高中定语从句语法详解及练习题有答案

1、定语从句定语从句用来充当句中定语的主谓结构; 它主要用于修饰句子中的名词、 代词。 而定语从句 的位置常常是紧跟在被修饰的名词、 代词的后面。 在被修饰的名词、 代词与定语从句之间往 往有一个关系词将其前后两部分联系成一个整体, 或是构成一个名词短语; 或是构成一个代 词短语。但从结构上说, 关系词与从句是一个整体。排除句子的其他各部分,这种带有定语 从句的名词短语或是代词短语的构成可演示如下:例:those who drink a lot 那些大量饮酒的人 在这个带有定语从句的代词短语中: those 是:被修饰的名词;who 是:关系词 ;who drink a lot是:定语从句通过上面

2、的演示 , 我们可以归纳出定语从句在句子中的位置、结 构如下:被修饰的名词 / 代词 + 关系词 + 句子 (其中, " 被修饰的名词 /代词 " 在语法叫作 " 先行词 ". . 概念:(1 定语从句:在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词 (antecedent后面。(2 先行词:被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词,短语,或整个主句。(3 引导定语从句的词叫关系词,分为关系代词和关系副词。关系词的作用:1 引导定语从句,连接主句和从句,相当于一个连词;2 必在从句中作某个句子成份(可以做主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语常用

3、的关系代词 : that 、 which 、 who 、 whom 、 whose 、 as 、 but (文语 , 置于否定词之后 =that/who not , "没有不 ", 在从句中作主语,宾语 常用的关系副词(在从句中只作状语 : when、 why 、 whereThe student who answered the question was John.I know the reason why he was so angry.The boy (whom you are talking to is my brother.I'd like a room

4、whose window looks out over the sea.定语从句三步:第一找出先行词;第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能(做主语、宾语或状语 ;第三选择合适的关系词。 . 几个关系代词的基本用法: that: 可指人或物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语。 (指人时,相当于 who 或 whom ; 指物时,相当于 which(一般不用于非限制性定语从句 ; 不可置于介词后作宾语 如: 1. A letter that/which is written in pencil is difficult to read. (主语,指物 Who is the man that is re

5、ading a book over there?(主语,人2. You can take anything ( that you like. (宾语,物3. Here is the man ( who/whom/that you want to see.(指人,宾语4. She's no longer the girl ( that she used to be before.(表语5. Our hometown is no longer the one (that it used to be.= Our hometown is not the same as it used to b

6、e.= Our hometown is different from what it used to be。= Our hometown is not what it used to be. which: 指物;在定语从句中作 主语,宾语 ,表语,定语。如:1. The book which/that was on the desk was bought by my father.(主语2. The book (which/that I bought yesterday is very interesting.(宾语3. The factory in which his father work

7、s is far from here.4. He was proud, which his brother never was. (表语5. Tom spent four years in college, during which time he learned French.(定语 That 和 which 的区别定语从句中 宜用 which 而不宜用 that 的情况 :当关系代词的前面有介词时 .1.A zoo is a park in which many kinds of animals are kept for exhibition.2.Is this the room in w

8、hich Mr. White lives?在非限制性定语从句中 .1.Crusoe's dog, which was are now very old, became ill and died .2.More and more people are beginning to learn English, which is becoming very popular in our country. (which指代主句 在一个句子中有两个定语从句,其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了 that, 另一个宜用 which .1. Let me show you the novel, that I

9、 borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.2. At the station I bought some magazines that might help me to pass the time on the train and which I could pass on to others when I finished them.当关系代词后面带有插入语时 .1. Here's the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your

10、 English.先行词本身是 that, 宜用 which .What's that which she is looking at?先行词是 those+复数名词 .A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best.只能用 that 而不能用 which先行词为不定代词 ,all,much,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,the one等 ,1.We should do all that is useful to the people .2.There's

