高中英语定语从句讲义

1、中小学1对1个性化辅导第一责任品牌定语从句定语从句功能及位置功能：定语从句相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后。例: Those who are willing toattend the party , sign your names here please.定义：定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。（定语从句的概念：在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句被修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面）关系词引导定语从句的

2、关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词 。关系代词有that,which, who, whom, whose, as 等，绝对没有 what ；关系副词 有 where, when, why,how 等。 关系词常有3个作用： 连接作用，引导定语从句 。 代替主句中的先行词，甚至可能是主句中的一部分或者整个主句。 在定语从句中充当一句子成分。注：关系代词有主语、宾语之分。一般whom作为宾语。关系代词在从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语等，关系副词在从句中作地点状语，时间状语，原因状语等。定语定语用来 限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语（动 词不定式短语、动名词

3、短语和分词短语）或句子，汉语中常用的表示。主要由形容词担任，此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及 介词短语也可以来担任，也可以 由一个句子来担任。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置先行词关系代词引导的定语从句举例关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1, who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，who作主语指人，whom作宾语指人，that既可作主语又可作宾语 （作宾语可以省略），可以指人也可以指物。在从句中所起作用如下：咨询电话：0

4、734-8312123投诉电话：1 Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他是那个想见你的男人吗？ ( who/that 在从句中作主语)(2) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)(3) The man whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher你刚刚说话的那个男人是我们的英语老师2, Whose 用来指人或物(只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同 of which 互换，指人的时候也可以用 o

5、f whom 代 替)(1) They rushed over to help the man whose car had broke n dow n.那人车坏了， 大家都跑过去帮忙。(2) Please pass me the book whose color (the color of which) is gree n.请递给我那本绿皮的书。(3) The man whose son is a doctor is our professor.那个儿子是医生的男人是我们的教授。3, which, that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，作宾语时可以省略，例如：

6、("Prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在从句中作主语)(2) The package (which / that) you arecarry ing is about to come un wrapped. 你拿那个包裹快要散开了。(which / that在从句中作宾语)4, as (重点)as可以做主语，也可以作宾语，作宾语时一般不省略，指人或者物。常与 such as,thesame as等短语连用。5，

7、 as与which 的区别 as可以放在句首，而 which不行 as表示主观，which表示客观事实 as引导非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句关系代词关系代词：在句中作 主语、宾语或定语1. that既可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语也可以省略。eg : This is the book（which） you want.2. 如果which在从句中作 不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且 介词总是放在关系代词 which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置3. 代表物时多用 whi

8、ch，但在下列情况中 用that而不用which :重点a）先行词是 anything, everything, nothing , none 等不定代词 时；b）先行词由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时，这时的that常被省略；c）先行词前有序数词或被形容词最高级修饰时；d）先行词中既有人又有物时；e）整个句中前面已有 which，who,that时；f）当先行词为物并作表语时；g）先行词为one时；h）先行词同时又被 the on ly,the very,the same修饰时；i）在there be句型中，句子的主语是先行词

9、，而且又是物j）以here is开头的句子k） It is a high time+定语从句4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语5. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物，当它引导的从句修饰物体时，可以与of which调换，表达的意思一样。关系副词关系副词：在句中作状语关系副词=介词+关系代词why=for whichwhere=i n/ at/ on/ . which （ 介词同先行词搭配 ）whe n=duri ng/ on/ in/ .

10、 which （介词同先行词搭配 ）1. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句。2. when引导定语从句表示时间注值得一提的是，表示时间“time一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导。By the time whe n you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks.至 M尔至 U达伦敦的时候，我们在那里已经待了两个星期。I still remember the first time whe n I met her.我仍然记得我第一次见到她。Each time whe n he

11、goes to bus in ess trip, he brings a lot of livi ng n ecessities, such astowels, soap, toothbrush etc 。每一次他去出差，他带来了生活必需品，如毛巾，肥皂，牙 刷等其他东西。3. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, an ybody, no body, somethi ng,anything, everything 或 nothing 时，常用 there is 开头There is somebody here who wants to speak to you.

