空间历史的阅读报告英文版

1、 A reading report about space history These days,I read a material that briefly introduce some details about the history of the FAA.After reading it for three times,I learn a lot.So I am going to share it with you at this time. It can be divided into the following parts:A Brief History of the FAA，Or

2、igins of the FAA，Birth of Federal Aviation Agency,From Agency to Administration，Labor Organizes，Evolving Duties，Air Traffic Control Automation，Deregulation，Labor Unrest，Technological Innovation，Organizational Restructuring，Creation of FAA 's Air Traffic Organization (ATO)，The Next Generation Air

3、 Transportation System (Next Gen)，Enhancing Capacity，Safety First, Last, and Always and Conclusion. What about the brief introduction? The modern age of powered flight began in 1903, when Orville Wright made the first sustained, powered flight on December 17 in a plane he and his brother Wilbur buil

4、t. This twelve-second flight led to the development of the first practical airplane in 1905, and launched worldwide efforts to build better flying machines. By the mid-1930s, the four major domestic airlines that dominated commercial travel for most of the twentieth century began operations: United,

5、 American, Eastern, and Transcontinental and Western Air (TWA). How FAA comes into our life?At their urging, the Air Commerce Act was passed in 1926.In 1934 the Department of Commerce renamed the Aeronautics Branch the Bureau of Air Commerce to reflect the growing importance of aviation to the natio

6、n. In 1936 the Bureau took over these centers. Four years later, a DC-2 crash killed U.S. Senator Bronson Cutting of New Mexico.To ensure a federal focus on aviation safety, President Franklin Roosevelt signed the Civil Aeronautics Act in 1938. In 1940 President Roosevelt split the CAA into two agen

7、cies, the Civil Aeronautics Administration, which went back to the Department of Commerce, and the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB). On the eve of America's entry into World War II, for defense purposes, CAA extended its air traffic control system to include operation of airport towers.The British

8、Overseas Aircraft Corporation introduced the first commercial jet service in 1952. By the mid-1950s, U.S. companies began designing and building their own jet airliners.On June 30, 1956, a Trans World Airlines Super Constellation and a United Air Lines DC-7 collided over the Grand Canyon, Arizona, k

9、illing all 128 occupants of the two airplanes. Lets come to the birth of Federal Aviation Agency.On May 21, 1958, Senator A. S. "Mike" Monroney (D-OK) introduced a bill to create an independent Federal Aviation Agency to provide for the safe and efficient use of national airspace.On August

10、 23, 1958, the President signed the Federal Aviation Act, which transferred the Civil Aeronautics Authority's functions to a new independent Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) responsible for civil aviation safety. On November 1, 1958, retired Air Force General Elwood "Pete" Quesada became

11、the first FAA Administrator.On December 31, FAA began operations.On November 22, 1963, FAA's Washington headquarters staff began moving into the newly completed Federal Office Building 10A, at 800 Independence Avenue, SW. Excitement about the new building quickly evaporated on move day as employ

12、ees heard the news that President Kennedy had been assassinated in Texas. Here is some information about the FAAs development from agency to administration.In 1966, Congress authorized the creation of a cabinet department that would combine major Federal transportation responsibilities. This new Dep

13、artment of Transportation (DOT) began full operations on April l, 1967. On that day, the Federal Aviation Agency became one of several modal organizations within DOT and received a new name, the Federal Aviation Administration. The evolving duties are also important. In 1961,the federal government b

14、egan employing armed guards, border patrolmen recruited from the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, on civilian planes. In September, President Kennedy signed an amendment to the Federal Aviation Act of 1958.In March 1962 Attorney General Robert Kennedy swore in FAA's first "peace

15、 officers," as special U.S. deputy marshals. FAA responsibilities increased even more in the late 1960s. In 1968, Congress vested in FAA's Administrator the power to prescribe aircraft noise standards. The Air Traffic Control Automation is a key to its success.FAA began modernizing the NAS

16、in the mid-1960s. Opened in April 1970, the new facility collected, correlated system wide air traffic and weather data, detected potential trouble spots, and suggested solutions. On July 29, FAA established the Air Traffic Control Systems Command Center to integrate the functions of the Central Flo

17、w Control Facility, Airport Reservation Office, the Air Traffic Service Contingency Command Post, and Central Altitude Reservation Facility. The Deregulation is an vital trend.The Airline Deregulation Act, signed on October 24, 1978, created a highly competitive airline industry.In the immediate yea

18、rs after the deregulation act, FAA flight standards and other offices focused primarily on the new applicants.By the time airline deregulation became law, FAA had achieved a semi-automated air traffic control system based on a marriage of radar and computer technology. When it comes to the labor unr

19、est,many details can be introduced.The labor contract between FAA and PATCO expired in March 1981.In the aftermath of the strike, PATCO disbanded and the controllers remained without a union until June 19, 1987, when the National Air Traffic Controllers Association became the exclusive representativ

20、e of terminal and center controllers.On December 29, 1981, the Professional Airway Systems Specialists (PASS) became the exclusive representative of the technicians. FAA and PASS concluded their first national labor agreement during fiscal year 1984. The Technological Innovation is tough.In January

21、1982, FAA publicly released the first annual National Airspace System (NAS) Plan.In February 1991, FAA replaced the NAS Plan with the more comprehensive Capital Investment Plan.The Aviation Safety Research Act of 1988, for example, mandated greater emphasis on long-range research planning and on stu

22、dy of such issues as aging aircraft structures and human factors affecting safety. You know the Organizational Restructuring?In November 1995, DOT transferred the commercial space transportation office to the FAA. The fiscal year 1996 DOT appropriations bill signed in November 1995 included importan

23、t provisions for FAA personnel and procurement reform. In June 1998, FAA began testing a new compensation plan called core compensation. On April 23, 2000, FAA transferred approximately 6,500 employees into the core compensation system.On November 19, 2001, the president signed the Aviation and Tran

24、sportation Security Act established a new agency responsible for aviation security the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), within DOT. FAA remained responsible for aviation security until February 13, 2002, when TSA took over those responsibilities. The November 2002, passage of the Homela

25、nd Security Actmoved TSA into the new Department of Homeland Security on March 1, 2003. Take a look at the Creation of FAA's Air Traffic Organization (ATO).In April 2000, President Clinton signed into law the Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century.In June 2003, F

26、AA selected its first ATO Chief Operating Officer (COO), Russell Chew.On November 18, 2003, the Secretary of Transportation announced initial details of the new ATO business structure.The ATO officially began operations on February 8, 2004. In 2008, the ATO consolidated the service units and staff o

27、ffices into four business units, each led by a senior vice president.In December 2005, the COO restructured ATO administrative and support functions in the field. In June 2006, he instituted a new ATO Service Center structure. With the ATO structure in place, the agency's first COO resigned from

28、 FAA on February 23, 2007. On October 1, 2007, Administrator Blakey hired the agency's second COO, Hank Krakowski. What happens in the next time?The Next Generation Air Transportation System comes out.The Vision 100 Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act, signed into law in December 2003, endor

29、sed the concept of a Next Generation Air Transportation System. On December 15, 2004, DOT unveiled the Integrated Plan for the Next Generation Air Transportation System, which laid out goals, objectives, and requirements necessary to create the new system. Next is Enhancing Capacity.To improve capac

30、ity, FAA began implementing a number of new concepts.FAA also implemented the use of Reduced Vertical Separation Minima (RVSM), which reduced the minimum vertical separation between aircraft from 2,000 feet to 1,000 feet for all properly equipped aircraft flying between 29,000 feet and 41,000 feet. FAA has a simple idea.Tha