词汇学重要知识点

1、UnitOneWhatisLexicology?LexicologyItisabranchoflinguisticsdealingwiththevocabularyofalanguageandthepropertiesofwordsasthemainunitsoflanguage.WordItisthebasicunitofspeechandminimalfreeformwhichhasagivensoundandmeaningandgrammaticalfunction.Therelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningisconventionalbecausepeo

2、pleofthesamespeechcommunityhaveagreedtothisclusterofsoundsforsuchananimal.分类Wordsmayfallintobasicwordstockandnon-basicbyusefrequency;contentwordsandfunctionalwordsbynotion,nativewordsorborrowedwordsbyorigin.Basicwordsstableandindispensablecharacteristics1Allnationalcharacter:?Stability:3Productivity

3、.4Polysemy:5collocability.Non-basicwords:Terminology术语Slang俚语Jargon行话Argot隐语Dialectalwords方言Archaisms古词Neologisms新词functionalwords,like:prep.conj.AuxilariesandarticlesTheydon'thavenotionoftheirown.Content(notional)wordsconstitutethemainbodyofEnglishvocabulary.Theyarenouns,verbs,adjectives,adverb

4、sandnumerals.Nativewords:Anglo-Saxonwords,smallinnumber,thecoreofthelanguage,neutralinstyle,frequentinuse.Borrowedwords:arewordstakenoverfromotherlanguagese.g.chaos,dogma,drama,pneumonia-Greek.hymn,pope,martyr,monk,anthem,shrine,creed-oldECradle,bald,slogan,flannel,downCelticBalcony,corridor,attack,

5、cannon,opera-Italyvocabulary-allthewordsinalanguagetogether,allitemsinadictionary.5.Exercises:1) Whichofthefollowingisnottrue?Aa.Awordisthesmallestformofalanguage.b.Awordisasoundunity.c.Awordhasagivenmeaning.d.Awordcanbeusedfreelyinasentence.2) ThedifferencesbetweensoundandformareduetoDa.thefactofmo

6、rephonemesthanlettersinEnglishb.stabilizationofspellingbyprintingc.influenceoftheworkofscribesd.innovationsmadebylinguists3) Completethefollowingsentences:a. Thereisnointrinsicrelationshipbetweensoundandmeaning,Theconnectionbetweenthemisarbitrary,andconventional.b. Contentwordsarechangingallthetimew

7、hereasfunctionalwordsaremorestable一.Functionalwordsenjoyahigherfrequencyinusethancontentwords.UnitTwoWordFormationI.TheexpansionofvocabularyinmodernEnglishdependschieflyonword-formation。Themostproductivewaysofword-formationareaffixation,compoundingandconversion.2.Morphemeisthesmallestcomponentofawor

8、dwhichcontributestoitsmeaning.TakereaderIIforexample.-erisattachedtoawordread.Readcannotbeseparatedanymore.Thusitiscalledafreemorpheme;-ercannotstandalone,thusiscalledboundmorpheme.boundrootisaboundformthathastocombinewithothermorphemestomakewords.Anallomorphreferstoamemberofasetofmorphs,whichrepres

9、entonemorphemeAffixation(词缀法)：isgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestostems.(Thisprocessisalsoknownasderivation).Prefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingtoprefixestostems.Prefixesdonotgenerallychangetheword-classofstembutonlymodify(change)itsmeaning.Suffi

10、xationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestostem.Suffixationhaveonlyasmallsemanticrole,theirprimaryfunctionbeingtochangethegrammaticalfunctionofstems(thewordclass).exercises:1) aminimalmeaningfulunitofalanguage(morpheme)2) oneofthevariantsthatrealizeamorpheme(allomorph)同位语素3) amorphemethatoccurs

11、withatleastoneothermorpheme(boundmorpheme)粘着语素4) amorphemethatcanstandalone(freemorpheme)5) amorphemeattachedtoastemorroot(affix)6) )anaffixthatindicatesgrammaticalrelationships(inflectionalaffix)7) anaffixthatformsnewwordswithastemoraroot.(derivationalaffix)派生词缀8) whatremainsofawordaftertheremovalo