11、 nothing that can be said about it .3.Do you mean the one that was bought yesterday?先行词被 only, any, few, little, no, just, very, one of等词修饰时。1.The only thing that we could do was to wait.2.That's the very word that is wrongly used.The last place (that we visited was the chemical works.You can ta

12、ke any (=whichever seat that is free.I hope the little that I can will be of some help to them.比较 *This is one of the best novels that were published last year.*This is the only one of the best novels that was published last year.先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时。1.When we talk about Wuxi, the first that comes into

13、mind is Tai Lake.2.This is the third film that has been shown in our school this term.先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。1.This is the best that can be done now.2.The most important thing that should be done right now is how to stop him from going on. 先行词既有人又有物,用 which 和 who 都不适合,这时宜用 that. 如:1.The writer and his nove

14、l that you have just talked about is really well known .2.The rider and his bike that had run over an old woman were held up by the police.被修饰词为数词时 .1.Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water .Now you can see the two that are still alive .如果有两个从句, 其中一个关系代词已用 which ,另一个关系代词宜用 that

15、 , 以避免语言的 单调或重复。Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.疑问词是 who 或 which ,关系代词宜用 that ,以避免重复。1. Which is the book that you like best?2. Who is the man that is standing at the gate?主句是 There be 结构,修饰其主句的定语从句宜用 that 作关系代词 . 如:1. There is still a seat in the corn

16、er that is still free.被修饰成分为表语时,或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时 , 该关系代词宜用 that .1. That's a good book that will help you a lot.2. My home village is no longer the place ( that it used to be . who, whom,who: 主格 , 在从句中作主语, 只可 指人 , 在现代英语中可以代替 whom 做 动词 的宾语。 whom: 宾格,在从句中作动词或者是介词的宾语 ; 只可指人I like the students who/

17、that work hard. (主语All who heard the story were amazed. (代词如 he, they, any, those, all, one等后多用 who. 主 语 The person to whom you just talked is Mr Li. (宾语He's a man from whom we should learn. = He's a man (whom/who/that we should learn from. Who 和 whom 可以互用的情况Yesterday, I happened to meet the

18、 professor who ( whom I got to know at a party .昨天在购物中心,我碰巧遇见了那位我在一次聚会上认识的教授。分析:做动词的 know 的宾语注意:who 不能代替 whom 的情况如果 whom 在从句中作 动词的宾语 ,它与 who 可以通用;但是如果 whom 在从句中作介词 的宾语,那么就只能用 whom 而不能与 who 通用了例:Who is the girl to you talked just now ? (whom分析:句中的关系代词 whom 代替 the girl ,在从句中作介词 to 的宾语,但是由于介词 to 已提到了关系

19、代词的前面 ,who 和 whom 就绝不可以通用了 , 所以如果还继续使用 who 句子就 错了。此处只能用 whom 。That 和 who 区别 who & that:who 和 that 指代人时,有些情况宜用 who, 而不宜用 that先行词为 anyone, anybody, those, all, one, ones, they, he, people时 . 如:1.The person I want to learn from is the one who studies hard and works well.2.Anyone who (=Whoever faile

20、d to come to the meeting yesterday must give his reason .3.Those who are not fit for their work should leave office at once4.I don't like the ones (= those who talk big.5.Persons who are quarrelsome are despised.在 There be 结构中,修饰主语的定语从句宜用关系代词 who 指代人 . 如:1.There is a gentleman who wants to see y

21、ou .2.There are several students in our class who are still not sure about the use of attributive clauses. 当先行词有较长的后置定语时 . 如:1. I met a foreigner in the park yesterday afternoon who could speak Chinese very well.一个句子中带有两个定语从句,其中一个定语从句的关系代词是 that ,另一个则宜用 who, 以免重复 . 如:1. The student that was praised

22、at yesterday's meeting is the monitor who is very modest and works very hard . whosewhose: 是 who 的所有格形式,用作名词的限定语,可指 人也可指物 ,在从句中作 定语 或者 是 动词介词的宾语 , Whose 常表达 " 某人的、某物的 " 之意。A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.(指人I'd like a room whose window faces south. (指物=I'd li

