语法专项—名词

1、语法专项一名词8知识归纳一、名词（n.）表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的。名词在句子中可以做主语（补足语）、宾语（补足语）表语、定语等成分。，（一）名词的分类类别意义例词专有名词表示人、地方、事物、机构、组织 等名称的词Lucy, china, the Great Wall , the Spring Festival普 通 名 词可 数 名 词个体名词表示个体的人或者事物的词Pen cil, chair, book, bike, dog集体名词表示一群人或者一些事物的词Family. Police, class, team不 可 数 名 词物质名词表示构成各种物体的物质和材料的词Rice, gl

2、ass, water, steel ,wood抽象名词表示状态、品质、行为、感情等抽 象概念的词Kno wledge, dan ger, health, life（二）名词的数1可数名词有单数和复数两种形式，其复数形式的构成主要有以下几种：（1）一般情况下，在词尾加s.eg. bookbooks, dogdogs, penpens, boyboys, boat boats以清辅音结尾的名词后的s的读音为S,以浊辅音和元音结尾名词后的S读音为Z。（2）以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词名词变复数时，要在词尾加es.eg. busbuses,box boxes（ es读音为iz），beachbeache

3、s, brushbrushes若词尾为 e,只力口 s.horsehorses, pagepages, bridgebridges（3）以 辅音字母+ y”结尾的名词，先变y为i,再加es.eg. citycities, familyfamilies, countrycountries, strawberrystrawberries （ies读音为iz）以 元音字母 +y"结尾的词，直接在词尾力口-s. eg. boyboys, holidayholidays, daydays（4） 以字母f或者fe结尾的可数名词，应先变f或者fe为v,然后加es.Eg. wifewives, li

4、felives, leafleaves, thiefthieves, knifeknives注：a.有些以f结尾的词，在构成复数的时候只加 So eg. chiefchiefs, cliffcliffs (悬崖),proofproofs,safesafesb.有些以f结尾的词，有两种复数形式。即可以变f为v，加es也可以直接加s. eg. handkerchiefhandkerchiefs,han dkechieves (手帕)(5 )以0结尾的名词，变复数时情况如下： 以 "辅音字母 +o” 结尾的名词，在词尾直接力口es. tomato tomatoes, potatopotat

5、oes, hero heroes，negronegroes(黑人)。 结尾是两个元音字母的加s, eg. zoozoos, radioradios 某些外来词变复数时词尾加s, eg. pia no pia nos, 一些名词的缩写形式变复数时，词尾加s, eg. photo( photograph)photos, kilo (kilogram) kilos zero变复数时，既可力口 s,也可力口 es. eg.zeros/zeroes(6)某国人变复数：中日不变英法变，其余s加后面。Ch in ese , Jap a nese, En glishmanEn glishme n,French

6、manFren chme n, America nAmerica ns2. 不规则变化(1) 有些名词由单数变复数时，不是在词尾加s或 es而是变换其中的字eg. manmen, woma nwome n, policema npoliceme n, , footfeet, toothteeth, , mouse mice,(2) 词尾加 en. childchildren , Ox Oxen (公牛)(3) 还有一些名词的单数和复数形式相同。eg. Chinese, Japanese, sheep, deer, fish means, sheep(4 )复合名词变复数a. 将后一个词变为复数

7、。Eg. housewifehousewives, breakfastbreakerfasts , gentlemangen tleme nb. 将主要部分变为复数形式。mother- in-lawmothers-i n-law, looker- onlookers-onc. 由ma n和woma n作为第一部分的复合名词，将两部分都变为复数形式。man cookmen cooks, woma n doctorwome n doctors, woma n writerwome n writers(5)字母、数字、引语或者缩略词的复数形式是在其后加'或者s. VIPVIPs3. 另一些名

8、词本身即是复数形式，不可用作单数。eg, people, police, trousers, pants, clothes, scissors另外，当一个名词作定语说明另一个名词时，这个名词一般用单数。eg.a n apple tree, five apple trees, a girl friend ,two girl frien ds, a twin sister但是，当man和woman作定语修饰复数名词时，就要用其复数形式。eg. two men teachers, three wome n doctors可用"量词+of+名词复数”这一结构表示可数名词的数量。eg. a r