12、fallaffixes(root)词根UnitThreeBasicFormationofWordsandOthersCompounding(Composition)TheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorestemsiscalledcompoundsTherearedifferentwaystocompoundEnglishwords:(threemajorways)1. Nouncompounds:N+n:chairperson,prep+n:byproductA.+n:deadline,N+v:toothache,N+v+ing:air-conditi

13、oning,V+ing+n:walkingstickAdv+v:outbreak,V+adv.:sit-in,2.Adjectivecompounds:N+v-ing:record-breaking,A+v+ing:easy-going,Adv+v+ing:out-going,N+v+ed:poverty-strickenN(a)+n+ed:short-sightedNum+n+ed:four-legged;N+a:duty-free3. Verbcompounds:lip-reading,mass-productionftolipread,mass-produce.Asisshownbyth

14、eexamples,back-formedverbsareformedbydroppingthesuffixes.111. Conversion:Conversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsfromoneclasstoanotherclass.Thesewordsarenewonlyinagrammaticalsense,withnomorphologicalstructureormeaningchangebutfunctionalchangeIVOtherways.ThemostproductivewayofformingEnglis

15、hwordsareaffixation,compoundingandconversion,however,therearestillsomeotherwayslikeshortening,clipping,acronymyandblending,etcatworkintheexpansionofvocabularyinmodernEnglish.P351. .Clipping(缩略法)isacommonwayofmakingawordbycuttingapartoffalongerwordandusingwhatremainsinstead.1)Frontclipping:areoplane-

16、plane;2)Backclipping:photograph-photo,;3)Frontandbackclipping:refrigeratorfridge;2. Acronyms(首字母拼音词)arewordsformedintheprocessofjoiningtheinitiallettersofnamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasesandtechnicalterms,whicharewidelyusedinscienceandmoderncomputerizedworld.Theycanbepronoun

17、cedasanormalword.Radar:radiodetectingandranging;NATO:theNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization3. Blending(拼缀法):istheformationofnewwordsbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherword,etc.Therearemanywaysofblending:Forexample:smogsmoke+fog;motel-motor+hotel,comsat-communications+satellite;telecast-t

18、elevision+broadcast.4. Back-formation(逆生法)：Asweknow,suffixesistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestobase,whileback-formationisthemethodofcreatingwordsbyremovingthesupposedsuffixes.5. Exercises:1) Compoundsarewordsformedbycombingsuffixesandstems.(F)2) Asarule,thestressofcompoundsfallsonthefirstelem

19、ent.(T)3) Themeaningofacompoundisusuallythecombinationofthestems.(F)4) Acompoundfunctionsasasinglegrammaticalunit,sotheinternalstructurecannotbechanged.(T)5) Conversionreferstotheuseofwordsofoneclassasthatofadifferentclass.(T)6) Wordsmainlyinvolvedinconversionarenouns,verbsandadverbs.(F)7)Analternat

20、iveforconversionisfunctionalshift.(T)UnitFourWordMeaningWeknowthatawordisthecombinationofformandmeaning.Meaningiswhattheformstandsfor.'triangleofwordsense'(wordconceptthingtriangle)(词义三角)deniesadirectrelationshipbetweenawordandtheconcreteobjectintheworld.Wordshavenomeaning,peoplehavemeaningf

21、orthem.sense:Everywordthathasmeaninghassense,butnoteverywordhasreference.Meaningisconcrete,senseisabstract.Sensedenotestherelationshipsinsidethelanguage.Itreferstoitsplaceinasystemofsemanticrelationships.Referenceistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworld.Sothereferenceofawordtoathingoutsidethelang

22、uageisarbitraryandconventional.But?meaningIIisnotassimpleasitseemstobe.ConceptInmanycases,meaningisusedinthesenseofconcept,whichisbeyondthesymbol,istheresultofhumancognition,reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind.Soaconceptcanhavemanyreferringexpressionsindifferentlanguagesandculturesandstylistic

23、s.Onlythroughaspeaker'smindcanconcreterelationshipbeestablished.4. Whatismotivation?(理据)Motivationreferstotheinternalconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbol(orsign)anditsmeaning.Onomatopoeicmotivation(拟声理据)suggeststhemeaningsofcertainwordsbytheresounds;Morphologicalmotivation(形态理据)referstothecompou