12、这里有人要和你说话。非限制性定语从句 的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立非限制性定语从句意义:非限制性定语从句起补充说明作用，缺少也不会影响全句的理解。在非限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开，如若将非限制性定语从句放在句子中间，前后都需要用逗号隔开。1. which引导的非限制性定语从句作用是说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分2.当先行词是专有名词、物主代词或指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制咨询电话诉电话：515873442211中小学1对1个性化辅导第一责任品牌性的，例如：查理史密斯

13、去年退休我去年买的的房子带着这本我已经读过三遍的小Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 了，他曾经是我的老师。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garde n. 个漂亮的花园。This no vel, which I have read three times, is very touch ing.说很感人。3.非限定性定语从句可将整个主句作为先行词，对其进行修饰，这时从句谓语动词要用 第三人称单数，例如：He seems not to h

14、ave grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquid water cha nges to vapor, which is called evaporati on.液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。4. 有时as也可用作关系5. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系副词 why和关系代词that,而用who, whom 代表人，用which,whose代表事物，如果需要用why，可用for which代替.;p.s: which引导的非限制性定语从句其后不可省成分，as可以关系代词引导的定语从句who指人在从句

15、中做主语 The boys who are playi ng football are from Class On e.在踢足球的男孩们是一班的.(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.昨天，我帮助了一个迷路的老人whom指人在定语从句中充当宾语，常省略。(注： who和whom已无太大区别，基本可以通用。 区别是who可以做主语而 whom不可以，whom前可以加介词如 to whom，但是who不可 以)(1) Mr. Liu is the perso n (whom) you talked with on the bus.刘先

16、生就是在公交车上和你聊天的那个人.(2) Mr. Li ng is just the boy(whom)I want to see.凌先生恰巧就是我想见的那个男孩.(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my frie nd.你刚刚见到的那个人就是我的朋友.注意：关系代词 whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。如果在从句中做宾语 ，就用whom 或who.比如：He is the man whom/who I talk to. 他就 是那个和我聊天的男人.如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如：He is the man who has

17、 an English book.他就是那个有英语书的男人.whose通常指人也可指物在定语从句中做定语，表所有。(1) He has a frie nd whose father is a doctor.他有一个朋友的父亲是医生.(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has falle n in.我曾经住在一座现在已经倒塌的房子中.whose指物时通常以以下结构来代替(3) The classroom whose door is broke n will soon be repaired.那个门被打破的教室不久会被修复。(4) The classroo

18、m the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.课堂门，被打破会不久被修复。(5) Do you like the book whose color is yellow?你喜欢颜色是黄色的书吗 ？(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?你喜欢的书的颜色是什么？是黄色吗？which指物在定语从句中做主语，表语，定语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。在非限制性定语从句中有“"即可用which(1) Football is a game which is liked by m

19、ost boys.足球是大多数男孩都喜欢的游戏.This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.这是他昨天刚买的钢笔.咨询电话诉电话：715873442211中小学1对1个性化辅导第一责任品牌that指人时相当于who或者whom ;指物时，相当于 which。在定语从句中做主语，表语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。(5) The nu mber of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises onemillion.每年来这座城市观光的游客数目上升了100万

20、。(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morni ng?今天早上我看见的那个人在哪里？关系副词引导的定语从句when指时间在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.(2) The time whe n we got together fin ally came.where指地点在定语从句中做地点状语(1) Shan ghai is the city where I was born.(2) The house where I liv

21、ed ten years ago has bee n pulled dow n.why指原因在定语从句中做原因状语(1) Please tell me the reas on why you missed the pla ne.(2) I don ' t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,(2) From the year whe n/i

22、n which he was going to school he bega n to know what he wan ted whe n he gr介词和关系代词1) 介词后面的关系代词不能省略。2) that前不能有介词。3) 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词 when ,where 禾口 why 互换。This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived two years ago.Do you remember the

23、 day on which you joined our club?Do you remember the day whe n you joined our club?This is the reas on why he came late.This is the reas on for which he came late.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时从句常由介词+关系代词引导当介词放在关系代词前面时，关系代词只能用 which/whom即介词+which/whom"且不 能省略。但当介词位于末尾时可用that/which/who/whom.作介词的

24、宾语，且可以省略。例如：(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous."that/which"可以省略=The school in which he once studied is very famous."which不可省略(2) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.=Tomorrow I will bring here a magaz ine for which you asked.(3)

25、We ' ll go to hear the famous sin ger (whom/that/who) we have ofte n talked about.=We' ll go to hear the famous sin ger about whom we have ofte n talked.注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如： look for, look after, take care of 等T This is the watch which/that I am look ing for. (T= 正确)F This is the watch

26、for which I am looking. (F=令错误)2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that;指物时用which，不能用that ;关系代词是所有格时用whose(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)The man with that you talked is my friend. (F)(2) The pla ne in which we flew to Can ada is very comfortable. (T)The pla ne in that we flew in to

27、 Can ada is very comfortable. (F)3. 介词 + 关系代词 "前可有 some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few 等代词、 数词或者名词。(1) He loved his pare nts deeply, both of whom are very ki nd to him.(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.(3) There are forty stude nts in ou

