英美文化Chapter 10Economy

1、Chapter 10 Economy Warming-up Activities Think about these questions before we start: What industrial developments took place during the colonial period of America? How did the Civil War affect the American economy? Why does America try to reduce trade barriers? General Introductionv USthe current i

2、ndustrial, economic and technological giant ranking first in computer technology, space technology, nuclear energy, and electronics, etc.; producing a major portion of the worlds machinery, automobiles, oil, electrical energy, and chemicals.v Mixed economy emphasizing private ownership federal gover

3、nment-regulating businesses anti-trust lawsv Private businesses produce most goods and services. Two thirds of the output goes to individuals; One third is bought by government and business. v Consumer economy History of American Economy1. The Colonial Periodv Massachusetts-settled by Pilgrims to es

4、cape religious persecutionv Other colonies-like Virginia and Pennsylvania, founded as business ventures contribution to Englands colonizing process of the would-be United States charter companies King provided a charter or grant conferring economic rights as well as political and judicial authority

5、English investors turned over colonial charters to the settlers. enormous political implications Colonists were left to build their own lives, communities, and economy, that is, to construct their new nation Secondary industries (二级产业) appearance of sawmills (锯木场) and gristmills (磨房) shipyardsbuildi

6、ng fishing fleets and trading vessels small iron forges (冶炼厂)v Clear regional patterns of development by the 18th century: New England-ship-building and sailing; Maryland, Virginia, and Carolinas-tobacco, rice and indigo (靛蓝属植物); New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware-shipped crops and furs

7、; The field was open for entrepreneurs (企业家、创业者) among the colonists to establish themselves.v Disputes over taxation and other matters with Britain: Americans-modification (减轻) of taxes and regulations; demand for more self-government Mounting quarrel-leading to war against the British and to indep

8、endence for the coloniesv American Revolution: bolstered (支持、支撑) by an emerging middle class rallying cry-inalienable rights to life, liberty, and property2. Since American Independence v U.S. Constitution established the nation as a unified market. no tariffs or taxes on inter-state commerce; Feder

9、al government could regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states, establish uniform bankruptcy laws, create money and regulate its value, fix standards of weights and measures, establish post offices and roads, and fix rules governing patents (专利权、专利品) and copyrights. “intellectual pr

10、operty”v Alexander Hamiltons economic development strategyv nurture infant industries by providing overt subsidies (公开的补贴) v impose protective tariffs (保护性关税) on importsv create a national bank v assume public debts v The new government did make tariffs an essential part of American foreign policy.v

11、 President Jackson opposed to Hamiltons national bank.v When elected for a second term, Jackson opposed renewing the banks charter. v Businesses panicked in both 1834 and 1837.v The Industrial Revolution n By 1860, one third of the nations income came from manufacturing;n Cotton cloth production was

12、 the leading industry;n Urbanized industry-limited to the Northeast;n Immigrant workers Between 1845 and 1855, some 300, 000 European immigrants arrived annually. v The South-rural and dependent on the North for capital and manufactured goods v Economic policy under President Lincoln:v Northern vict

13、ory in the Civil War-ensured the destiny of the nation and its economic systemn slavery system was abolished, making southern cotton plantations less profitable;n Northern industry surged ahead: Industrialists domination in social and political affairs Disappearance of the southern planter aristocra

14、cy (贵族)v Second industrial revolution v “Second industrial revolution” -an explosion of new discoveries and inventions: The discovery of oil; The development of typewriter; The invention of telephone, phonograph , and electric light; Refrigerated railroad cars came into use; Cars were replacing carr

15、iages and people were flying in airplanes by the dawn of the 20th century.3. The 20th Centuryv Experienced a period of prosperity in the early 20th centuryv Suffered Great Depression in the 1930sn Wall Street Crash in October 1929v President Roosevelts New Deal (新政)-intervention of the governmentv e

16、nsure that economic opportunities are fair and accessible to the people;v prevent flagrant (公然的) abuses of the system;v Dampen (抑制) the effects of inflation;v stimulate growth. v Reagan Administrations new monetarist (货币主义者) policies in the early 1980s control over government spending deficits cutti

17、ng taxes to enhance economic development raise of interest ratesv George H. W. Bush-slow economic recessionv Clinton-economic recovery v Appearance of new tycoons (企业界或政界巨头)-Bill GatesII Current American Economy1. Agriculturev Conditions for developing agriculture: vastness of the land generosity of

18、 nature rainfall, rivers and underground water allowing for irrigation where necessary1. Agriculturev Success of agriculture large capital investments highly trained labor new methods for raising crops Average American farm462 acres (187 hectares) Success of agriculture large capital investments hig

19、hly trained labor new methods for raising crops Modern farming disease and drought resistant seeds fertilizers and pesticides space technology utilizationv “Agribusiness” a variety of farm businesses and structures from small, one-family corporations to huge conglomerates（联合企业:由许多不同行业的公司组成的有不同经营范围的大

20、企业）or multinational firmsv American farms low-cost outputv One-third of crops for export-Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America v Agricultural imports lag far behind, leaving a surplus in the agricultural balance of tradev Farmers-not work on the farms full-time 45 percent with other occupations 240

21、, 000 tenant farmers-rent land for cash or pay the owner a share of the crops they grow migrant workers-hired only for a specific chorev Agriculture remains the foundation upon which American well-being and prosperity are based. 2. Manufacturing Industryv Large manufacturing industries employing mor

22、e than 24 million workersv Highly developed military industryv Auto companies-Ford, General Motors and Chryslerv Boeing Aircraft Company-commercial airlinersv Other industries: food, clothing, etc.America has formed an industrial system with large productivity.Division of Manufacturing Activities v

23、The East North Centraln the leading regionn over 25% of manufacturing capacityn motor vehicles and other transportation equipments, non-electrical machinery, and fabricated metals v The Middle Atlantic regionn occupying the second placen almost 20% of the total value added n chemicals and machinery,

24、 both electrical and non-electrical v The Pacific coast regionn dominated by the manufacturing activities of Californian the third place with about 15% of the total value addedn Transportation equipments, food products, and electrical and electronic equipmentsv The South Atlantic regionn the fourth

25、leading region n over 10% of the total US manufacturing outputn textiles, chemicals, tobacco products, and apparelv The West South Central and the East South Central regions n about 15% of the total national outputn chemicals, food products, electrical and electronic equipments, and non-electrical m

26、achineryv The West North Central, New England and the Mountain states region-remaining 15% of the national output n New England-electrical and non-electrical machinery, and fabricated metalsn The West North Central states-machinery and food productsn The Mountain states-food products, primary metals

27、 and non-electrical machinery3. Service Industryv Tremendous growth in employment in the service sector since the 1970s three categories: services for the affluent-commercial banking, life insurance, real estate and law services welfare services-health care, education, government and social services

28、 services provided by the poor-services to buildings and dwellings, retail services4. High-tech Industryv High-tech industries ranking first in the worldv More emphasis on space technology, electronics, chemicals and computingv Successful flight of the space shuttle v Leading computer companies in the world v Leading engineering and information technology5. Foreign Tradev US foreign