24、ndorthederivedwordswhenthemeaningofthewordcanbefiguredoutsincemanyofthemarethesumtotalofthemulti-morphemicwords.Semanticmotivationreferstothementalassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaningofaword.Itexplainstheconnectionbetweentheliteralsenseandthefigurativesenseoftheword.EtymologicalMotivationmayr

25、elateusdirectlytothehistoryoftheword.?Pen'maysuggests?feather',whichweusedasatooltowrite.5. Exercises:1) Heisfondofthebottle.IIisbassemonnticmotivationandthewordairmaiisbasedon_morphological_motivation.2) Meaningiswhattheformofthewordstandsfor.Awordisthecombinationofformandmeaning.Wordsarebu

26、t_symbols_,manyofwhichhavemeaningonlywhentheyhaveacquired_reference-,thatistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworld.3) Word-meaningisnotmonogeneousbutacomposite,consistingofdifferentparts.Awordmayonetypeofmeaningoracombinationoftypes.Somemeaningsareconstantandothersmaybetransient,existingonlyinactu

27、alcontext.5)Wordshavebothgrammaticalmeaningand_lexicalmeaning.Grammaticalmeaningsrefertotheirfunctionsaspartofspeech,singularandpluralform,tensemeaningofverbsandtheirinflectionalforms,suchasforget-forgot-forgotten-forgetting,whichareveryimportantinactualcontext._Lexicalmeaningisconstantinalltheconte

28、ntwordswithinorwithoutcontextasitisrelatedtothenotionthewordconveys.Lexicalmeaningitselfhastwocomponents:conceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning.Unit5WordMeaningLexicalmeaningitselfhastwocomponents:conceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning.Conceptualmeaning(概念意义)(alsoknownasdenotativemeaning)isthemeanin

29、ggiveninthedictionaryandformsthecoreofwordmeaning.Associatemeaning(关联意义)isthesecondarymeaningsupplementedtotheconceptualmeaning.Associativemeaningcomprisesfourtypes:connotativemeaning,stylisticmeaning,affectivemeaning,andcollocativemeaning.connotativemeaningreferstotheovertonesorassociationswhichawo

30、rdsuggestsorimplies.Affectivemeaningindicatesthespeaker'sattitudetowardsthepersonorthinginquestion.Collocativemeaningconsistsoftheassociationsawordacquiresinitscollocation.ComponentialAnalysis(语义成份分析),accordingtoLeech,istheprocessofbreakingdowntheponentanalysisisausefulandrevealingtechniqueforde

31、monstratingrelationsofmeaningbetweenwords.Knowingthesemanticfeaturesofawordhelpsonegraspexactlythecoverageofitsconceptualmeaning.Asemanticfieldisatermofsemantics.Itreferstoameaningareawherewordsofthesameconceptorthesameclassificationcongregatedinonefield.Pragmaticmeaningofwordsreferstothemeaninginco

32、ntext.Pragmaticmeaningaimsatthemeaninginuse,soitisdynamic.Thebasicfeaturesofpragmaticmeaning1)Primarymeaningadhesive2)Personalexperienced3)Unstable4)TemporaryContextreferstotheconditionorthebackgroundhowawordisused.Itcanbedividedintolinguisticcontextandnon-linguisticcontext.contextisthenecessarycond

33、itionofpragmaticmeaning.Itsappropriatenessdependsoncultureandsocialsituation.Inordertosuitdifferentcontext.itisnecessarytoextendorshortentheovertoneofthewordconceptualmeaning.Exercises:1) Motivationexplainswhyaparticularformhasaparticularmeaning.(T)2) Grammaticalmeaningreferstothepartofspeech,tenses

34、ofverbsandstylisticfeaturesofwords.(F)3) Unlikeconceptualmeaning,associativemeaningisunstableandindeterminate.(T)4) Affectivemeaningreferstothepartoftheword-meaningwhichindicatestheattitudeoftheuser.(T)5) Collocationcanaffectthemeaningofwords.(T)6) Inthephrase?thetonguesoffire,thewordfireissemantica