28、r class in all, most of whom are from big cities.(4) The boat, the n ame of which is Topsail, is famous.(5) I bought many books yesterday, three of which are written by Lu Xun.关系代词关系代词(一般情况下)that可用在从句做主语，谓动词的宾语，但是不能做介词的 宾语。which指物，在从句中作主语，谓语或宾语；who在从句中作主语；whom在从句中作宾语；where在从句中修饰表地点的名词，做地点状语；when在从句中

29、通常修饰表时间的名词，做时间状语；why在从句中做原因状语，先行词通常是"the reason"有时why也可用for+which 代替。例： A doctor is a person II who looks after people's health.主语谓语先行词定语从句修饰先行词判断介词和关系代词方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。不及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词；而及物动词后接宾语，则要求用关系代词。例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last

30、year.ni n ever forget the days whe n I worked together with you.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where, whe n联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例 1. Is this museumyou visited a few days ago?A. where B. that C. on which D. the one答案：例1 D ,例 1 变为肯定句：This museum isyou visited a few day

31、s ago.在句1中，is后应跟表语，只有the one可以，而后面的you visited a few days ago 则做one的定语从句。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、宾语时，选择关系代词 （who, whom, that, which, whose） ;先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词（where地点状语，when时间状语，why原因状语）。先行词和关系词"Whoever spits in public will be puni shed here.（Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替）2）The pare nts will

32、use what they have to send their son to tech ni cal school. （what可以用all that代替）但这两句句子已经不是定语从句了，是名词性从句。因为定语从句一定要有先行词，而名词性从句没有。将"Whoeve”、 "what分别用 “ Anyone who"、 “ all that 代替后，才是定语从句，先行词分别是"Anyone”“ al。由as, which引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于 and this或and that。As 一般放在句首，which在句中。A

33、s we know, smok ing is harmful to on e's health.The sun heats the earth, which is very importa nt to us.典型例题1) Alice received an invitation from her boss,came as a surprise.A. it B. that C. which D. he答案C。此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.， it和he都使后句成为句子，两 个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。2) The weather turne

34、d out to be very good,was more than we could expect.A. what B. which C. that D. it答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That不能用于非限定性定 语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。as和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思， 且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：(1) as引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。(2) as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动

35、词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。As的用法例1. the sameas ; suchas 中的as是一种固定结构,和一样。I have got into the same trouble as he (has).例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有正如'。As we know, smok ing is harmful to on e's health.As is known, smok ing is harmful to on e's health.As是关系代词。例1中的as作kno

36、w的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。一、“as / which特殊定语从句的先行成分1. 形容词或形容词短语作先行成分，具有形容词意义的介词短语也可以充当先行成分，如：My grandmother' s house was always of great importanee to me, as my own is.在一定的语言环境里，有些名词可以具有形容词的性质。这些名词主要是那些表示人的身份、职业、状态的名词。值得一提的是，在这些具有形容词性质的名词之后，引导定语从 句的关系代词不能用who / whom.2. 动词短语先行成分。这种动词短语既可是限定形

37、式也可是非限定形式。如果是动态动词短语，它们在从句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代动词do和as / which 一起代替。do可以出现，也可以不出现，但不能用其它动词代替。3. 句子作先行成分。这句子可以是整个主句也可以只是主句中的一个从句。有时是连续几个句子，有时甚至可以是一个完整的故事。二、“ as/which特殊定语从句在句中的位置由于先行成分的构成成分不同，“ as/which特殊定语从句在句中的位置有以下几种情况：1. 形容词做先行成分时：形容词或形容词短语（含具有形容词性质的名词）作先行成 分，“ as / which特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。2. 动词短语作先行成分时：动词

38、短语作先行成分时，“as / which特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。但是，当从句中含有表示主观意志的插入成分时，“ as特殊定语从句可以移至句子之首。3. 句子作先行成分时：“as特殊定语从句的位置较灵活，可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后。但如果先行成分是直接引语，“ as特殊定语从句多在先行成分之前。如果先行成分是否定句，“as|”殊定语从句与否定词的相对位置不同可以使它产生不同的意义。由于“as"特殊定语从句具有这一特点，所以有时它的位置不能随便移动。在非正式的文体里，“which ”特殊定语从句可以出现在先行成分之中。三、“ as/which特殊定语从句的语义功能一般说来，a