23、ke a room of which the window faces south.=I'd like a room the window of which faces south.There is a teapot shaped like a Chinese duck, out of whose mouth tea is supposed to come注意:关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时 , 介词可放于从句之首 , 也可放于从句之末 . 但以放于句首较为正式 . (介词前置, 必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。 关系代词 who 和 that 用作介词宾语时 , 介词必须放在句末

24、. This is the book for which you asked.=This is the book (that/which you asked for. as 的用法 :(as 引导定语从句 , 在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语 如为限制性的, 多用于 the same as ; the same as; such as ; as many/much as; so as 等结构中。如: I have the same book as you (have. 我有一本和你的一样的书。Her attitude to him was quite the same as it had alw

25、ays been. (关系代词 as 和指示代词 same 连 用 , 在从句中用作表语 , 先行词是 same.如为非限制性的, 多单独引导一个定语从句,这种定语从句可置于句首, 句中或句尾,译 为 " 正如,这一点 " 。 (动词常为 know, see, expect, point out, etc.As we all know, smoking is harmful to one's health . (as 作宾语 =As is known to all, smoking is harmful to one's health . (as 作主语=I

26、t's known to all that smoking is harmful to one's health . as & which:as & which 引导非限制性定语从句的区别:位置的不同:which 引导的定语从句只置于所限制的 句子后; as 位置较灵活,也就是说 as 可置于所限 制的句子前面;插在句子中或放在句子后。如:1. He was late again, which made his teacher very angry.2. Jack, as you know, is an honest man. 或 Jack is an hone

27、st man , as you know.或 As you know, Jack is an honest man.先行词的不同:as 引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词多为一个句子;which 引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词可以是一个词,一个短语或一个句子。He was proud, which his brother never was. (先行词是一个词She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.He was proud, which I dislike very much.(先行词是一个

28、句子He is an honest man, as is known to all.He was a foreigner, as I know from his accent. as 一般译为 " 正如 "" 就像 " , " 这一点 "as we all know; as you know; as is known to all; as you see; as we can see; as has been expected; as we have imagined. . 关系副词引导的定语从句 :在定语从句,关系副词 = 介词 +

29、 which 。也就是说,每个关系副词里本身就已经含有了一 个介词:when = 在什么时候, where = 在什么地方, why = 为什么原因,等。至于在英文 中用哪个具体的介词,就得依具体情况而定了。 When 指时间, 在定语从句中作时间状语。 其先行词是表时间的名词 (如:time, day, week, tear, month, etc.He came last night when I was out.We will put off the picnic until next week, when the weather would be better.I still reme

30、mber the day when /on which my brother joined the army.(作状语I ll never forget the time when (=during which we worked on the farm. Where 指地点, 在定语从句中作地点状语。 其先行词是表示地点的名词, 如:place, school, factory, room, etc.This is the place where I was born.I live in the room where /in which he used to live.This is the

31、 factory where /in which he worked last year. (作状语I recently went to the town where (=in whichI was born . Why 指原因,在定语从句中作 原因状语 。先行词为 reason 时,可用 for which 指代;但 是当关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时,则用 which 或 that 引导。The reason why(=for which she was late wasthat she missed her train.(状语I don't believe the reason (

32、that/which he gave me. (作宾语Have you asked him the reason that may explain his success? (作主语当先行词为 way 时,定语从句常用 that, in which,或 how 引导, that 常可以省略。way 后的定语从句 的引导词不用时较多。但如果关系词在句中作主语或宾语时,则用 which 或 that 引导。如 :This is the way (that /in which I do such things.比较 : Please do the experiment in the way (tha

33、t/which I have shown you. . 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 :1. 形式上,非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。2. 语法上,非限制性定语从句一般不用 that.3. 语义上,限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密,起限定作用,如果去掉了这个定语从句, 整个句子就不完整或者会改变意思; 而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密, 对先行 词起补充说明或描述的作用。This is the book I like best. 这就是我最喜欢的那本书。Beijing, which has been China's capital for more than 800 y