35、llymotivated.(F)7) Byetymologicalmotivation,wemeanthatthemeaningofaparticularwordisrelatedtoitsorigin.(T)8) Theconnotativemeaningisalsoknownasconnotations,whicharegenerallyfoundinthedictionary(F)UnitSixSenseRelationsofWords1. Synonymy(同义关系)：TypesofSynonyms:Absolutesynonyms.RelativesynonymsDiscrimina

36、tionofSynonyms(辨析)Asrelativesynonymsalwaysdifferinonewayoranother,thedifferencesexistindenotation(概念);emotionandstyleandtheirdifferentcollocation.a.Synonymsmaydifferintherangeandintensityofmeaningordifferentdegreesofagivenquality.b.Somewordssharethesamedenotationbutdifferintheirstylisticreference.c.

37、Manysynonymshaveclearaffectivevalues.Takeresult/consequence;d.Somewordsarecollocationallyrestricted.Forexample:aflockofsheep/Synonymydealswithwordsthatarethesameornearlythesameinmeaning.Thewordswhicharefullyidentical_inmeaningarecalledabsolutesynonymsandallothersarerelativesynonyms.Absolutesynonymsa

38、reinterchangeablewhereasrelativesynonymsdifferinsuchareasasdenotation,connotation,(stylisticandaffective),andapplication2. Antonymy:isconcernedwithsemanticopposition.Contraries(相对反义词/两极反义词)Complementaries(绝对反义词/互补反义词)Conversives(换位反义词/关系反义词)Semanticincompatibles(多项不相容词)Exercises:Decidewhetherthefoll

39、owingstatementsaretrueorfalse:1) Wordwhichhaveoppositemeaningsarecalledantonyms(T).2) Contradictorytermsdon'tshowdegree.(T).3) Relativestermsarerelationalopposites,whichincludeverbsreversingactionofeachother.T4) Contrarytermsarenon-gradableandallowintermediatedmembersinbetween.(F)5) Ifawordhassy

40、nonyms,naturallyithasantonyms.(F)6) Theunmarkedtermsofanantonymouspairoftencoversthemeaningofthemarked.(T)7) Antonymsshouldbeoppositesofsimilarintensity.(T)8) Antonymydealswiththerelationshipofsemanticopposition.(T)3. Polysemy多义关系：Whenthesamesymbolisusedtoexpressdifferentphenomenon,theresultispolyse

41、my.Wordshaveanumberofdifferentaspectsaccordingtothecontextsinwhichtheyareused.Someoftheseaspectsarepurelyephemeral(短暂的);Thevariousmeaningsofthesameworddevelopedfromtwodifferentangles:diachronic(历时)andsynchronic(共时).Exercises:Fillintheblanks:.Polysemyistheresultoflongsemanticdevelopmentofaword.Diachr

42、onicallly,apolysemantwas_monosemic_whenitwasfirstcreatedanditbecame_polysemic_graduallywhenitacquiredmoreandmoremeaningslateron.Thefirstmeaningwasthe_primary_meaningandtherestwere_derived_fromit.Synchronically,a_polysemant_hasanumberofmeaningsthatcoexistatthesametime.Amongthemthereisacentralmeaningw

43、hichistheprimarymeaning,andtherestareall_relatedtoitinonewayoranotherandcanbetraced_backtothecentralmeaning.4. Homonymy同形异义关系Homonymsaregenerallydefinedaswordsdifferentinmeaningbuteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalinsoundandspelling.Homonymsfallintothreeclasses:perfecthomonyms;homograp

44、hsandhomophones.4.4Exercise:Decidewhetherthestatementsbelowaretrueorfalse:1) Perfecthomonymssharethesamespellingandpronunciation.T2) Homonymscomemainlyfromborrowing,changesinthesoundandspellinganddialects.F3) Homonymsarewordswhosemeaningsarecloselyrelated.F4) Theoriginsofwordswhosemeaningsarekeyfact

45、orindistinguishinghomonymsfrompolysemants.T5) Mosthomonymsarewordsthatarethesameinspelling,butdifferinsoundandmeaning.F5. Hyponymy(上下义关系)dealswiththerelationshipofsemanticinclusion.Itreferstotherelationshipwhichobtainsbetweenthegenus(generallexicalitem)andthespecies(specificlexicalitems).Thegenerallexicalitemiscalledthes