9、oom Of stude nts, two boxes Of pen cils(三) 不可数名词不可数名词一般只有单数形式，没有复数形式。1. 物质名词属于不可数名词，一般没有复数形式。Eg. paper, soap （肥皂）,water, milk, sugar, honey （蜂蜜）,dust（灰尘）但是这些在表示种类或一定数量时，可以用作复数形式。女口： He bought five fruits.他买了五种水果。Fruit在此做水果种类的意思，因此有复数形式。物质名词可以借助单位名词表示一定的数量。Eg. a glass of water, a cake of soap, a piec

10、e of paper, a cup of tea, aloaf of bread（ 一块面包）， a bottle of beer2. 抽象名词属于不可数名词，没有复数形式。Eg. honesty, music, courage（勇气），work, progress, worship（崇拜）， fun有些抽象名词也可以做可数名词，因而有复数形式。Eg. reasonreasons, skillskills, ideaideas,suggestsuggestio ns抽象名词也可以借助单位名词表示一定的数量。Eg. a piece of information（ 条消息），a piece of

11、news（一则新闻），a piece of advice（一则忠告），a ray of hope（一丝希望）不可数抽象名词与不定冠词连用，将抽象名词具体化。Eg. a great progress, a huge of success, a failure3. 有些单词有无S意义大不一样。Eg. advice（忠告）advices（消息），air（空气）airs（风度），beef（牛肉）beeves（食用），blue（蓝色）blues（忧郁），time （时间）times（时代），water（水）waters（海洋）4. 不可数名词一般没有复数形式，它的“量”的表示方式如下。（1） 表不定数量

12、时，一般用 much, （ a） little, a lot of / lots of, some, any等词修饰。Eg , much mon ey, a little bread（2） 表确定数量时，一般用“数词+量词+of+不可数名词。如：two/three/, +量词复数十of+不可数名词。eg. a bag Of rice, two glasses Of milk, four bottles Of water5. 有些名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词，但词义有所不同。eg： fruit水果 fruits表示不同种类的水果； food食物 foods各种食品；fish鱼 fishes

13、鱼的种类；drink 饮料、酒 a drink杯/一份饮料、一杯酒；cloth布 ,a cloth桌布、抹布； sand沙 san ds沙滩；tea茶 a tea一杯茶； chicken鸡肉 a chicken小鸡；orange橘汁 an orange橘子； glass玻璃 a glass玻 璃杯glasses!艮镜； paperift a pape试卷、论文； wood木头 a wood小森林；room 空间、余地 a room 房间区分可数名词与不可数名词歌诀：可数不可数好分辨，名词所示物分两半；如每半不能叫原名，那该词可数最公平；每半还能把原名叫，不可数名词就遇到；有的名词两面堵，意变不

14、可数为可数。Eg.bike,如果把自行车分为两半，每半只能叫做自行车的一部分，不能再叫自行车，所以bike可数。Water,如果一杯水分为两杯水，每杯仍可叫水，故water就是不可数名词。Oran ge,如果做橘汁讲的时候，则为不可数名词；若做为橘子讲，则为可数名词。（三）名词的所有格（表示人或物的所属关系）名词所有格有两种不同的形式：一是名词末尾加'构成（有s或者es的复数形式的名词末尾只加“'）；二是由介词of加名词构成，后者多用来表示无生命的东西。（1）有生命的名词所有格以及表示时间、距离、城镇、国家等的名词所有格。 不是以s结尾的名词变成所有格时，在词尾加s. eg.

15、Mike' s watch Women' s Day 以s结尾的名词变成所有格时，只加'。eg. teachers Office, students rooms 两个或两个以上名词并列，表示共同所有，只需在最后一个名词后加s.eg.Tom and Mike ' s roo姆和迈克的房间（表示汤姆和迈克共有一间房） 两个或两个以上名词并列，表示分别所有，需在几个名词后都加s.eg.Mary ' s and Jenny '玛丽和詹妮的自行车（表示玛丽和詹妮各自的自行车） 's所属格修饰名词的省略a. 's所属格修饰的名词，如果前面已经