34、ears , is rich in cultural and historic relics. 北京是中国八百年之久的古都,它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。练习题1.The place _interested me most was the Children's Palace.A. Which B. where C. what D. in which2.Do you know the man _?A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke3.This is the hotel _last month.A. wh

35、ich they stayed B. at that they stayedC. where they stayed at D. where they stayed4.Do you know the year _the Chinese Communist Party was founded?A. which B. that C. when D. on which5.That is the day _I'll never forget.A. which B. on which C. in which D. when6.The factory _we'll visit next w

36、eek is not far from here.A. where B. to which C. which D. in which7.Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _we are working.A. where B. that C. which D. there8.This is one of the best films _.A. that have been shown this year B. that have shownC. that has been shown this year D. tha

37、t you talked9.Can you lend me the book _the other day?A. about which you talked B. which you talked C. about that you talked D. that you talked10.The pen _he is writing is mine.A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which11.They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of _sat a small boy.A. whom B. wh

38、o C. which D. that12.The engineer _my father works is about 50 years old.A. to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom13.It there anyone in your class _family is in the country?A. who B. who's C. which D. whose14.I'm interested in _you have said.A. all that B. all what C. that D. which15.

39、I want to use the same dictionary _was used yesterday.A. which B. who C. what D. as16.He isn't such a man _he used to be.A. who B. whom C. that D. as17.He is good at English, _we all know.A. that B. as C. whom D. what18.Li Ming, _to the concert enjoyed it very much.A. I went with B. with whom I

40、went C. with who I went D.I went with him19.I don't like _ as you read.A. the novels B. the such novels C. such novels D. same novels20.He talked a lot about things and persons _they remembered in the school.A. which B. that C. whom D. what21.The letter is from my sister, _is working in Beijing.

41、A. which B. that C. whom D. who22.In our factory there are 2,000 workers, two thirds of _are women.A. them B. which C. whom D. who23.You're the only person _I've ever met _could do it.A. who;/ B./; whom C. whom;/ D./; who24.I lost a book, _I can't remember now.A. whose title B. its title

42、 C. the title of it D. the title of that25.Last summer we visited the West Lake, _Hangzhou is famous in the world.A. for which B. for that C. in which D. what26.I have bought such a watch _ was advertised on TV.A. that B. which C. as D. it27.I can never forget the day _ we worked together and the da

43、y _ we spent together. A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when28.The way _he looks at problems is wrong.A. which B. whose C. what D./29.This is the reason _he didn't come to the meeting.A. in which B. with which C. that D. for which30.This machine, _for many years, is still

44、 working perfectly.A. after which I have looked B. which I have looked afterC. that I have looked after D. I have looked after31.The reason _he didn't come was _he was ill.A. why; that B.that;why C. for that;that D.for which;what32.He is working hard, _will make him pass the final exam.A.that B.

45、which C.for which D.who33.That is not the way _I do it.A./ B.which C.for which D.with which34.I have two grammars, _are of great use.A. all of which B. either of which C. both of that D. both of which35.I want to use the same tools _used in your factory a few days ago.A. as was B. which was C. as we

46、re D. which36.My neigh bours used to give me a hand in time of trouble, _ was very kind of them. A. who B. which C. that D. it37.This is the magazine _ I copied the paragraph.A. that B. which C. from that D. from which38.He is not such a man _ would leave his work half done.A. that B. which C. who D

47、. as39. You can depend on whatever promise _ he makes.A. / B. why C. when D. whose40. Smoking, _ is a bad habit, is, however, popular.A. that B. which C. it D. though41. - Did you ask the guard _ happened?- Yes, he told me all _ he knew.A. what; that B. what; what C. which; which D. that; that42. I

