、“定冠词the + 形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。（三）就近一致原则：在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。1、当两个主语由either or, neither nor, wheth

13、er or , not only but also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。如：Either the teacher or the students are our friends. / Neither they nor he is wholly right. / Is neither he nor they wholly right?2、there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。如：There are two chairs and a desk in the room.1. 连词or, notbut, eith

14、eror, neithernor, not onlybut also等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的数与靠近它的主语一致。如：2. 当there be后有两个或几个并列的主语时，be的数由与其靠得最近的那个主语一致。如：There is an apple, two pears and some oranges on the plate. 盘子里有一个苹果，两个梨子和一些桔子。There are two pears, some oranges and an apple on the plate. 盘子里有两个梨子，一些桔子和一个苹果。有一类连接词，其后的谓语动词要与连接词前一部分的主语保持一致。此类

15、连接词有with, along with, together with, as well as, besides, like, without, except (but), including等。例如：.“数词”、“数量、单位”等词语作主语时：1. 表示“运算”的数词通常作单数 。e.g. Ten times four makes(make) forty .+ 乘以四得四十。 2.表“时间、距离、金额、度量衡”等的词语，作“整体”看时作单数用，侧重指“若干单位”时作复数用。e.g. Twenty years is not a long time . 二十年光阴，弹指一挥间。 Twenty ye

16、ars have passed since he left . 他离开已二十个年头了。 3.“分数、百分数”通常依其“具体所指”来决定单、复数。e.g. About 40 percent / two-fifths of the books here are (is) worth reading . 这些书中百分之四十/五分之二值得读。 Only sixty percent / three-fifths of the work was done yesterday .昨天只干完了百分之六十/五分之三的工作。 4. a number of (许多)/ a varlety of (各式各样) +复数

17、名词，常作复数用。e.g. A number of students in this class are (is) from Sichuan . 这个班有不少同学来自四川。 There are a variety of toys in this shop.这家商店有各种各样的玩具。 但是，“the number(数目)/ the variety(种类)”+ of + 复数名词，作单数。e.g. The number of students in this college has doubled . 这所大学的学生人数翻了一番。 The variety of goods in this shop

18、 is rich . 这家商店货物品种丰富。 .单、复数同形或易混的词作主语时：（参见“名词”部分） 1.以“-ics”结尾的学科名词：指教育、科研的某一学科，作单数。e.g. Mathematics seems easy to me .我似乎觉得数学不难。 但是，表“具体的学业、活动”等时，多用作复数。e.g. Her mathematics are weak . 她数学差。（指“学业成绩、能力”） What are your politiscs? 你的政治观点如何？ 2. “works工厂，means方法，series系列，species物种，aircraft飞机”等名词单、复数同形，要从

19、上下文判断其具体意义来决定单、复数。e.g. This works was(These works were)built two years ago . 这（几）家工厂是两年前修建的。 Every means has (All means have) been tried . 各种办法都试过了。 这类名词通常还有“fish ,deer ,sheep ,headquarters (总部驻地),bellows(风箱), plastics, gallows (绞架), manners(礼貌) ,whereabouts (行踪), ”等。（但news（消息）是不可数名词，通常只作单数用。） . the

20、 + 形容词/分词作主语时： 1. 指“一类”人或事物时，常用作复数用。e.g. The English speak English. 英国人讲英语。 The rejected were heaped in the corner . 废品堆在角落里。 2.指“某一个”人，或“抽象的”事物时，作单数用。e.g. The deceased was his father . 去世的是他父亲。 The agreeable is not always the useful . 好看的不一定中用。 The new and progressive always wins over the old . 新生、

21、进步的事物总是要战胜旧的东西。 .专用名词作主语时： 1.“书名、剧名、报刊名、国家名”等通常作单数用。e.g. The United States was founded in 1776. 美国成立于1776年。 The Arabian Nights is very interesting . 天方夜谭很有趣。 2.“书刊名”有时作单数或复数两可，尤其是编成集子的书。e.g. Dickens Amerian Notes were (was ) published in 1842 . 狄更斯所著的美国笔记出版于1842年。 “what等引导的从句”作主语时： 1. 大多作单数用。e.g. Wh

22、at we need is more practice . 我们需要的是更多的实践。 What he says doesnt agree with what he does . 他言行不一致。 2.若从句是含复数意义的并列结构、或“表语”是复数时，谓语动词用单数或复数两可。e.g. What you say and think is /are no business of mine . 你怎么说以及怎么想，不关我的事。 What he bought was /were some books . 他所买的是几本书。 【就近一致原则（Proximity）】 I.在正式文体中： 1.由下列词语连接的并列主语：or ; either or；nor; neitheror；whetheror；notbut; not onlybut also ; 等。e.g.