16、出现，即可以省略。The dictionary（字典）is not mine, but Lilei 's.b. 's所属格后的名词如指商店、家宅、诊所、餐馆地点时，该词可以省略。Eg. to my uncle's. at the barber's 在名词后面有同位语，只在同位语后加"'eg. my younger brother,John '（2） 无生命的事物的名词所有格常用of结构eg. a map Of China, the begi nning Of this game ,the door Of the rooma. 在表示时间

17、、距离、集体、城市、国家、团体、机构等名词以及某些习惯用语中的名词所有格可以用“表示。Eg. five minutes 'walkb. 当表示有生命的东西的名词较长时，其所有格形式也可以用of来表示。Eg. the name of that boy over therec. 修饰定语较多时。Eg. the very long tail of the old black cat 老黑猫的长尾巴（3 ）特殊形式可用和of短语表示的名词所有格eg. the boy ' s name=the name Of the bo男孩的名字）the dog ' s legs=the le

18、gs of the do狗 的腿）China ' s population=the population Of China（中国的人口）China ' s capital=the capital of Chin（中国的首都）（3）双重所有格由“ of +名词's”这种形式称为名词的双重所有格。双重所有格表示整体中的一部分。eg. She is a fiend of my mother .她是我妈妈的一个朋友注意：a. of后的“名词'”也可以用名词性的物主代词代替.eg. He is a friend of theirs.b.双重所有格 of前面的名词常有一个限

19、定词（a/the/any/some/no/few/several/two ） eg. Several classmates ofTom ' father' are going fishing next week.汤姆的父亲的几个同学下周要去钓鱼。（四）名词的转化1. 某些名词后面加-y构成形容词，表示“充满 .的” eg. cloudcloudy. sunsuny, windwindy2. 在名词后面加-ful构成形容词，表示“具有 性质的”，“充满尚”eg. useuseful, carecareful3. 在表示人的名词后加-ly构成形容词，这种形容词具有赞美的意味。Eg.

20、 frie ndfrie ndly, lovelovely4. 在某些名词后加-less构成形容词，表示“没有尚” eg, carecareless, useuseless即学即练1.()1 She was very happy. Shein the mathstest.A. makes a few mistake B. made a few mistakesC. made few mistakes D. makes few mistake()2 We need some more. Can you go and getsome, please?A. potato B. potatos C.

21、potatoes D. potatoe()3arefor cutt ing thi ngs.A. Knife/usedB. Knives/usedC. Kni fe/us ingD. Kni ves/us ing()4 What bigthe tiger has!A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths D. toothes()5 Please remember to give the horse some tree.A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave()6 -Ca n we have some?-Yes, please.A. banana B

22、. oran ges C.apple D. pear()7 On the table there are five.A. TomatosB. piece of tomatoesC. tomatoes D. tomato2()1 They got muchfrom those new books.A. ideas B. photos C. in formati on D. stories()2 He gave uson how to keep fit.A. some advices B. some adviceC.an advice D. a advice()3 Whe n we saw his

23、 face, we knewwas bad.A. some n ews B. a n ews C. the n ews P. n ews()4 Whatlovely weather it is!A. / B. the C. an D. a3()1 -Would you liketea?-No, tha nks. I have drunk two.A. any, bottles of orange B. some, bottles of orangeC. many, bottles of oran ges D. few, bottle of oran ges()2 He is hun gry.

24、Give himto eat.A. two breads B. two piece of breadC. two pieces of bread D. two pieces of breads()3 It really took him:to draw the nice horse.A. sometimes B. hour C. long time D. some time()4 I would like to have.A. two glasses of milk B. two glass of milk IC. two glasses of milks D. two glass of mi

25、lks()5 Can you give me?A. a tea B. some cup of tea C. a cup tea D. a cup of tea()6 Please give mepaper.A. one B. a piece C. a D. a piece of()7 Joh n boughtfor himself yesterday.A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoe C. two pair of shoes D. two pairs shoes4()1 -How manyhave you got on your farm?-I

26、've got five.A. sheeps B. sheep C. pig D. chicke n()2 Somecame to our school for a visit that day.A. Germa ns B. Germe n C. Germa ny D. Germa nies()3 In the picture there are manyand two.A. sheep; foxes C. sheeps; foxesB. sheeps; fox D. sheep;foxs()4 A group of will visit the museumtomorrow.A. H