39、s与which的语义功能相同，可以相互替换。但先行成分为句子时，它们 的语义功能则有差异。1. 表示结果表示结果的特殊定语从句与其先行成分之间存在着一定的因果关系，从句中往往使用有结果意义的词，如动词result, make, enable, cause禾口形容词 interesting, surprising,delightful, disgraceful 等。2. 表示评注表示评注的特殊定语从句对其先行成分所述事实的正确性有肯定的倾向，它通常与那些表示客观事实，普遍真理或某种习性的先行成分连用；从句中则常用一些表示合乎自然规律”、众所周知"或 经常发生"等意义的词语，如

40、 natural, known to all, usual 等。3. 有无状语意义“as#殊定语从句具有状语意义（主要是方式状语意义），而“which特殊定语从句则无 状语意义。“ as特殊定语从句的状语意义要求它在语义上与其先行成分的语义保持一致，“ which特殊定语从句则不受这种限制。四、关系代词as与which的句法功能1. as / which 在特殊定语从句中作主语。as作主语时，谓语动词常为连系动词(主要是be, seem )，主语补语为usual、a rule、a matter of fact等时，系动词be习惯经常省略。行为动词作"aS特殊定语从句的谓语时一般用于被

41、动语态(其中助动词be常略)，不及物的行为动词在“aS特殊定语从句中作谓语的极少，常见的有happe n 词。如：Freddie, as might be expected, was atte nding the conference.Which作主语时，谓语动词不限，主动被动皆可，只是谓语动词为被动语态时助动词 be省略。2. as和which都可以在特殊定语从句中宾语。3. as和which在特殊定语从句中作补语。如：We thought him a gen tlema n, as/which he could n ever be.“ as特殊定语从句中可以主谓倒装，“which从句中则不

42、能主谓倒装。如果先行成分不是主语补语或宾语补语，关系代词用which而不用as。如：He talked like a n ative, which/as he hardly was.4. which在特殊从定语句中作定语。which可以在特殊定语从句中作定语，修饰fact, matter, thing等名词。这些名词代表先行成分表达的意义，有时将其略去句义仍然完整。as不能作定语。如：I was told to go not by train but bus, which advice I followed.关系代词that的用法不用that的情况(重点)(a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。(错

43、)The tree, that is four hun dred years old, Is very famous here.(b) 介词后不能用。We depe nd on the land from which we get our food.We depe nd on the land that/which we get our food from.(2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况(a) 在there be 句型中，只用 that，不用 which。等作先行词时，只用that，不用修饰时，只用that。that,不能用 which 。.(b) 在不定代词，如：anyt

44、hing, nothing, the one, allwhich。(c) 先行词有 the only, the very,the same,the last,just(d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用(e) 先行词既有人，又有物时。(f) 先行词指物，在主句中作表语时.(g) 为了避免重复.(h) 先行词是the way或the reason时，that可作关系副词，也可省略(i) 主句的主语是疑问词who /which时举例:Is this the book that you borrowed in the library?这是你在图书馆借的那本书吗？Who that bre

45、ak the window should be puni shed谁打碎了窗户都要受到惩罚.All that is n eeded is a supply of oil.所需的只是供油问题。Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。难点分析(一) 限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况(重点)1、 当先行词是 anything, everything, nothing (something除夕卜),few, all, none, little,some 等代词时，

46、或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much , each 等修饰时(1) Have you taken down everything (that) Mr. Li has said?(2) There seems to be nothing (that) seems impossible for him in the world.(3) All that can be done has bee n done.(4) There is little (that) I can do for you.注意1：部分时候that可以省略，如部分例句将

47、that用括号括住。注意2:当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用 who(4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty won' t do such a thing.2、当先行词被序数词修饰The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.3、当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时This is the best film that I have see n.4、 当形容词被 the very, the only , the same,the last ,any,little等修饰时(1) This

48、 is the very good dict ionary that I want to buy,(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who(3) Wang Hua is the only pers on in our school who will atte nd the meet ing?5、 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时(1) Who is the man that is sta nding there?(2) Which i

49、s the T-shirt that fits me most?6、当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时Can you remember the scie ntist and his theory that we have lear ned?7、当关系代词在定语从句中做表语The village is no Ion ger the one that it used to be 10 years ago.8、当在there be句型中，通常情况下用 that，不用which(二) 关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which弓I导非限制性定语从句，有 相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：1

50、、As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。(1) He married her, as/which was n atural.(2) He was hon est, as/which we can see.2、as弓I导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有正如，正像的意思(1) As is known to all, China is a develop ing coun try.(2) He is from the south, as we can see from h

51、is acce nt.(3) Joh n, as you kno w, is a famous writer.(4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don' t believe.注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which。(5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher an gry.3、当先行词受such, the same 修饰时，常用 as(1) I have n ever heard such a story as he tells.(2) He is not such a