48、shall never forget those years _ I lived on the farm withthe farmers, _ has a great effect on my life.A. when; who B. that; which C. which; that D. when; which43. The number of the people who _ cars _ increasing.A. owns; are B. owns; is C. own; is D. own; are44. During the days _, he worked as a ser

49、vant at the Browns.A. followed B. following C. to follow D. that followed45. Is oxygen the only gas _ helps fire burn?A. that B. / C. which D. it46. The clever boy made a hole in the wall, _ he could see _ was going on inside house.A. which; what B. through which; what C. through that; what D. what;

50、 that47. Is _ some German friends visited last week?A. this school B. this the school C. this school one D. this school where48. John got beaten in the game, _ had been expected.A. as B. that C. what D. who49. I have bought two ballpens, _ writes well.A. none of them B. neither of them C. neither of

51、 which D. none of which50. All that can be eaten _ eaten up.A. are being B. has been C. had been D. have been参考答案及解析1. A. which用作关系代词,在定语从句中作主语。2. C. "和谁讲话 ” 要说 speak to sb. 本题全句应为 Do you know the man whom I spoke to.。 whom 是关系代词,作介词 to 的宾语,可以省略。3. D. where是关系副词,表示地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。4. C. when是关系副词

52、,表示时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。5. A. which是关系代词,在从句中作 forget 的宾语。其他几个答案都不能作宾语。6. C. 解析同第 5题。7. A. 解析见第 3题。8. A. 本句话的先行词应该是 films, 因此, 关系代词 that 是负数概念, 其谓语动词应用复述的 被动语态 have been shown。 如果句中的 one 前面使用了定冠词 the , 则 the one应该视为先行 词。9. A. “ 谈到某事物 ” 应说 talk about sth.。 about 是介词,其后要用 which 作宾语,不能用 that 。 10. A. with wh

53、ich是 " 介词 +关系代词 " 结构 , 常用来引导定语从句 .with 有 " 用 " 的意思 , 介词之后 只能用 which, 不能用 that. with which在定语从句中作状语 , 即 he is writing with a pen.11. C. in front of which 即 in front of a farmhouse. In front of which在从句中作状语 .12. D. with whom引导定语从句 .with whom放在从句中即为 :my father works with the enginee

54、r. 13. D. whose引导定语从句 , 在从句中作主语 family 的定语 .14. A. that引导定语从句 , 因为先行词是 all, 所以只能选用 that 引导 .15. D. the same.as 是固定用法 , as 引导定语从句时 , 可以作主语 , 宾语或表语 . 在本句话 中 ,as 作从句的主语 .16. D. such as是固定用法 ,as 引导定语从句时 , 可以作主语 , 宾语或表语 . 在本题中 ,as 作 表语 .17. B. as 作关系代词可以单独用来引导非限制性定语从句。这时 as 所指代的不是主句中某 个名词,而往往指代整个主句的含义。 a

55、s 在从句中可以作主语、宾语。从句可放在主句后, 也可置于主句前。在本句中 ,as 作宾语 .18. B. Li Ming enjoyed it very much是主句 ,with whom I went to the concert是定语从句 .with whom 放在从句中为 :I went to the concert with Li Ming.19. C. as引导定语从句时通常构成 suchas 或 the sameas 固定搭配, 其中 such 和 same 修 饰其后的名词, as 为关系代词,指代其前的名词引导定语从句。 as 在从句中可以作主语、 表语或宾语。 Such

56、修饰单数名词时 , 要用 such a., 本题中 such books, such直接修饰复数 名词 .20. B. things和 persons 是先行词 . 当定语从句要修饰的先行词是既表示人 , 又表示物的名词时 , 其关系代词要用 that.21. D. who引导非限制性定语从句 ,who 作从句的主语 .22. C. two thirds of whom 即 :two thirds of the 2,000 workers.23. D. 先行词 person 后有两个定语从句 , 第一个从句省略了关系代词 whom. 因为 , whom作从 句中 met 的宾语 , 可以省略 . 第二个从句 who could do it.who在从句中作主语 , 不可省略