27、ungarian B. Australian C. JapaneseD. American5()1 This table is made of.A. many glass B. glasses C. some glasses D. glass()2 -What would you like to have for lunch, sir?-I'd like. !A. chicke n B. a chicke n C. chicke ns D. the chicke n()3 Children should makefor old people in abus.A. room B. a r

28、oom C. rooms D. the room6()1 Tables are made of.A. wood B. some woods C. woode n D. woods()2 I won der whyare so in terested in acti on(武打片)films.A. people B. peoples C. the people D. the peoples()3I have readof the young writer.A. works B. work C. this works D. the works7()1 Let's meet at 7: 30

29、 outside the gate of?A. the People's Park B. the Peoples' ParkC. the People Park D. People's Park()2 Chinese people are hard workingpeople.A. /; a B. We; the C. The; the D. The; a()3 How manywere there in the streetwhe n the accide nt happe ned?A. policema n B. polices C. police D. peopl

30、es8()1 If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller.A. set B. one C. piece D. pair()2 Last week I bought a TV.A. pair . B. set C. piece D. block()3 There is a of wood left on the ground.A. cup B. piece , C. box D. pair9()1 There are sixty-sevenin our school.A. women's teacher B. women teachersB.

31、 C. woman teachers D. women teacher()2 There are fivein our factory.A. woman driver B, women driverC. woma n drivers D. wome n drivers()3 Thesewere sent to the villages to help thefarmers.A. women doctor B. women doctorsC. woma n doctors D. woma n doctor10()1 They write most of theirin En glish.A. b

32、us in ess letter B. bus in ess lettersC. bus in essesD. bus in esses letters()2 We came to aat last .and went in.A. watch shop B. watches shopC. watchi ng shop D. watchs shop()3 This shop sells apples, bananas and thi ngs like these. It's a.A. food shop B. book shopC. fruit shop D. vegetable sho

33、p()4 She broke awhile she was washi ng up.A. glass of wine B. glass for wineC. glass wine D. wine glass()5 I've forgotten both of the.A. room numbers . B. rooms numberC. rooms nu mbers D. room nu mber111. September 10th isin Chi na.A. Teacher's Day B. Teachers'Day C. Teacher Day D.Teache

34、rs Day()2 -Is the broom under desk? -No, it'sunder.A. the teacher's; my B. teacher's; mineC. teacher's; me D. the teacher's; mi ne()3 Excuse me, where is the?A. men's room B. mens' room C. men's rooms D. men rooms12()1 The football un der the bed is.A. Lily and Lucy B

35、. Lily's and Lucy's C. Lily's andLucy D. Lily and Lucy's()2 This is mydictio nary.A. sister Mary B. sister's C. sister, Mary's D. sister's Mary's()3 He went toshop to buy a shirt.A. a tailor B. the tailor C. a tailors D. the tailors'()4 Joa n is.A. Mary's and

36、Jack sister B. Mary and Jack's sisterC. Mary and Jack sister D. Mary's and Jack's sister13()1 In a few time, those mountains will becovered with trees.A. year B. years' C. year's D. years()2 It's aboutwalk from my house.A. ten minute B. ten minutes' C. ten minute's D.

37、 ten mi nu tes()3 The post office is a bit far from here. It's about.A. thirty mi nu tes's walk B. thirty min ute's walkC. thirty mi nu tes' walk D. thirty minu tes walk()4 Halfteleph one calls are made in En glish.A. the world B. world C. the world's D. world's14()1face to t

38、he south.A. Windows of the room B. The windows of the roomC. The room's win dows D. The win dows in room()2 Please take two.A. picture of the park B. pictures of the parkC. the pictures of a park D. picture of a park()3 The workers are repairing.A. the roof of the house B. a roof of the houseC. roof of the house D. this roof of house15()1 Miss Smith is a friend of.A. Mary's mother's B. Mary's mother C. mother's of Mary D. Mary mothers()2 This is a book of.A. Tom B. Tom's C. her D. him()3 The post card is sent by.A. a frie nd of my father B. a frie